Kune avo vakasarudza kurega kudya nyama zvachose, zvakakosha kuziva kuti, pasina kukonzera kutambura kwakawanda kumhuka, vanogashira zvese zvinovaka muviri zvinovaka muviri, panguva imwe chete vachibvisa miviri yavo kubva kune izvo chepfu uye chepfu inowanikwa mukati. nyama zhinji. . Mukuwedzera, vanhu vazhinji, kunyanya avo vasiri vatorwa kune hanya nehupenyu hwemagariro evanhu uye mamiriro eecology yezvakatipoteredza, vachawana imwe nguva inokosha yakanaka mune vegetarianism: mhinduro yedambudziko renzara yenyika uye kupera kwe zviwanikwa zvepasi.
Nyanzvi dzezvehupfumi uye nyanzvi dzezvekurima dzinobvumirana mukufunga kwavo kuti kushaikwa kwechikafu munyika kunokonzerwa, muchidimbu, nekuderera kwekurima kwemombe, maererano nereshiyo yeprotein yechikafu inowanikwa pachikamu chenzvimbo yekurima inoshandiswa. Zvirimwa zvinorimwa zvinokwanisa kuunza mapuroteni akawanda pahekita yembeu pane zvigadzirwa zvezvipfuyo. Saka hekita imwe chete yemunda yakarimwa zviyo ichaunza mapuroteni akapetwa kashanu pane hekita imwe chete inoshandiswa pakurima mbesa mukupfuya zvipfuyo. Hekita yakadyarwa nenyemba inobereka mapuroteni akapetwa kagumi. Pasinei nekunyengetedza kwenhamba idzi, inopfuura hafu yemaeka ese muUnited States iri pasi pezvirimwa zvefood.
Maererano nemashoko akapiwa mumushumo, United States neWorld Resources, kana nzvimbo dzose dzambotaurwa dzakashandiswa zvirimwa zvinodyiwa zvakananga nevanhu, zvino, maererano nemakoriyori, izvi zvaizoita kuti pave nekuwedzera kwechina muhuwandu. chezvokudya zvakagamuchirwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, maererano neUnited Nations Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) vanhu vanopfuura bhiriyoni imwe nechidimbu vari paNyika vanotambura nekushaya zvokudya zvinovaka muviri, nepo vanenge mamiriyoni mazana mashanu vavo vari kuda kufa nenzara.
Sekureva kwebazi rezvekurima reUS, 91% yechibage, 77% yesoya beans, 64% yebhari, 88% yemapfunde, uye 99% yemapfunde akakohwewa kuUS kuma1970s akadyiswa kumombe dzenyama. Uyezve, mhuka dzepapurazi zvino dzava kumanikidzwa kudya zvokudya zvine mapuroteni akawanda; hafu yehove dzinobatwa pagore muna 1968 dzakaenda kunodyisa zvipfuwo. Pakupedzisira, kushandisa zvakanyanya ivhu rekurima kuti rizadzise kudiwa kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera kwezvigadzirwa zvenyama yemombe kunotungamira mukuderera kwevhu uye kudzikira kwemhando yezvigadzirwa zvekurima. (kunyanya zviyo) kuenda zvakananga patafura yemunhu.
Zvinosuwisa zvakaenzana nhamba inotaura nezvekurasikirwa kweprotein yemiriwo mukugadzirisa kwayo muprotein yemhuka kana mafuta emhuka emhuka. Paavhareji, mhuka inoda makirogiramu masere eprotein yemiriwo kuti ibudise kilogiramu imwe yeprotein yemhuka, uye mhou dzine mwero wepamusoro. makumi maviri nerimwe.
Francis Lappé, nyanzvi yezvekurima nenzara kuInstitute for Nutrition and Development, anoti nekuda kwekushandiswa zvisina kunaka kwezviwanikwa zvezvirimwa, matani anosvika miriyoni zana negumi nemasere emapuroteni ezvirimwa haachawanikwi kuvanhu gore rega - mari yakaenzana ne118. muzana yekushomeka kwepuroteni kwepagore kwenyika. ! Panyaya iyi, mashoko aDirector General weUN Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) ambotaurwa, VaBoerma, anonzwika zvikuru kupfuura kupwisa:
"Kana tichida chaizvo kuona shanduko yezviri nani mumamiriro ekudya kwenzvimbo ine hurombo kwazvo yepasi, tinofanira kutungamira zvese zvatinoedza kuita kuwedzera kudyiwa kwevanhu kweprotein yezvirimwa."
Vatarisana nouchokwadi hweidzi nhamba dzinoorora, vamwe vangati, “Asi United States inobereka zviyo zvakawanda kwazvo nezvimwe zvirimwa zvokuti tinogona kuwana yakasara yezvigadzirwa zvenyama uye tichiramba tine zviyo zvakati wandei zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika.” Tichisiya vanhu vekuAmerica vazhinji vasina kudya kwakakwana, ngatitarisei mhedzisiro yeAmerica yakawanda-inotemerwa zvekurima zvakasara zvekutengesa kunze kwenyika.
Hafu yezvese zveAmerica zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika zvezvigadzirwa zvekurima zvinoguma mudumbu remombe, makwai, nguruve, huku uye dzimwe mhuka dzemhuka, izvo zvinozoderedza zvakanyanya kukosha kwayo kweprotein, kuigadzira kuita protein yemhuka, inowanikwa chete kune denderedzwa shoma. vagari vepasi vakatodyiswa uye vakapfuma, vanokwanisa kuribhadharira. Zvakatonyanya kusiririsa ndezvekuti chikamu chepamusoro chenyama inodyiwa muUS inobva kumhuka dzakadyiswa dzakasimudzwa mune dzimwe, kazhinji dzine urombo, nyika dzepasi. IUS ndiyo inotengesa nyama hombe pasi rose, ichitenga chikamu chinodarika makumi mana kubva muzana chenyama yese yemombe iri mukutengesa kwenyika. Nokudaro, muna 1973, America yakaunza 2 bhiriyoni mapaundi (anenge mamiriyoni 900 kilograms) enyama, iyo, kunyange zvikamu zvinomwe chete kubva muzana zvenyama yose inodyiwa muUnited States, zvakadaro chinhu chakakosha zvikuru kune dzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzinotengesa kunze kwenyika dzinotakura mutoro we. mutoro mukuru wekugona kurasikirwa kweprotein.
Zvimwe sei kudiwa kwenyama, kunotungamirira kukurasikirwa kweprotein yemuriwo, kuri kuparira chinetso chenzara yenyika? Ngatitarisei mamiriro ezvekudya munyika dzakanyanya kutambura, tichitora basa raFrancis Lappe naJoseph Collins "Chikafu Chekutanga":
“MuCentral America neDominican Republic, pakati pechikamu chimwe chete muzvitatu nehafu yenyama yose inogadzirwa inotengeswa kunze kwenyika, kunyanya kuUnited States. Alan Berg weBrookings Institution, mukudzidza kwake kwezvokudya zvenyika, anonyora kuti nyama zhinji inobva kuCentral America “haigumire mudumbu reHispanics, asi mumahamburger emaresitorendi ezvokudya zvinokurumidza kuUnited States.”
“Nyika yakanakisisa muColombia inowanzoshandiswa pamafuro, uye zvizhinji zvekukohwa zviyo, izvo zvakawedzera zvikuru mumakore achangopfuura somugumisiro we“green revolution” ye60s, zvinopiwa kuzvipfuwo. Uyewo muColombia, kukura kunoshamisa muindasitiri yehuku (zvikurukuru kunosundwa nerimwe guru guru resangano rezvokudya reAmerica) kwakamanikidza varimi vakawanda kuti vabve pazvirimwa zvagara zvichidyiwa nevanhu (chibage nebhinzi) kuenda kumhunga nesoya bhinzi dzinopa mari yakawanda dzinoshandiswa chete sezvokudya zveshiri. . Nekuda kwekuchinja kwakadaro, mamiriro ezvinhu amuka umo zvikamu zvevarombo zvikuru zvevanhu zvakanyimwa chikafu chavo chechinyakare - chibage nenyemba izvo zvave kudhura zvakanyanya uye kushomeka - uye panguva imwe cheteyo havakwanise kuwana humbozha hwe- so- inonzi inotsiva - nyama yehuku.
“Munyika dzokuNorth West Africa, kutengeswa kwemombe kunze kwenyika muna 1971 (yekutanga mumakore anotevedzana okusanaya kwemvura inoparadza) kwakasvika pamapaunzi anopfuura mamiriyoni 200 (anenge mamiriyoni 90 makirogiramu), kuwedzera kwe41 muzana kubva panhamba imwe cheteyo. 1968. MuMali, rimwe reboka renyika idzi, nzvimbo yairimwa nzungu muna 1972 yaipfuura nekaviri pane ya1966. Nzungu dzose idzodzo dzakaendepi? Kudyisa mombe dzeEurope.”
“Makore mashomanana adarika, vanamuzvinabhizimisi venyama vakatanga kutakura mombe nendege kuenda kuHaiti kuti dzizokodzwa kumafuro eko ndokuzoendeswazve kumusika wenyama wokuAmerica.”
Mushure mekushanyira Haiti, Lappe naCollins vanonyora kuti:
“Takashamiswa zvikuru nekuona zvitangwena zvevapemhi vasina minda vakaungana kumiganhu yeminda mikuru yakadiridzwa inoshandiswa kudyisa zviuru zvenguruve, idzo dzinozoguma dzava masoseji eChicago Servbest Foods. Panguva imwe cheteyo, ruzhinji rwevagari veHaiti vanomanikidzwa kudzura masango uye kurima makomo aimbove akasvibira, vachiedza kurima chimwe chinhu ivo pachavo.
Indasitiri yenyama inokonzeresa kukuvadzwa kusingagadzirisike kune zvakasikwa kuburikidza neinonzi "mafuro ekutengeserana" uye kufudza zvakanyanya. Kunyangwe nyanzvi dzichiziva kuti mafuro echinyakare ezvipfuyo zvakasiyana-siyana haakonzeri kukanganisa kwakakura kwezvakatipoteredza uye inzira inogamuchirika yekushandisa minda yakaganhurana, imwe nzira kana imwe isina kukodzera zvirimwa, zvisinei, kurongeka kwakarongeka kwemafuro emhuka dzeimwe mhando kunogona kutungamirira kukuvadzwa kusingachinjiki kune yakakosha ivhu rekurima , kuvafumura zvachose (chiitiko chinowanikwa muUS, chinokonzera kunetseka kwakadzama kwezvakatipoteredza).
Lappé naCollins vanopikisa kuti kupfuya mhuka dzekutengeserana muAfrica, kwakanangidzirwa zvikuru pakutengesa nyama yemombe kunze kwenyika, “kunova tyisidziro inouraya kunzvimbo dzakaoma nepakati dzeAfrica dzakaoma uye kutsakatika kwadzo kwegamuchidzanwa kwemarudzi akawanda emhuka uye kutsamira chose chose mune zvoupfumi pachinhu chisingakoshi zvakadaro. musika wenyama wepasi rose. Asi hapana chinogona kumisa vatengesi vekune dzimwe nyika muchishuwo chavo chekubvuta chimedu kubva kune muto pie yeAfrica. Food First inotaura nyaya yezvirongwa zvemamwe makambani emuEurope ekuvhura mapurazi matsva ezvipfuyo mumafuro akachipa uye akaorera eKenya, Sudan neEthiopia, ayo achashandisa zvese zvakawanikwa zve “green revolution” kudyisa zvipfuyo. Mombe, dzine nzira iri patafura yekudyira yevaEurope ...
Mukuwedzera kuzvinetso yenzara nokuperevedza kwezvokudya, kurima nyama yemombe kunoisa mutoro unorema pane zvimwe zviwanikwa zvepasi. Wese munhu anoziva mamiriro enjodzi ane zviwanikwa zvemvura mune mamwe matunhu epasi uye chokwadi chekuti mamiriro emvura ari kuramba achiipa gore negore. Mubhuku rake rinonzi Protein: Its Chemistry and Politics, Dr. Aaron Altschul vanotaura kunwiwa kwemvura pamararamiro ezvinomera (kusanganisira kudiridza mumunda, kuwacha, uye kubika) inosvika marita 300 (1140 litres) pamunhu pazuva. Panguva imwecheteyo, kune avo vanotevera kudya kwakaoma kunosanganisira, kuwedzera kune kudya kwekudyara, nyama, mazai uye zvigadzirwa zvemukaka, izvo zvinosanganisirawo kushandiswa kwemvura yemvura pakukora uye kuuraya zvipfuyo, nhamba iyi inosvika inoshamisa 2500 galoni ( 9500 litres!) zuva (yakaenzana ne "lacto-ovo-vegetarians" inenge iri pakati pakati pezviviri izvi zvakanyanyisa).
Kumwe kutukwa kwekupfuya nyama yemombe kuri mukusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza kunotangira mumapurazi enyama. Dr. Harold Bernard, nyanzvi yezvokurima neUnited States Environmental Protection Agency, akanyora munyaya iri muNewsweek, November 8, 1971, kuti kuunganidzwa kwetsvina yemvura uye yakasimba mukuyerera kwemamiriyoni emhuka dzakachengetwa mumapurazi 206 muUnited States. States “… gumi nembiri, uye dzimwe nguva kunyange mazana enguva dzakakwirira kudarika zviratidzo zvakafanana zvetsvina yetsvina ine tsvina yevanhu.
Kupfuurirazve, munyori anonyora, kuti: “Apo mvura yetsvina yakazara yakadaro inopinda munzizi namadhamu (izvo zvinowanzoitika mumuitiro), ikoku kunotungamirira kumigumisiro ine ngwavaira. Kuwanda kweokisijeni iri mumvura inodonha zvakanyanya, nepo zviri mukati meammonia, nitrate, phosphates uye pathogenic bacteria inodarika miganhu yose inobvumirwa.
Panofanirawo kutaurwa nezvetsvina inobva kumaraini. Chidzidzo chemarara ekutakura nyama muOmaha chakawana kuti nzvimbo dzekuurayira dzinorasa makirogiramu anopfuura zana (100 kilograms) emafuta, tsvina yebhucha, kutsvaira, mukati memukati, rumen, uye tsvina kubva mumatumbo ezasi kupinda mupombi (uye kubva ipapo kuenda kuRwizi rweMissouri) zuva nezuva. Zvave zvichifungidzirwa kuti mupiro wetsvina yemhuka mukusvibiswa kwemvura yakakura nekagumi kupfuura tsvina yose yevanhu uye nekatatu tsvina yemumaindasitiri yabatanidzwa.
Dambudziko renzara yenyika rakanyanya kuoma uye rakawanda, uye isu tose, neimwe nzira kana imwe, nekuziva kana kusaziva, zvakananga kana zvisina kunanga, tinobatsira kuzvikamu zvayo zvehupfumi, zvemagariro uye zvematongerwo enyika. Nekudaro, zvese zviri pamusoro hazviite kuti zvisanyanya kukosha kuti, chero bedzi kudiwa kwenyama kwakagadzikana, mhuka dzinoramba dzichidya mapuroteni akawanda kupfuura adzinogadzira, kusvibisa nharaunda nemarara, kupera uye chepfu yepasi. zviwanikwa zvemvura zvinokosha. . Kurambwa kwechikafu chenyama kuchatibvumira kuwedzera kubereka kwenzvimbo dzakadyarwa, kugadzirisa dambudziko rekupa vanhu chikafu, uye kuderedza kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvePasi.