Mukati
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Kuzvipira kwedu munharaunda iyi kwakaongwa, pakati pevamwe, neSangano reVatori venhau vehutano, iro rakapa iyo Editorial Board yeMedTvoiLokony ine zita rekuremekedza reMudzidzisi Mukuru.
Kune vamwe, kudzivirira kubata pamuviri chinhu chakagadzirwa chinoenderana nekuwanwa kwaCopernicus. Vamwe vanozviona sechikonzero chedambudziko rehuwandu hwevanhu muEurope. Kune vanoutora semudziyo wezvivi waSatani. Piritsi rekudzivirira pamuviri riri kupemberera kusvitsa kwaro makore makumi mashanu uye riri kuita zvakanaka.
Mabasa akawanda ekudzivirira pamuviri
Kuuya kwepiritsi rekudzivirira pamuviri kwaisangova kugadzirwa kwemishonga. Zvaibatanidzwawo neshanduko yebasa revakadzi munzanga. Sezvinosimbiswa nevezvechikadzi, mukadzi akarega kubata chete nekubereka uye kurera vana. Akakwanisa kuzvidzidzisa uye kugadzira basa rake reunyanzvi. Anogonawo kuwana kugutsikana kubva mukusangana pabonde pasina kuisa pangozi pamuviri pasingadiwi. Kudiwa kwekudzivirira kunobudirira kwakakurawo pamwe chete nekutenda kuti hazvina kukwana kubereka mwana, zvakakoshawo kumuunza uye kumudzidzisa, izvo zvinoda zvose nguva nemari. Zvisinei, vanopikisa mapiritsi vachiri kudavira kuti inzira isiri yomuzvarirwo yekudzivirira pamuviri.
- Kana murume akachinjira kune rhythm yechisikigo, aizoita bonde zvakanyanya munguva yakaorera yemukadzi, uyo nguva yakanakisa yekubata nhumbu kekutanga ingave yezera re16 - anodaro Purofesa Romuald Dębski, Musoro weChipiri Clinic yeGynecology uye Obstetrics, Bielański Hospital muWarsaw. - Mushonga wakaderedza simba rezvisikwa pahupenyu hwevanhu zvakanyanya zvokuti nhasi zvingava unyengeri kunyepedzera kuti hapana magirazi, mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya kana kuiswa - anowedzera.
Nhoroondo yekudzivirira pamuviri
Vanhu munguva dzekare vakaona kubatana pakati pepabonde uye kuberekwa kwevana. Vakanga vasingazivi, kunyanguvezvo, kuti zvinobvira kubata pamuviri pane imwe nhambo yenguva yokuenda kumwedzi kwomukadzi. Kudzivirira pamuviri kwekare kwainyanya kunyanya kudzivirira mbeu yemurume kusvika mukati memukadzi. Kuongorora kunobudirira kwakaitwa pamhuka kutanga.
Mazana mazhinji amakore apfuura, vaBedouin, vafambi vasati vaenda murenje, vakaisa mabwe mudumbu rengamera kuti dzisabata pamuviri mukati menzendo refu. MuEgyptian papyri kubva kumakore 4000 apfuura, zvakaonekwa kuti vakadzi vakarayirwa kuti vaise huturu hwegarwe tsvina yakasanganiswa nehupfu.
Vakadzi vechiAborigine vekuAustralia vakabvisa urume kubva kusikarudzi nekuita manyemwe uye vachizunza chiuno. VaGiriki vekare vaikurudzira kuhotsira mushure mebonde, uye "baba vemishonga" Hippocrates aitsigira kugezesa chibereko nerukova rweweti. Baba vekondomu yemazuva ano aive chiremba wemuItaly wezana ramakore rechiXNUMX Gabriele Falloppe. Makondomu ekutanga akagadzirwa kubva muura hwemhuka, kutuhwina kubva kuhove, uye muAmerica kubva kumatehwe enyoka. Pamberi peHondo Yenyika II, chiremba weGermany Ernest Grafenberg akaisa iyo inonzi "Grafenberg zvindori" zvinosanganisira sirivha yeGermany (alloy yesirivha nemhangura). Basa rekupayona raGrafenberg rakashorwa neGerman Gynecological Society, izvo zvakamumanikidza kutamira kuUnited States.
Estrogen uye progesterone mukudzivirira pamuviri
- Chinhu chakakosha munhoroondo yekudzivirira kubata pamuviri kwaiva kuwanikwa kwemahomoni ane chokuita nekuenda kumwedzi - iyo estrogen yakakura muchikamu chekutanga uye progesterone muchikamu chechipiri - anotsanangura Prof. Romuald Dębski. Zvakaonekwa kuti vakadzi vane pamuviri nevakadzi vanoita zvepabonde nekutonga kweprogesterone panguva yekutenderera havaiti. MumaXNUMXs muUSA, muJudha Gregory Pinkus akaita tsvakiridzo pamusoro pemhedzisiro yemahomoni anodzora ovulation. Akafungidzira kuti kana mukadzi akave asina mbereko panguva yekuzvitakura, zvakakosha kuti atsamwise mamiriro ehomoni mumuviri wake akafanana neaya aripo panguva iyoyo, kureva kumupa progesterone. Izvi zvisati zvaitika, nyanzvi yezvipenyu yokuAustria, Ludwig Haberland, akanga abayisa tsuro hadzi nejekiseni rinotorwa kubva mumazai etsuro dzine pamuviri, izvo zvakaita kuti dzisabereke. Dambudziko raive rekuti towana sei mahormone ataida. Zviuru zvemazai enguruve zvakashandiswa kuzvigadzira.
Piritsi rekutanga rekuronga mhuri
Chemist, mudetembi uye munyori wenhau Carl Djerassi anofungidzirwa kuti ndiye baba vepiritsi rekudzivirira. Sachiremba wechidiki wekemesitiri, akatungamira timu yepasi rose muUSA, iyo muna 1951 yakagadzira chinhu chekutanga chaive nechimiro chakafanana uye chiito kune yakasikwa hormone yemuviri - progesterone. Akashandisa zvinomera kuzvigadzira. Zvisinei, kuitira kunyoresa mapiritsi ekudzivirira pamuviri, migumisiro yezvidzidzo zvakaitwa kusvika zvino mumhuka yaifanira kusimbiswa muvanhu. MuUnited States, kubva muna 1873, Mutemo waComstock wairambidza kutsvakurudza nezvekudzivirira pamuviri. Nechikonzero ichi, miedzo yekiriniki yakaitwa muAmerican protectorate, uko kurambidzwa uku kusingashande - muPuerto Rico.
Apo miuyo yakasimbiswa, mhinganidzo dzendangariro dzakanga dzichiri kufanira kukurirwa. MaAmerican Conservatives aiona piritsi rekudzivirira pamuviri sechinhu chinopesana nechiKristu neBolshevik chekuparadzwa kwevanhu veAmerica. Zvisinei, muna 1960, piritsi rekutanga rekudzivirira pamuviri, Enovid, rakanyoreswa muU.SA. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, mapiritsi ekudzivirira pamuviri akagadzirwa ne7 American pharmaceutical makambani. Pakati pe-60s, kukosha kwekutengesa kwakawedzera ne50%. gore negore. MuEurope, yekutanga kutengesa nzira yekudzivirira pamuviri yaiva United Kingdom muna 1961. Piritsi rekudzivirira pamuviri rakaendeswa kuFrance muna 1967 chete.
Vanopikisa kudzivirira pamuviri
Kare muna 1968, Pope Paul VI akashora kudzivirira kubata pamuviri mubhuku rake reencyclical Humanae vitae. Zvidzidzo zvakaitwawo kuratidza kukanganisa kwakashata kwekushandiswa kwemapiritsi ekudzivirira pakuwedzera kwechirwere chemoyo negomarara rezamu. Vanopikisa hormonal contraception vakataura kuti haienderani nemasikirwo. Purofesa Romuald Dębski anobvuma kuti mapiritsi ekutanga ekudzivirira pamuviri aive nemhedzisiro yakaipa pahutano hwevakadzi. – Piritsi rekutanga rekudzivirira pamuviri raive ne10 mg yeprogesterone yakaenzana, gadziriro dzemazuvano 0,35. Saka zvirimo zvakaderedzwa kanenge ka30. Mukuwedzera, gadziriro dzemazuva ano dzinotevedzera maitiro echisikigo ehupenyu hwemukadzi - kutanga vanobudisa estradiol, hormone yakafanana neiyo inogadzirwa nemadzimai emadzimai, uyezve yakaenzana neprogesterone.
Kuchengeteka kwekudzivirira kubata pamuviri
- Mishonga yemazuva ano yehomoni inoshandiswa kwenguva yakareba haisi kungoita ngozi yekenza yemazamu, asiwo inoderedza dambudziko rekenza ye ovarian, endometrial cancer - anotsanangura Prof. Debski. Anowedzera kuti, hongu, kune zvinopesana, zvakadai sekusvuta, izvo, pamwe chete nehomoni yekudzivirira pamuviri, inowedzera njodzi yezvirwere zvemwoyo. Vakadzi vane dambudziko rechiropa kana gallbladder vanorayirwa kuti vashandise mahomoni ekudzivirira pamuviri nenzira yezvigamba kana zvindori zvemukati. Muzvinafundo Mariusz Bidziński, Mutungamiriri wePolish Society of Oncological Gynecology, anotendawo kuti mishonga yemazuva ano yekudzivirira kubata pamuviri yakachengeteka chero mukadzi achicherekedza kushanya nguva dzose kuna chiremba wechikadzi. Zvose zvevakadzi vanoshandisa hormonal contraception uye kusashandisa nzira dzakadaro dzekudzivirira kubata pamuviri, kuwanda kwekushanya uku kamwechete pagore.
Kushanda kwemapiritsi
– Mapiritsi ekudzivirira kubata pamuviri anoshanda kupfuura mishonga yekuberekesa mbeu kana makondomu – anodaro prof. Debski. Vagadziri vemapiritsi vanopa inenge 100% dziviriro pakubata pamuviri. Saka vana vanobatwa pamuviri panguva yekurapa kwekudzivirira pamuviri vanobvepi? Muzvinafundo Dębski anotsanangura kuti idzi inyaya dzisingawanzoitiki izvo zvinokonzeresa kutorwa kwemapiritsi zvisina kujairika. Vakadzi vanokanganwa kunwa piritsi. Nokudaro, ikozvino maitiro ekugamuchira kwavo ari kuchinja. - Nhasi, muenzaniso wekare wekutora 21/7 tablet hausisiri kushanda, kureva kutora nguva yevhiki yekurega, kana pane kubuda ropa, izvo zvinoratidza kushayikwa kwepamuviri kumurwere. Nekuda kwekubudirira kwakanyanya kwemishonga yekudzivirira uye kuvapo kwekuongororwa kwepamuviri, vakadzi havachadi kusimbiswa kwakadaro. Pane kudaro, vanopihwa mapaketi emapiritsi ane mahwendefa makumi maviri nemasere emazuva makumi maviri nemasere. Mapiritsi makumi maviri nemana kubva pasuru ane mahomoni uye mana asara haashande. Mapiritsi asina chinhu aya anounzwa, pakati pezvimwe, kuti murwere ajairirwe kunwa mushonga mazuva ese - anotsanangura Prof. Debski.