Zvinogoneka nerubatsiro rwemumwe mutauro kukudziridza hunhu hwatinoda uye kushandura isu pachedu maonero enyika? Hongu, polyglot uye munyori wenzira yake yekukurumidza kudzidza mitauro, Dmitry Petrov, ane chokwadi.
Psychologies: Dmitry, wakamboti mutauro 10% masvomhu uye 90% psychology. Wanga uchirevei?
Dmitry Petrov: Mumwe anogona kukakavara pamusoro pezviyero, asi ndinogona kutaura chokwadi kuti mutauro une zvikamu zviviri. Imwe ndeye pure masvomhu, imwe yacho pure psychology. Masvomhu seti yezvakakosha algorithms, iwo musimboti wakakosha wechimiro chemutauro, nzira yandinodaidza mutauro matrix. Rudzi rwetafura yekuwanza.
Mutauro wega wega une magadzirirwo awo - izvi ndizvo zvinosiyanisa mitauro uXNUMXbuXNUMXb kubva kune mumwe nemumwe, asi kune zvakare misimboti. Paunenge uchigona mutauro, zvinodikanwa kuunza iyo algorithms kune automatism, sekunge uchigona imwe mhando yemutambo, kana kutamba, kana kuridza chiridzwa chemumhanzi. Uye iyi haingori mitemo yegirama, aya ndiwo maumbirwo akakosha anogadzira kutaura.
Semuenzaniso, kurongeka kwemazwi. Inonyatsoratidza maonero emutauri wemutauro uyu panyika.
Iwe unoda here kutaura kuti nehurongwa hunoiswa zvikamu zvekutaura mumutsara, munhu anogona kutonga maonero enyika uye mafungiro evanhu?
Ehe. Munguva yeRenaissance, semuenzaniso, dzimwe nyanzvi dzemitauro yechiFrench dzakatoona hukuru hwemutauro wechiFrench pane vamwe, kunyanya chiGerman, pakuti chiFrench chinotanga kutumidza zita uyezve chirevo chinoritsanangura.
Vakaita nharo, isinganzwisisike kwatiri mhedziso yokuti muFrench anotanga kuona chinhu chikuru, musimboti - zita, uye ipapo anotochipa nerumwe rudzi rwetsanangudzo, hunhu. Semuenzaniso, kana muRussia, muRungu, muGerman achiti «white house», muFrench achati «white house».
Iyo yakaoma sei mitemo yekuronga zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekutaura mumutsara (titi, maGerman ane yakaoma asi yakaoma algorithm) ichatiratidza kuti vanhu vanowirirana vanoona sei chokwadi.
Kana chiito chiri panzvimbo yekutanga, zvinosvika kuti chiito chakakosha kumunhu pakutanga?
Zvikurukuru, hongu. Ngatitii mitauro yeRussia uye yakawanda yeSlavic ine mazwi emahara. Uye izvi zvinoratidzwa munzira yatinotarisa nayo nyika, nenzira yatinoronga nayo hunhu hwedu.
Kune mitauro ine yakatemwa izwi kurongeka, seChirungu: mumutauro uyu tichangoti "Ndinokuda", uye muchiRussia pane sarudzo: "Ndinokuda", "Ndinokuda", "Ndinokuda". ”. Bvumiranai, zvakawanda zvakasiyana.
Uye kuvhiringidzika kwakawanda, sekunge isu tinodzivirira nemaune kujeka uye system. Mukuona kwangu, iRussia zvikuru.
MuchiRussia, nekushanduka kwese kwekuvaka mitauro yemitauro, inewo yayo "mathematical matrix". Kunyange zvazvo mutauro weChirungu une chimiro chakajeka, icho chinoratidzwa mumafungiro - zvakanyanya kurongeka, pragmatic. Mariri, izwi rimwe rinoshandiswa muhuwandu hwezvinoreva. Uye izvi ndizvo zvakanakira mutauro.
Panodiwa mamwe zviito zvekuwedzera muchiRussia — semuenzaniso, tinoti "kuenda", "kusimuka", "kudzika", "kudzoka", muRungu anoshandisa izwi rechiito rimwechete rokuti "enda", iro rine chinzvimbo chinopa gwara rekufamba.
Uye chikamu chepfungwa chinozviratidza sei? Zvinoratidzika kwandiri kuti kunyangwe mune masvomhu psychology kune yakawanda psychology, kutonga nemashoko ako.
Chikamu chechipiri mumitauro ndeye psycho-emotional, nokuti mutauro wega wega inzira yekuona nyika, saka pandinotanga kudzidzisa mutauro, ini chekutanga ndinokurudzira kutsvaga mamwe masangano.
Kune imwe, mutauro weItaly unobatanidzwa nekudya kwenyika: pizza, pasta. Kune imwezve, Italy mimhanzi. Chechitatu - cinema. Panofanira kunge paine mufananidzo wemanzwiro unotisunga kune imwe nzvimbo.
Uye zvino tinotanga kuona mutauro kwete seti yemashoko uye runyoro rwemitemo yegirama, asi senzvimbo yakawanda yatinogona kuvapo uye kunzwa takasununguka. Uye kana iwe uchida kunzwisisa zviri nani chiItalian, saka iwe unofanirwa kuzviita kwete muChirungu chepasirese (nenzira, vanhu vashoma muItari vanotaura zvakanaka), asi mumutauro wavo.
Mumwe murairidzi webhizinesi anozivikanwa neimwe nzira akaseka, achiedza kutsanangura kuti nei vanhu vakasiyana nemitauro vakaumbwa. Dzidziso yake ndeiyi: Mwari ari kufara. Zvichida ndinobvumirana naye: zvimwe zvekutsanangura kuti vanhu vanoedza kutaurirana, kutaura, kusvika pakuzivana zviri nani, asi sekunge chipingamupinyi chakatangwa nemaune, kutsvaga kwechokwadi.
Asi kutaurirana kwakawanda kunoitika pakati pevatauri vemutauro mumwe chete. Vanogara vachinzwisisana here? Idi chairo rokuti tinotaura mutauro wakafanana hachitivimbisi kuti tinzwisise, nokuti mumwe nomumwe wedu anoisa zvirevo zvakasiyana zvachose nemanzwiro mune zvinotaurwa.
Naizvozvo, zvakakosha kudzidza mutauro wekunze kwete chete nekuti iri chiitiko chinonakidza chebudiriro yeruzhinji, inzvimbo inodiwa kuti munhu uye vanhu vararame. Iko hakuna kurwisana kwakadaro munyika yanhasi - kwete nezvombo kana zvehupfumi - izvo zvingasamuka nokuti vanhu kune imwe nzvimbo vaisanzwisisana.
Dzimwe nguva zvinhu zvakasiyana zvachose zvinodanwa neshoko rimwechete, dzimwe nguva, kutaura pamusoro pechinhu chimwe chete, vanodana chiitiko nemazwi akasiyana. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, hondo dzinomuka, matambudziko mazhinji anomuka. Mutauro sechinoitika kuedza kwokutya kunoitwa nevanhu kuwana nzira ine rugare yokukurukura, nzira yokupanana mashoko.
Mashoko anongopa chikamu chiduku muzana chemashoko atinopanana. Zvimwe zvese zviri context.
Asi mushonga uyu haungambofi wakakwana, netsanangudzo. Naizvozvo, psychology haina kukosha kudarika ruzivo rwemutauro matrix, uye ndinotenda kuti mukuenderana nekudzidza kwayo, zvakakosha chaizvo kudzidza mafungiro, tsika, nhoroondo uye tsika dzevanhu vakasiyana.
Mashoko anongopa chikamu chiduku muzana chemashoko atinopanana. Zvimwe zvese mamiriro, chiitiko, matauriro, majeti, maratidziro echiso.
Asi kune vazhinji - iwe unowanzo sangana neizvi - kutya kwakasimba chaizvo nekuda kwemazwi madiki: kana ini ndisingazive mazwi akakwana, ndinovaka zvivakwa zvisirizvo, ndakanganisa, saka ivo havazondinzwisise. Isu tinonamatira zvakanyanya kukosha kune "masvomhu" yemutauro kupfuura kune psychology, kunyangwe, zvinozoitika, inofanira kunge iri imwe nzira yakapoteredza.
Kune boka rinofara revanhu avo, nenzira yakanaka, vasina kuderera, kukanganisa kwakaoma, avo, vachiziva mazwi makumi maviri, vanotaurirana pasina matambudziko uye vanowana zvose zvavanoda kune imwe nyika. Uye ichi ndicho chisimbiso chakanakisisa chokuti hapana mhosva iwe haufaniri kutya kukanganisa. Hapana achakuseka. Handizvo zviri kukutadzisa kutaurirana.
Ndakacherekedza chiverengero chikuru chavanhu vaifanira kudzidziswa munguva dzakasiana-siana dzoupenyu hwangu hwokudzidzisa, uye ndakaona kuti zvinetso mukugona mutauro wacho zvine mufungo wakati kunyange mukushanda kwomuviri womunhu. Ndakawana pfungwa dzinoverengeka mumuviri womunhu umo makakatanwa anokonzera kunetsa kudzidza mutauro.
Mumwe wavo ari pakati pehuma, kushushikana kuripo kunowanzoitika kune vanhu vanowanzonzwisisa zvese nekuongorora, funga zvakawanda vasati vaita.
Kana iwe ukaona izvi mukati mako, zvinoreva kuti uri kuyedza kunyora mutsara pane yako "yemukati yekutarisa" yauchazotaurira kune wako anopindirana, asi unotya kukanganisa, sarudza mazwi akakodzera, pfuura, sarudza zvakare. Zvinotora huwandu hukuru hwesimba uye zvinokanganisa zvakanyanya kutaurirana.
Yedu physiology inoratidza kuti isu tine ruzivo rwakawanda, asi tsvaga yakatetepa chiteshi kuti utaure.
Imwe pfungwa iri muchikamu chezasi chemutsipa, pamwero wecollarbones. Inowedzera kwete chete pakati pevaya vanodzidza mutauro, asiwo pakati pevaya vanotaura pachena - vadzidzisi, vatambi, vanoimba. Zvinoita sokuti akadzidza mashoko ose, anoziva zvose, asi nokukurumidza kana yava hurukuro, rimwe bundu rinobuda pahuro pake. Sokuti pane chiri kunditadzisa kutaura pfungwa dzangu.
Yedu physiology inoratidza kuti isu tine huwandu hukuru hweruzivo, asi isu tinowana yakatetepa chiteshi chekutaura kwayo: tinoziva uye tinokwanisa kuita zvinopfuura zvatinogona kutaura.
Uye pfungwa yechitatu - muchikamu chezasi chedumbu - inotyisa kune avo vanonyara uye vanofunga: "Ko kana ndikataura chimwe chinhu chakaipa, ko kana ndisinganzwisise kana kuti vasingandinzwisise, ko kana vakaseka. kwandiri?” Iko kusanganiswa, ketani yemapoinzi aya inotungamira kune bhuroka, kune nyika kana isu tarasikirwa nekugona kuchinjika, mahara kuchinjana kweruzivo.
Nzira yekubvisa sei iyi yekutaurirana block?
Ini pachangu ndinoshandisa uye ndinokurudzira kuvadzidzi, kunyanya avo vachashanda sevaturikiri, maitiro ekufema kwakakodzera. Ndakavakwereta kubva kumitambo yeyoga.
Isu tinotora kufema, uye sezvatinofema, tinonyatso cherechedza patinenge tine makakatanwa, uye "kunyunguduka", zorora idzi pfungwa. Ipapo maonero matatu-dimensional echokwadi anooneka, kwete mutsara, kana isu "pakuiswa" kwemutsara watakaudzwa kwatiri kubata izwi neshoko, tinorasikirwa nehafu yavo uye hatinzwisise, uye "pakubuda" tinopa kunze. shoko neshoko.
Hatitauri mumashoko, asi muzvikamu zve semantic - huwandu hwemashoko uye manzwiro. Tinogovana pfungwa. Pandinotanga kutaura chimwe chinhu nemutauro wandinotaura zvakanaka, mumutauro wangu kana kuti mumwe mutauro, handizivi kuti mutsara wangu unopera sei — pane pfungwa dzandinoda kukuzivisai.
Mazwi vatariri. Uye ndosaka iyo huru algorithms, iyo matrix inofanirwa kuunzwa kune automatism. Kuti arege kutarira shure kwavari nguva dzose, nguva imwe neimwe achivhura muromo wake.
Mutauro matrix yakakura sei? Inosanganisira chii - maitiro echiito, mazita?
Aya ndiwo marudzi echiito anonyanya kufarirwa, nekuti kunyangwe paine akawanda emhando dzakasiyana mumutauro, pane matatu kana mana anoshandiswa nguva dzese. Uye ive shuwa yekufunga nezve chirevo che frequency - zvese zvine chekuita nemazwi uye girama.
Vanhu vakawanda vanorasikirwa nechido chokudzidza mutauro pavanoona kusiyana kwakaita girama. Asi hazvidi kuti uise nemusoro zvese zviri muduramazwi.
Ndaifarira pfungwa yenyu yekuti mutauro nemagadzirirwo awo zvinokanganisa mafungiro. Kudzokera kumashure kunoitika here? Mutauro nechimiro chawo, somuenzaniso, zvinotapura sei gadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika mune imwe nyika?
Icho chokwadi ndechekuti mepu yemitauro uye mafungiro haaenderane nemepu yezvematongerwo enyika. Isu tinonzwisisa kuti kupatsanurwa kuita nyika mhedzisiro yehondo, kumukirana, imwe mhando yezvibvumirano pakati pevanhu. Mitauro inofamba zvishoma kune imwe, hapana miganhu yakajeka pakati pavo.
Mamwe maitiro akajairwa anogona kuzivikanwa. Semuenzaniso, mumitauro yenyika dzine hupfumi husina kugadzikana, kusanganisira Russia, Greece, Italy, mazwi asina munhu "anofanira", "kudiwa" anowanzoshandiswa, nepo mumitauro yeNorthern Europe hapana mazwi akadaro. .
Hauzowani muduramanzwi ripi zvaro mashandurirwo ezwi rechiRussian rekuti “zvakakosha” muchiRungu neshoko rimwe chete, nekuti harienderane nemafungiro echiRungu. MuchiRungu, unofanirwa kudoma musoro wenyaya: ndiani ane chikwereti, ndiani anoda?
Tinodzidza mutauro nezvinangwa zviviri - zvekunakidzwa uye zverusununguko. Uye mutauro mutsva wega wega unopa mwero mutsva werusununguko
MuchiRussian kana chiItalian, tinogona kuti: "Tinoda kuvaka mugwagwa." MuchiShona zvinonzi "Iwe unofanirwa" kana "Ini ndinofanira" kana "Tinofanira kuvaka". Zvinoitika kuti maBritish anowana uye anoona munhu ane mhosva yeichi kana icho chiito. Kana muchiSpanish, sechiRussian, tichati «Tu me gustas» (Ndinokuda). Musoro ndiye anoda.
Uye mumutauro weChirungu, analogue ndeye "Ndinokuda". Kureva kuti munhu mukuru muchirungu ndiye anoda munhu. Kune rumwe rutivi, izvi zvinoratidza chirango chikuru uye kukura, uye kune rumwe rutivi, hukuru hukuru. Iyi ingori mienzaniso miviri yakapfava, asi ivo vatoratidza mutsauko munzira yehupenyu hwevaRussia, veSpain neBritish, maonero avo pamusoro penyika uye ivo pachavo munyika ino.
Zvinoitika kuti kana tikatora mutauro, zvino kufunga kwedu, maonero edu enyika achachinja zvachose? Zvichida, zvinobvira here kusarudza mutauro wokudzidza maererano nounhu hunodiwa?
Kana munhu, anyatsogona mutauro, achiushandisa uye ari munharaunda yemutauro, pasina mubvunzo anowana maitiro matsva. Pandinotaura chiItalian, maoko angu anotendeuka, majeti emaoko anowedzera kushanda kupfuura pandinotaura chiGerman. Ndinowedzera manzwiro. Uye kana iwe uchigara uchigara mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, ipapo nokukurumidza kana kuti gare gare inova yako.
Ini nevandaishanda navo takaona kuti vadzidzi vekumayunivhesiti emitauro vakadzidza chiGerman vane tsika uye vanodzidzira kufamba. Asi avo vakadzidza chiFrench vanofarira kuita zviitiko zveamateur, vane imwe nzira yekugadzira yehupenyu nekudzidza. Nenzira, avo vakadzidza Chirungu vakanwa kakawanda: maBritish ari mumatunhu matatu anonyanya kunwa.
Ini ndinofunga kuti China yakakwira kusvika padanho rehupfumi rakadai zvakare nekuda kwemutauro wayo: kubva vachiri vadiki vana veChinese vanodzidza huwandu hukuru hwemavara, uye izvi zvinoda kurongeka kunoshamisa, kubatikana, kutsungirira uye kugona kuona zvakadzama.
Unoda mutauro unovaka ushingi? Dzidza chiRussian kana, semuenzaniso, Chechen. Iwe unoda kuwana hunyoro, manzwiro, kunzwa? ChiItalian. Passion - Spanish. Chirungu chinodzidzisa pragmatism. ChiGerman - pedantry uye manzwiro, nekuti burgher ndiye chisikwa chinonzwisa tsitsi munyika. Turkish inovandudza mauto, asiwo tarenda rekutengesa, kutaurirana.
Munhu wese anokwanisa here kudzidza mumwe mutauro kana kuti unoda kuva nematarenda anokosha eizvi?
Mutauro senzira yekukurukurirana unowanikwa kune chero munhu ane pfungwa dzakanaka. Munhu anotaura mutauro wake wekuzvarwa, netsanangudzo, anokwanisa kutaura mumwe: ane zvose zvinodiwa arsenal nzira. Inhema kuti vamwe vanokwanisa vamwe havagone. Kana paine kana kusava nekurudziro ndeimwe nyaya.
Patinodzidzisa vana, hazvifanirwe kuperekedzwa nechisimba, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kurambwa. Zvinhu zvose zvakanaka zvatakadzidza muupenyu, takazvigamuchira nomufaro, handiti? Tinodzidza mutauro nezvinangwa zviviri - zvekunakidzwa uye zverusununguko. Uye mutauro mutsva mumwe nomumwe unopa mwero mutsva worusununguko.
Kudzidza kwemutauro kwakataurwa semushonga wechokwadi wekurapa dementia uye Alzheimer's, maererano netsvagiridzo yazvino *. Uye sei kwete Sudoku kana, somuenzaniso, chess, unofungei?
Ndinofunga chero basa rehuropi rinobatsira. Kungori kuti kudzidza mutauro chishandiso chinogoneka pane kugadzirisa mapikicha kana kutamba chess, zvirinani nekuti kune vashoma vateveri vekutamba mitambo nekusarudza mazwi pane avo vakambodzidza mumwe mutauro wekunze kuchikoro.
Asi munyika yanhasi, tinoda nzira dzakasiyana dzekudzidziswa kwehuropi, nekuti, kusiyana nezvizvarwa zvakapfuura, tinopa akawanda emabasa edu epfungwa kumakomputa uye mafoni. Kare, mumwe nemumwe wedu aiziva nhamba dzenhare dzakawanda nemusoro, asi iye zvino hatikwanisi kusvika kuchitoro chiri pedyo pasina mufambisi.
Kare kare, tateguru vevanhu vaiva nemuswe, pavakarega kushandisa muswe uyu, wakadonha. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, tave tichipupurira kushatiswa chose chose kwendangariro yomunhu. Nekuti zuva rega rega, nechizvarwa chese chetekinoroji nyowani, tinopa mamwe mabasa kune majejeti, zvinoshamisa zvishandiso zvakagadzirirwa kutibatsira, kutirerutsira pamutoro wakawedzerwa, asi zvishoma nezvishoma zvinotitorera masimba edu asingagoni kupihwa.
Kudzidza mutauro mune ino nhevedzano ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo dzekutanga, kana isiri yekutanga, seimwe yenzira dzinogoneka dzekurwisa kukanganisa kwendangariro: mushure mezvose, kuti tizive nemusoro magadzirirwo emutauro, uye kunyanya kutaura, isu tinofanirwa kushandisa. zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zveuropi.
* Muna 2004, Ellen Bialystok, PhD, chiremba wepfungwa paYunivhesiti yeYork muToronto, nevamwe vake vakafananidza kugona kwekuziva kwevakura mitauro miviri nemitauro imwechete. Mhedzisiro yacho yakaratidza kuti ruzivo rwemitauro miviri inogona kunonoka kuderera kwekuziva kwehuropi kwemakore 4-5.