PSYchology

Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) akanga ari nyanzvi yeChirungu uye mufambi akateya nheyo dzedzidziso yemazuva ano yekushanduka-shanduka uye gwara repfungwa yekushanduka-shanduka ine zita rake (Darwinism). Muzukuru waErasmus Darwin naJosiah Wedgwood.

Mune dzidziso yake, yekutanga kutsanangurwa kwakadzama kwakabudiswa muna 1859 mubhuku rinonzi "The Origin of Species" (zita rakazara: "The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, kana Kupona Kwemarudzi Anodiwa muKurwira Upenyu" ), Darwin akabatanidza kukosha kukuru mukushanduka-shanduka kune kusarudzwa kwezvisikwa uye kusiyana kusingagumi.

pfupi biography

Kudzidza uye kufamba

Akazvarwa Kukadzi 12, 1809 muShrewsbury. Akadzidza mushonga paYunivhesiti yeEdinburgh. Muna 1827 akapinda muYunivhesiti yeCambridge, kwaakadzidza zvebhaibheri kwemakore matatu. Muna 1831, mushure mokunge apedza kudzidza kubva kuyunivhesiti, Darwin, semudzidzi wezvisikwa, akaenda rwendo kumativi ose enyika ari muchikepe chekufambisa cheRoyal Navy, Beagle, kubva kwaakadzokera kuEngland chete musi waOctober 2, 1836. Munguva yerwendo, Darwin akashanyira chitsuwa cheTenerife, Cape Verde Islands, mhenderekedzo yeBrazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Tierra del Fuego, Tasmania neCocos Islands, kubva kwaakaunza nhamba huru yekucherechedza. Mhedzisiro yacho yakatsanangurwa mumabasa "Diary of a naturalist's research" (The Journal of a Naturalist, 1839), "The Zoology of Voyage on the Beagle" (Zoology yeVoyage paBeagle, 1840), "Chimiro uye kugoverwa kwemakorari emakorari" (Mamiriro uye Kugoverwa kweCoral Reefs1842);

Basa reSainzi

Muna 1838-1841. Darwin aiva munyori weGeological Society yeLondon. Muna 1839 akaroora, uye muna 1842 vaviri vacho vakatama kubva kuLondon kuenda kuDown (Kent), kwavakatanga kugara zvachose. Pano Darwin akatungamira hupenyu hwakavanzika uye hwakayerwa hwesaenzi uye munyori.

Kubva muna 1837, Darwin akatanga kuchengeta dhayari umo akapinda data pamusoro pemarudzi emhuka dzepamusha nemhando dzemiti, pamwe chete nekufunga nezvekusarudzwa kwezvisikwa. Muna 1842 akanyora rondedzero yokutanga pamusoro pekwakabva marudzi. Kutanga muna 1855, Darwin akanyorerana neAmerican botanist A. Gray, waakapa pfungwa dzake makore maviri gare gare. Muna 1856, achipesvedzerwa nenyanzvi yeGeologist yeChirungu uye nyanzvi yezvisikwa C. Lyell, Darwin akatanga kugadzirira bhuku rechitatu, rakawedzerwa. Muna June 1858, basa racho parakanga rapera, ndakagamuchira tsamba yaibva kunyanzvi yezvisikwa yokuEngland inonzi AR Wallace yaiva nemanyoro echinyorwa chapashure. Muchinyorwa chino, Darwin akawana tsananguro yakapfupikiswa yedzidziso yake yezvakasikwa. Vaviri vezvakasikwa vakazvimiririra uye panguva imwe chete vakagadzira dzidziso dzakafanana. Vese vari vaviri vakapesvedzerwa nebasa reTR Malthus pahuwandu hwevanhu; vose vaiziva maonero aLyell, vose vakadzidza mhuka, maruva uye geological maumbirwo emapoka ezvitsuwa uye vakawana misiyano yakakura pakati pemarudzi anogara mavari. Darwin akatumira manyoro aWallace kuna Lyell pamwe chete nerondedzero yake, pamwe chete nerondedzero yeshanduro yake yechipiri (1844) nekopi yetsamba yake kuna A. Grey (1857). Lyell akatendeukira kunyanzvi yemiti yeEngland Joseph Hooker nokuda kwezano, uye pana July 1, 1859, ivo pamwe chete vakapa mabhuku ose ari maviri kuLinnean Society muLondon.

Kunonoka basa

Muna 1859, Darwin akabudisa The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, kana kuti Preservation of Favored Breeds in the Struggle for Life.Pamusoro peMavambo eZvisikwa Nekusarudzwa Kwemusikirwo, kana Kuchengetedzwa Kwemarudzi Anodiwa muKurwira Hupenyu.), kwaakaratidza kusiyana-siyana kwezvinomera nemhuka, mavambo azvo omusikirwo kubva kumarudzi ekare.

Muna 1868, Darwin akabudisa bhuku rake rechipiri, The Change in Domestic Animals and Cultiated Plants.Kusiyana kweMhuka uye Zvirimwa pasi peDomestification), iyo inosanganisira mienzaniso yakawanda yekushanduka kwezvinhu zvipenyu. Muna 1871, rimwe basa rinokosha raDarwin rakaonekwa - "Kudzika kweMunhu uye Kusarudzwa Kwepabonde"Kudzika kweMunhu, uye Sarudzo maererano neBonde), apo Darwin akapa zvibvumikiso achitsigira mavambo emhuka. Mamwe mabasa aDarwin anozivikanwa anosanganisira Barnacles (Monograph paCirripedia, 1851-1854); "Kukurisa muma orchids" (The Fertilization yeOrchids, 1862); "Kuratidza Manzwiro muMunhu neMhuka" (Kuratidzwa Kwemanzwiro muMunhu neMhuka, 1872); "Chiito chekukurisa-mukume uye kuzvipeperesa munyika yezvirimwa" (Mhedzisiro yeMuchinjikwa- uye Kuzviitisa Muviri muHumambo hweVegetable.

Darwin nechitendero

C. Darwin akabva munzvimbo isingawirirani. Kunyange zvazvo vamwe vomumhuri yake vaiva vanhu vaifunga vakasununguka vairamba pachena zvitendero zvegamuchidzanwa, iye pachake pakutanga haana kusava nechokwadi nechokwadi chaicho cheBhaibheri. Akaenda kuchikoro cheAnglican, ipapo akafunda dzidziso youmwari yeAnglican paCambridge kuti ave mufundisi, uye akapwiswa zvizere nechibvumikiso cheterevhizheni chaWilliam Paley chokuti kurongeka kwoungwaru kunoonekwa muchisiko kunobvumikisa kuvapo kwaMwari. Zvisinei, kutenda kwake kwakatanga kuzununguka paaifamba paBeagle. Akabvunza zvaakaona, achishamisika, somuenzaniso, nezvisikwa zvakaisvonaka zvegungwa rakadzika-dzika zvakasikirwa mukati makadzika-dzika zvokuti hapana aigona kufarikanya maonere azvo, achidedera pakuona mhumhi yakaoma mitezo, iyo yaifanira kushanda sezvokudya zvipenyu zvemakonye ayo. . Mumuenzaniso wekupedzisira, akaona kupesana kwakajeka kune pfungwa dzaPaley pamusoro pehurongwa hwese hwakanaka hwepasirese. Paaifamba paBeagle, Darwin akanga achiri chitendero chechokwadi uye aikwanisa kushandisa simba remubhaibheri, asi zvishoma nezvishoma akatanga kuona nyaya yekusika, sezvainoratidzwa muTestamende Yekare, seyenhema uye isingavimbike.

Paakadzoka, akatanga kuunganidza uchapupu hwokusiyana kwemarudzi. Aiziva kuti shamwari dzake dzechitendero chezvakasikwa dzaiona pfungwa dzakadaro senhema, dzichikanganisa kutsanangurwa kunoshamisa kwetsika yemagariro evanhu, uye aiziva kuti pfungwa dzechimurenga dzakadaro dzaizosangana nekusagamuchira zvakanaka panguva iyo nzvimbo yeChechi yeAnglican yakanga ichishorwa nevaipikisa zvakasimba. uye vasingatendi kuti kuna Mwari. Muchivande achivandudza dzidziso yake yezvakasikwa, Darwin akatonyora nezvechitendero senzira yekurarama kwedzinza, asi achitenda muna Mwari saiye mukuru anogadza mitemo yenyika. Kutenda kwake kwakaderera zvishoma nezvishoma nokufamba kwenguva uye, norufu rwomwanasikana wake Annie muna 1851, Darwin pakupedzisira akarasikirwa nokutenda kwose muna mwari wechiKristu. Iye akapfuurira kutsigira chechi yomunzvimbomo ndokubetsera vafundisi muzvinhu zvavose, asi paSvondo, apo mhuri yose yaienda kuchechi, iye aifamba-famba. Gare gare, paakabvunzwa nezvemaonero ake echitendero, Darwin akanyora kuti akanga asati ambodavira kuti Mwari ariko, mupfungwa yokuti haana kuramba kuvapo kwaMwari uye kuti, kazhinji, “zvingava zvakarurama kutsanangura mamiriro angu epfungwa seasingatendi kuti Mwari ariko. .»

Munhoroondo yake yeupenyu hwasekuru vaErasmus Darwin, Charles akataura makuhwa enhema okuti Erasmus akachema kuna Mwari ava kuda kufa. Charles akapedzisa nyaya yake nemashoko anoti: "Ndizvo zvakanga zvakaita manzwiro echiKristu munyika ino muna 1802 <...> Tinogona kutarisira kuti hapana zvakadai nhasi." Kunyangwe zvishuwo izvi zvakanaka, nyaya dzakafanana dzakaperekedza rufu rwaCharles pachake. Inonyanya kuzivikanwa yeiyi yainzi "nyaya yaLady Hope", muparidzi wechiRungu, yakabudiswa muna 1915, iyo yaiti Darwin akanga atendeuka muchitendero munguva yekurwara nguva pfupi asati afa. Nhau dzakadaro dzakaparadzirwa nokushingaira nemapoka ezvitendero akasiana-siana uye pakupedzisira dzakawana chimiro chengano dzomumaguta, asi dzakarambwa navana vaDarwin ndokuraswa nevanyori venhau sedzenhema.

Wanano nevana

Musi waNdira 29, 1839, Charles Darwin akaroora hama yake, Emma Wedgwood. Mhemberero yeroorano yakaitwa mutsika yeChechi yeAnglican, uye mukuwirirana netsika dzeUnitarian. Pakutanga vaviri vacho vaigara paGower Street muLondon, uye musi waGunyana 17, 1842 vakatamira kuDown (Kent). VekwaDarwin vaiva nevana gumi, vatatu vavo vakafa vachiri vadiki. Vazhinji vevana nevazukuru pachavo vakawana budiriro huru. Vamwe vevana vairwara kana vasina simba, uye Charles Darwin aitya kuti chikonzero chaive kuswedera kwavo kuna Emma, ​​​​izvo zvakaratidzwa mubasa rake pamusoro pemarwadzo ekuberekesa uye kubatsirwa kwemichinjikwa iri kure.

Mibayiro uye mutsauko

Darwin akagamuchira mibairo yakawanda kubva kumasangano esainzi eGreat Britain nedzimwe nyika dzeEurope. Darwin akafa kuDowne, Kent, musi waApril 19, 1882.

Quotes

  • "Hapana chinhu chinoshamisa kupfuura kupararira kwekusavimbika kwechitendero, kana rationalism, mukati mehafu yechipiri yehupenyu hwangu."
  • “Hapana humbowo hunoratidza kuti pakutanga munhu akapiwa kutenda kunosimbisa kuvapo kwamwari ane simba rose.”
  • "Patinoziva zvakanyanya mitemo isingachinjiki yechisikigo, zvishamiso zvinoshamisa zvinobva zvawedzera kwatiri."

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