Bream: tsananguro, pekugara, chikafu uye maitiro ehove

Bream, maererano nekurongwa kwemaruva nemhuka zvakasikwa naCarl Linnaeus, muna 1758 kekutanga yakagamuchira tsananguro uye sainzi zita renyika dzese Abramis brama. Zvinoenderana nesainzi, hove dzinonzi zvakare:

• Eastern bream;
• Common bream;
• Danube bream.

Abramis brama - muchikamu chenyika chave chiri ega, mumiriri wemvura yakachena wegenus yayo, genus Abramis (Bream), inosanganisirwa mumhuri Cyprinidae (Cyprinidae).

Abramis brama, semumiriri ega muhurongwa hweCypriniformes (cyprinids), aive nemhando gumi nenhanhatu kusati kwasikwa kurudziro yenyika, vamiriri vakuru vacho vaive:

• Glazach (soup, dumpling);
• Guster;
• mukuwasha;
• Syrt;
• Bream,

mushure mekusikwa kwekupedzisira kweiyo classifier, Abramis brama yakava monotypic mhando.

Tsanangudzo yekuonekwa kwaAbramis brama

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Chinhu chikuru chinosiyanisa chitarisiko chaAbramis brama muviri wakakwira uye wakamanikidzwa pamativi ese. Kureba kwemuviri dzimwe nguva kunodarika 1/3 yehurefu hwayo, ine musoro mudiki nemuromo mudiki, uyo wakashongedzerwa neinosveta telescopic chikamu muchimiro chechubhu. Chigadzirwa chakadaro chemuromo chinobvumira hove kudya kubva pasi pasi pasina kuchinja nzvimbo yemuviri maererano nayo. Iyo pharynx yehove yakashongedzerwa nemazino epharyngeal, ayo akarongwa mumutsara mumwe muhuwandu hwe5 pcs. kubva kurutivi rumwe norumwe.

Pachinhambwe che2/3 kubva mumusoro, kumashure kwehove kune dorsal fin, inotanga kubva kune yakakwira mwaranzi kubva mumusoro uye inorasikirwa nehurefu, mushure memazuva gumi pedyo nemuswe wemuviri. Iyo anal fin ine 10 rays, inotora 33/1 yehurefu hwemuviri, matatu ayo akaoma, uye mamwe acho akapfava.

Munhu mukuru Abramis brama ane grey hue kumusana, dzimwe nguva shava, pamativi ehove yakura ine sheen yegoridhe, inoshanduka kuita yero rakajeka pedyo nedumbu. Munhu wechidiki uye asina kukura pabonde ane chiedza chepfumbu, ruvara rwesirivheri.

Kana tikafunga mubvunzo - Abramis brama anotaridzika sei, saka vazhinji vatove vanofarira mubvunzo, asi chii chinonzi munhu akareba weAbramis brama (common bream) anotaridzika sei, anorema zvakadini uye anogara kwenguva yakareba sei? ? Iyo yakakura uye yakanyorwa zviri pamutemo muenzaniso we bream yairema 6 kg, kureba kwayo kwaive 82 cm, uye kuti isvike saizi yakadaro, hove yakararama kwemakore makumi maviri nematatu.

Ndeupi musiyano pakati pe bream ne bream

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Vazhinji varedzi vanoshandisa mazita bream uye bream, asi havagone kupindura mubvunzo wakabvunzwa navo panguva yekukurukurirana, chii chakasiyana. Muchokwadi, zvese zviri nyore, scavenger yakafanana bream, asi haina kukura.

Kukura kwepabonde kweAbramis brama mumvura inodziya yekugara kwayo kunoitika pazera re3-4 makore, uye mumvura inotonhora mushure mekusvika zera re6-9 makore. Vasati vasvika pazera rakatsanangurwa uye kuyaruka, vanhu vane huremu hwemuviri muhuwandu hwe 0,5-1 kg, uye urefu hwemuviri haupfuuri 35 cm, iine maitiro akadaro iyo hove inonzi scavenger.

Iwo makuru ekusiyanisa maficha emubira kubva kubream:

• Muvara wemuviri;
• Kukura uye uremu hwemunhu;
• Maitiro nemararamiro.

Mumvuri wemuvara wemunhu mukuru bream unogara wakasviba muvara, uye iyo yebream inogara iri sirivha. Ukuru hwe bream hahupfuuri 35 cm uye huremu 1 kg, muviri wakareba uye hauna kutenderera seye bream. Mupfuri, kusiyana nehama yechikuru, anonamatira kunzvimbo dzisina kudzika dzedhamu rine mvura inopisa. Iyo bream inotungamirira mararamiro ekuyerera, uye bream inosarudza kurasika mumapoka maviri, iyo inogara iyo iri zvikamu zvakadzika zverwizi kana dziva.

Abramis brama nzvimbo dzekugara, kugovera

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Munzvimbo idzo dzinowanikwa bream, pane inenge nguva dzose pasi pejecha kana madhaka, aya madhamu, nzizi uye madhamu eNorthern neCentral Europe. Inowanikwa mumambure emadhamu nemabheseni emakungwa anotevera:

• Baltic;
• Azov;
• Nhema;
• Caspian;
• Northern;
• Aral.

Mumakore makumi matatu ezana remakore rapfuura, ichthyologists yeMotherland yedu yakakwanisa kugadzirisa bream muSiberia nzizi, trans-Ural Lakes uye Lake Balkhash. Kutenda kune chiteshi pakati peNorthern Dvina neVolga system, iyo bream yakawana huwandu hwevanhu muEurope chikamu cheRussia. Nharaunda yeTranscaucasia yavewo nzvimbo yekugara kwaAbramis brama, asi munharaunda iyi ine vanhu vashoma uye ndeyemhando dzisingawanzoitiki, inogona kuwanikwa mumadhamu anotevera:

• Lake Paleostoma;
• Lenkorans;
• Mingachevir reservoir.

Bream kudya

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Sezvatakambotaura kare, bream ine chimiro chakakosha chemuromo, nekuda kwekuti hove inokwanisa kudya kubva pasi pemvura, kunyange yakafukidzwa nemarara kana miti yakawanda. Mapoka mazhinji eAbramis brama munguva pfupi anogona "kufoshora" zvikamu zvakakura zvepasi pedhamu kutsvaga chikafu. Maererano nekucherechedza kwevabati vehove vane ruzivo, kuti vawane boka rehove huru yekudyisa panzvimbo yegungwa, zvakakosha kuwana mabhubhu emhepo achipukunyuka kusvika pamusoro, anosimuka kubva pasi, akasunungurwa kubva kune silt nekudya hove.

Iyo yakakosha dhizaini yemazino epharyngeal yakagadziridza kudya kwaAbramis brama, yaive yakavakirwa pa:

• gungwa;
• hozhwa uye diki benthic invertebrates;
• neropa;
• mugadziri wepombi;
• seashells.

Panguva yekudya, iyo bream, se "vacuum cleaner", inoyamwa musanganiswa wemvura uye silt mumuromo wemuromo, uye pharyngeal kukura kunobatsira kuchengetedza benthos, iyo inoda zvikuru. Hove inoiparadzanisa kubva mumvura isati yaibudisa kuburikidza nemagill. Kugona kwepanyama kwakadaro kwaAbramis brama kwakamubvumira kuti ave mutungamiri maererano nehuwandu hwevanhu pakati pemarudzi ehove anogara pedyo naye.

Muchikamu chechipiri chechando, mumvura ine tembiricha yakaderera uye yakawedzera-kupfumiswa nemagasi akanyungudika mairi, hove haikwanisi kunyatsotsvaga nekudyisa, inotungamirira mararamiro ekugara. Izvo zvakacherechedzwa kuti iyo yakakura yekudya kwekudya, avhareji yekushisa kwemvura pagore, iyo yakawanda hove inodyisa, yatove mushure mekusvika makore 10-15 makore, hove inokwanisa kuwedzera uremu kusvika 9 kg uye kureba kwemuviri. 0,8 m.

Kubereka

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Kutanga kwekukura kwepabonde kwemunhu kunoratidzwa nekuonekwa kwekukura kwakananga pamusoro wehove, uye ruvara rwemuviri kubva kune silvery hue hunoshanduka kuva toni dzakasviba. Kupatsanurwa kweboka kusati kwabereka kunoitika mumapoka, mucherechedzo wekuumbwa kwawo unonyanya kukosha wezera. Nguva yekubereka uye kubereka muAbramis brama haipfuuri mwedzi, paavhareji mazuva mana anopedzwa mukubereka kweboka rimwe, nguva yekubereka inokanganiswa nekupisa kwemukati. Nzvimbo isina kudzika ine huwandu hwezvinomera inosarudzwa senzvimbo yekubata chiitiko chakakosha zvakadaro muhupenyu hwehove.

Iyo bream yakakura, nekuti imwe inobereka hadzi inokandira mazai zviuru zana nemakumi mana, asi havasi vese vanozokwanisa kurarama nekuda kwekushanduka-shanduka kwekushisa kwemukati panguva yekudzoka kwechando. Iyo yakaderera tembiricha pachikumbaridzo inokwanisa kumira caviar inokwana 140⁰ Pamwe, pa t⁰ pasi pechikumbaridzo ichi, mazai anofa. Yatova vhiki mushure mekuberekwa, hove dzehove dzinoonekwa kubva mazai, uye mushure meimwe mavhiki matatu dzinoberekwazve mufry.

Munguva yese yekudziya kusvika kuchando chekutanga, fry yeAbramis brama inoramba ichikura pamwe nekukura kweimwe mhando yehove muchimiro chemapoka akawanda anoshingairira kufamba achitenderera dhamu achitsvaga chikafu. Mhuka dzechidiki kusati kwatanga chando munzvimbo dzine chikafu chakawanda chinokwanisa kuwana uremu uye urefu hwemuviri hunosvika masendimita gumi nemaviri.

Vanhu vanokura vanoomerera kunzvimbo dzekuberekera kusvika pakutanga kwechirimo chanyura uye vosiya chete mushure mekusvika kwekupisa. Vanhu vakuru, pane kudaro, vapedza basa ravo rakanaka, vanokunguruka mumakomba, uye mushure mokudzokera kuchimiro chavo, vanotanga kushingaira kudya.

Nekuda kwekukura kwekukura kweAbramis brama, mikana yekupona padanho rekutanga mukukura fry yakakura kupfuura mune mamwe marudzi. Vavengi vanonyanya kukosha mugore rokutanga rehupenyu mu bream ndeye pike, pike perch uye guru guru. A bream yakakura kusvika kumakore matatu ezera inogona kukuvadzwa neiyo pike uye catfish.

black bream

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Iyo Amur dema bream (Megalobrama terminalis) yakawana pekugara muRussia, chete mugomba reAmur. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akanaka, inokwanisa kurarama kwemakore gumi uye kuwedzera uremu hwe10 kg nehurefu hwemuviri hunopfuura 3,1 m. Kunyanya mamiriro akanaka ekuwedzera huwandu hwevanhu veMegalobrama terminalis akagadzirwa muchikamu cheChinese cheAmur basin. Chiverengero chavagari vapasi chakakura kwazvo zvokuti chakabvumira mapoka anobata hove omunzvimbomo kubata hove dzawo dzamaindasitiri.

Panharaunda yeRussia, mhuka iyi inorondedzerwa seyaparara; kweanopfuura makore makumi mana, kubata kwekutengesa kweAmur bream hakuna kuitwa. Kuti uwedzere huwandu hwevanhu, ichthyologists inoitisa kubereka kwekugadzira uye kuzadza kwayo.