Iyo bhuruu nemuchena gaba remukaka wakanyungudutswa unosanganiswa nevazhinji neSoviet Union, uye vamwe vanotenda kuti chigadzirwa ichi chakazvarwa panguva ino. Muchokwadi, akawanda mazita uye nyika dzakapa kune ichi chigadzirwa chinosanganisirwa munhoroondo yekubuda kwemukaka wakanyoroveswa.
Kufadza mukundi
Iyo inonyanya kufarirwa vhezheni pakati pevateveri vemukaka wakanyungudutswa unopa hunyorwa hwekuzvarwa kweiyi dessert isina mwero kune French confectioner uye mutengesi wewaini Nicolas Francois Apper.
Pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi19, aive nembiri nekuyedza kwake chikafu, ukuwo Napoleon aida kukwidza kicheni chemauto ake kuitira kuti chikafu pamishandirapamwe chigare kwenguva yakareba sezvinobvira, chive chinovaka muviri uye chitsva.
Nyanzvi huru uye mukundi akazivisa makwikwi ekuchengetedza chikafu, achivimbisa mubairo unoyemurika kune anokunda.
Nicolas Apper akadzora mukaka pamusoro pemoto wakashama, ndokuzouchengetedza mumabhodhoro egirazi ane mitsipa, ndokuasimbisa ndokuzoapisa mumvura inodzika kwemaawa maviri. Yakazove inotapira gobvu concentrate, uye yaive yeiyi iyo Napoleon akapa Kumusoro nemubairo uye menduru yegoridhe, pamwe neruremekedzo zita rekuti "Mubatsiri weHumanity".
Pane izvi zviedzwa akakurudzirwa nemakakatanwa evaya vesainzi. Mumwe weIrish Needham aidavira kuti utachiona hunobva pazvinhu zvisina hupenyu, uye muItaly Spallanzani akaramba, achitenda kuti hutachiona hwega hwega hune baba vahwo.
Mushure mechinguva, mubiki wepastry akatanga kutengesa zvigadzirwa zvake muchitoro "Chikafu chakasiyana mumabhodhoro nemabhokisi", achienderera mberi nekuyedza chikafu nekuchengetedza kwavo, uye zvakare akanyora bhuku "Unyanzvi hwekuchengetedza zvirimwa nemhuka zvinhu kwenguva refu. nguva. ” Pakati pezvaakagadzira pane chipfuva chehuku uye bouillon cubes.
Boden's Mukaka Mamirioni
Iyo nyaya yekubuda kwemukaka wakanyoroveswa haugumi ipapo. MuChirungu Peter Durand akabvumidza nzira yaAlpert yekuchengetedza mukaka uye akatanga kushandisa magaba semidziyo muna 1810. Uye vanhu vekwake Melbeck na Underwood muna 1826 na1828, vasina kana chavakataura, vakaisa pfungwa yekuwedzera shuga mumukaka.
Uye muna 1850, muzvinabhizimusi Gail Boden, achienda kunzvimbo yekuratidzira muLondon, kwaakakokwa nekuyedza kwake kuyedza kweiyo nyama, akaona mufananidzo wehupfu hwevana nemukaka wemombe wemhuka dzinorwara. Mombe dzakatorwa muchikepe kuti dzive nechigadzirwa chitsva paruoko, asi izvi zvakazova nenjodzi - vana vanoverengeka vakafa nekudhakwa. Boden akazvivimbisa kuti achagadzira mukaka wemumagaba uye paakadzoka kumba akatanga kuedza kwake.
Akashandura mukaka kuita hupfu, asi akatadza kunamatira kumadziro emidziyo. Pfungwa iyi yakabva kumuranda - mumwe munhu akaraira Boden kuzora mativi ehari negirizi. Nekudaro, muna 1850, mushure memota mirefu, mukaka wakabikwa uchiita huremu hwebhuruu, hune viscous, hwaive nekuravira kunofadza uye husina kushatisa kwenguva yakareba. Kuti uwane kuravira kuri nani uye hupenyu hwakareba hwakareba, Boden akatanga kuwedzera shuga mumukaka nekufamba kwenguva.
Muna 1856, akapa patent kugadzirwa kwemukaka wakanyorovera uye akavaka fekitori kugadzirwa kwayo, pakupedzisira achiwedzera bhizinesi uye kuva mamioneya.
Argentine nyonganiso
MaArginia anotenda kuti mukaka wakanyoroveswa wakagadzirwa netsaona mudunhu reBuenos Aires, makore makumi matatu pasati patentent yebhizimusi yeAmerica.
Muna 1829, pachiitiko chevarwi muhondo yevagari vemo, maGeneral Lavagier naRoses, avo vakamborwa pakati pavo, vakaita mutambo. Mukumhanya-mhanya, mubatiri akakanganwa mukaka uri kufashaira mugaba - uye gaba rakaputika. Mumwe wevakuru vehondo akaravira nyerere dzinoyerera uye akashamisika nekuravira kwadzo. Saka vatungamiriri vakakurumidza kuziva nezve zvinobvira kubudirira kwechigadzirwa chitsva, vanesimba vane hukama vakashandiswa, uye mukaka wakanyoroveswa wakapinda nechivimbo muchigadzirwa uye vakatanga kunakidzwa nekubudirira kusinganzwisisike pakati pevaArgentina.
VaColombia vari kuzvidhonza gumbeze pamusoro pavo, vachiti kugadzirwa kwemukaka wakanyoroveswa nevanhu vavo, maChile anofungawo kukosha kwekumuka kwemukaka wakanyoroveswa kuve kwavo.
Mukaka wakanyoroveswa wevanhu
Munzvimbo medu, pakutanga, mukaka wakanyoroveswa waisanyanya kudiwa, mafekitori akavhurwa zvakanangana nekugadzirwa kwawo akatsva ndokuvharwa.
Munguva yehondo, semuenzaniso, muHondo Yenyika Yekutanga, mafekitori evagadziri akazvimiririra akazvimiririra akakunda zvido zvemauto, pamwe nevanoongorora nezve polar uye vatori vechikamu mukushanya kwakareba, nemukaka wakakanyiwa, saka pakanga pasina chikonzero uye zviwanikwa mune zvakasiyana kugadzirwa kana .
Sezvo mukaka wakadzvanywa waitapira uye uchipa simba, wainyanya kukosheswa munguva dzenzara mumashure mehondo, asi zvaive zvisingaite uye zvinodhura kuutora; munguva dzeSoviet, gaba remukaka wakanyoroveswa waionekwa sewemhando yepamusoro.
Mushure mehondo, mukaka wakanyoroveswa wakatanga kugadzirwa muzvikamu zvikuru; zviyero GOST 2903-78 zvakagadzirirwa icho.
Fekitori yekutanga yemukaka yakanyoroveswa muEurope yakaonekwa muna 1866 muSwitzerland. Swiss yakanyoroveswa mukaka ndiyo yainyanya kuzivikanwa muEurope uye yakatove "kudana kadhi" yayo.
Nenzira, mukaka wakanyoroveswa waishandiswa senzira yemukaka yekudyisa vacheche. Neraki, kwete kwenguva refu, nekuti yaisakwanisa kugutsa zvese zvinovaka muviri uye vhitamini zvinodiwa zvemuviri unokura.
Mukaka wakanyoroveswa-mukaka wakabikwa
Mumashure pehondo nguva dzeSoviet, mukaka wakanyoroveswa wakabikwa waive usipo, uye sezvazvinowanzoitika, paive neshanduro dzinoverengeka dzeakabva dhizeti iyi yakapetwa kaviri.
Mumwe wavo anoti People's Commissar Mikoyan akaedza mukaka wakanyoroveswa, kamwe achibika chirongo mumvura. Iyo inogona kuputika, asi dema rakasviba mvura iro rakapfachuka mukicheni rose rakafarirwa.
Vazhinji vanodavira kuti mukaka wakanyoroveswa wakabikwa wakaonekwa kumberi, uko masoja akabika mukaka wakanyoroveswa mumaketani kuti achinje.
vanogona
Kugadzirwa kwetini kunogona kunakidza sekubuda kwemukaka wemumagaba.
Iyo tini inogona kutanga muna 1810 - muChirungu makanika Peter Durand akakurudzira pasi rose zano rake rekutsiva makesi akazadzwa negirazi aishandiswa panguva iyoyo. Makani ekutanga emataini, kunyangwe aive akareruka, akareruka uye akavimbika kupfuura girazi risina kusimba, aive aine dhizaini isina musoro uye muvharo usinganetsi.
Ichi chifukidzo chakavhurwa chete nerubatsiro rwezvishandiso zvakagadziriswa - chisel kana sando, iyo, chokwadika, yaingogoneka chete kuvarume, saka chikafu chemumagaba chaisashandiswa muhupenyu hwemumba, asi yaive rombo rekudzungaira kure, semuenzaniso. , vafambisi vengarava.
Kubva muna 1819, vemuAmerica vanokatyamadza vakatanga kuburitsa hove dzemumagaba nemichero, kutsiva magaba makuru akagadzirwa nemaoko nemafekitori akagadzirwa madiki - zvaive nyore uye zvisingakwanisike, kuchengetedza kwakatanga kudiwa pakati pevanhu. Uye muna 1860, gaba rekuvhura rakagadzirwa muAmerica, izvo zvakawedzera kurerutsa basa rekuvhura magaba.
Mumakore makumi mana, magaba akatanga kuvharwa netini, uye magaba ealuminium akaonekwa muna 40. Midziyo "yakadhonzwa" inokwana 57 ml yechigadzirwa ichiri mudziyo wekutanga wechigadzirwa chinotapira ichi.
Chii chinofanirwa kuve mukaka wakakomberedzwa
Kusvika ikozvino, zviyero zvekugadzirwa kwemukaka wakanyungudutswa hazvina kuchinja. Inofanira kunge iine mukaka wemhou uye shuga. Zvese zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvine musanganiswa wemafuta, zvinochengetedza uye zvinonhuhwirira zvinowedzera zvinowanzoiswa seyakasanganiswa chigadzirwa chemukaka.