Mutsoka dzaBuddha
Apo chiBuddha chakatanga kupararira kumabvazuva kubva kuIndia, chakava nepesvedzero yakasimba kunyika dzose dzaisangana munzira yacho, kusanganisira China, Korea neJapan. Buddhism yakauya kuJapan makore akapoteredza 552 AD. Muna Kubvumbi 675 AD mambo weJapan Tenmu akarambidza kudyiwa kwenyama kubva kumhuka dzese dzine makumbo mana, kusanganisira mhou, mabhiza, imbwa netsoko, pamwe nenyama yehuku (huku, jongwe). Mumwe nomumwe mambo aitevera aisimbisa nguva nenguva kurambidza uku, kusvikira kudya kwenyama kwakabviswa zvachose muzana remakore rechi10.
Munyika huru yeChina neKorea, mamongi echiBhudha aiomerera kunheyo ye“ahimsa” kana kuti kusava nechisimba mutsika dzavo dzezvokudya, asi zvirambidzo izvi hazvina kushanda kuruzhinji. MuJapan, zvisinei, mambo akanga akaomesesa zvikuru uye aitonga nenzira yakadaro yokuunza vadzorwi vake kudzidziso dzaBuddha dzokusava nechisimba. Kuuraya mhuka dzinoyamwisa kwainzi chivi chikuru, shiri chivi chine mwero, uye hove chivi chiduku. MaJapan aidya mawhale, ayo atinoziva nhasi kuti imhuka dzinoyamwisa, asi kare ikako dzaionekwa sehove huru zvikuru.
MaJapan akaitawo mutsauko pakati pemhuka dzakasimudzwa mumusha nemhuka dzesango. Kuuraya mhuka yesango seshiri kwainzi chivi. Kuurayiwa kwemhuka yakura nemunhu kubva pakuzvarwa kwake chaiko kwaionekwa sechinhu chinosemesa - zvakafanana nekuuraya mumwe wemitezo yemhuri. Saizvozvo, chikafu cheJapan chaisanganisira mupunga, noodles, hove, uye dzimwe nguva mutambo.
Munguva yeHeian (794-1185 AD), bhuku reEngishiki remitemo netsika rairayira kutsanya kwemazuva matatu sechirango chokudya nyama. Mukati meiyi nhambo, munhu, achinyara nokusazvibata kwake, haafaniri kutarisa mwari (mufananidzo) waBuddha.
Mumazana emakore akatevera, Ise Shrine yakaunza kunyange mitemo yakaoma - avo vaidya nyama vaifanira kufa nenzara kwemazuva 100; aidya neaidya nyama aifanira kutsanya kwemazuva makumi maviri nerimwe; uye uya aidya, pamwe chete neaidya, neaidya nyama, vaifanira kutsanya kwemazuva manomwe. Nokudaro, pakanga pane imwe mutoro uye kuregererwa kwematanho matatu ekusvibiswa nechisimba chakabatanidzwa nenyama.
KumaJapan, mhou ndiyo yaiva mhuka inoera zvikuru.
Kushandiswa kwemukaka muJapan kwakanga kusina kupararira. Muzviitiko zvakawanda zvikuru, varimi vaishandisa mombe semhuka inodhonza mombe kurima minda.
Pane humwe humbowo hwekunwiwa kwemukaka mumatunhu aristocratic. Paiva nezviitiko apo kirimu nebhota zvakashandiswa kubhadhara mutero. Zvisinei, mhou zhinji dzakadzivirirwa uye dzaigona kufamba-famba murunyararo mumapindu emadzimambo.
Chimwe chezvigadzirwa zvemukaka zvatinoziva kuti maJapan aishandiswa aiva daigo. Izwi rechiJapan remazuva ano "daigomi", rinoreva "chikamu chakanakisisa", rinobva pazita rechigadzirwa ichi chemukaka. Yakagadzirirwa kumutsa pfungwa yakadzama yerunako uye kupa mufaro. Sekufananidzira, "daigo" yaireva danho rekupedzisira rekucheneswa munzira yekuvhenekerwa. Kutanga kutaurwa kwe daigo kunowanikwa muNirvana Sutra, uko kunotevera kwakapihwa resipi:
“Kubva kumombe kusvika pamukaka mutsva, kubva pamukaka uchienda kukirimu, kubva kukirimu kuenda kumukaka wakakora, kubva pamukaka uchienda kubhota, kubva mubhotoro kuenda kune ghee (daigo). Daigo ndiye akanakisa." (Nirvana Sutra).
Raku chaive chimwe chigadzirwa chemukaka. Zvinonzi waigadzirwa nemukaka wakasanganiswa neshuga wobva waita chimedu chakasimba. Vamwe vanoti yaive mhando yechizi, asi tsananguro iyi inonzwika seburfi. Mumazana emakore kusati kwavapo mafiriji, nzira iyi yakaita kuti zvikwanisike kutakura uye kuchengeta mapuroteni emukaka. Raku shavings dzaitengeswa, kudyiwa kana kuwedzerwa kune inopisa tii.
Kusvika kwevatorwa
Pana August 15, 1549, Francis Xavier, mumwe wavavambi veJesuit Catholic Order, akasvika navafundisi vechiPutukezi muJapan, kumahombekombe eNagasaki. Vakatanga kuparidza Chikristu.
Japan panguva iyoyo yakanga yakakamukana mune zvematongerwe enyika. Vatongi vakawanda vakapesana vakatonga nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, marudzi ose ezvibvumirano nehondo zvakaitika. Oda Nobunaga, samurai, kunyangwe akazvarwa ari murombo, akave mumwe wevatatu hunhu hukuru hwakabatanidza Japan. Anozivikanwawo nokugarisa vaJesuit kuitira kuti vaparidze, uye muna 1576, muKyoto, akatsigira kutangwa kwechechi yechiKristu yokutanga. Vakawanda vanodavira kuti kutsigira kwake ndiko kwakazunungusa pesvedzero yavaprista vechiBuddha.
Pakutanga, vaJesuit vaingova vacherechedzi vakarinda. MuJapan, vakawana tsika isingazivikanwe kwavari, yakagadziridzwa uye yakagadziridzwa zvakanyanya. Vakaona kuti vanhu vokuJapan vainyanya kukoshesa utsanana uye vaigeza mazuva ose. Zvakanga zvisina kujairika uye zvinoshamisa mumazuva iwayo. Nzira yekunyora maJapan yakanga yakasiyanawo - kubva kumusoro kusvika pasi, uye kwete kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi. Uye kunyangwe maJapan aive nehondo yakasimba yevaSamurai, ivo vachiri kushandisa minondo nemiseve muhondo.
Mambo wePortugal haana kupa tsigiro yemari nokuda kwemibato youfundisi muJapan. Panzvimbo pezvo, vaJesuit vakabvumirwa kutora rutivi mubhizimisi racho. Pashure pokutendeuka kwomunzvimbomo Daimyo (she) Omura Sumitada, musha muduku wokuredza weNagasaki wakagamuchidzwa kuvaJesuit. Mukati meiyi nhambo, vafundisi vechiKristu vakazvishingisa vamene muJapan yose yokumaodzanyemba ndokushandura Kyushu neYamaguchi (nharaunda dzeDaimyo) kuchiKristu.
Mhando dzose dzekutengeserana dzakatanga kufamba muNagasaki, uye vatengesi vakapfuma. Zvainyanya kufarirwa ipfuti dzechiPutukezi. Sezvo vafundisi vakawedzera pesvedzero yavo, vakavamba kusuma kushandiswa kwenyama. Pakutanga, uku kwaive "kubvumirana" kune mamishinari ekunze "aida nyama kuti varambe vaine hutano". Asi kuuraya mhuka nekudya nyama kwakapararira kwese uko vanhu vakatendeukira kukutenda kutsva. Tinoona kusimbiswa kweizvi: izwi rechiJapanese yakabva muchiPutukezi .
Rimwe remakirasi emagariro evanhu raiva "Eta" (shanduro yezvinyorwa - "tsvina yakawanda"), avo vamiririri vaionekwa sevasina kuchena, sezvo basa ravo raiva rokuchenesa zvitunha. Nhasi vanozivikanwa seBurakumin. Mombe hadzina kumbouraiwa. Zvakadaro, kirasi iyi yaitenderwa kugadzira nekutengesa zvinhu kubva pamatehwe emombe dzakafa nemasikirwo. Vachibatikana mumibato isina kuchena, vakanga vari pasi pemanera enzanga, vazhinji vavo vakatendeukira kuchiKristu uye vakabatanidzwa mukukura kweindasitiri yenyama.
Asi kupararira kwekudyiwa kwenyama kwaingova mavambo chete. Panguva iyoyo, Portugal yaive imwe yenyika huru dzekutengesa varanda. MaJesuit akabatsira kutengeswa kwevaranda kuburikidza neguta ravo rechiteshi chengarava reNagasaki. Yakazozivikanwa se "Nanban" kana "South barbarian" kutengeserana. Zviuru zvevakadzi vokuJapan zvakatengeswa noutsinye muuranda munyika yose. Kunyorerana kwamambo wePortugal, Joao III naPapa, iyo yakaratidza mutengo wemutakuri wekunze akadaro - vasikana makumi mashanu vechiJapan kune 50 barrel yeJesuit saltpeter (cannon powder).
Sezvo vatongi vomunharaunda vakatendeukira kuchiKristu, vazhinji vavo vakamanikidza vadzorwi vavo kutendeukirawo kuchiKristu. VaJesuit, kune rumwe rutivi, vakaona kutengeswa kwezvombo seimwe yenzira dzokuchinja nayo dzikamo yesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika pakati pavanyajambwa vakasiyana-siyana. Vakapa zvombo kuChristian daimyo uye vakashandisa mauto avo kuti vawedzere simba ravo. Vatongi vakawanda vakanga vachida kutendeukira kuchiKristu vachiziva kuti vaizova nani kupfuura vavaikwikwidzana navo.
Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kwakanga kune vanenge 300,000 XNUMX vakatendeuka mukati memakumi mashomanene amakore. Kungwarira zvino kwakatsiviwa nokuzvivimba. Matemberi ekare echiBhudha uye nzvimbo dzinoyera dzakanga dzava kutukwa uye dzainzi "vahedheni" uye "vasina umwari".
Zvese izvi zvakaonekwa nasamurai Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Kufanana nemudzidzisi wake, Oda Nobunaga, akaberekerwa mumhuri yevarombo uye akakura kuva mukuru mukuru ane simba. Vavariro dzevaJesuit dzakava dzisina chokwadi kwaari paakaona kuti vaSpain vakanga vaita varanda vePhilippines. Zvakaitika kuJapan zvakamusembura.
Muna 1587, General Hideyoshi akamanikidza muprista wechiJesuit Gaspar Coelho kuti asangane uye akamupa "Redemptive Directive of the Jesusit Order". Gwaro iri raive nezvinhu gumi nerimwe, zvinosanganisira:
1) Misa kutengeswa kwevaranda veJapan uye dzorera vakadzi vese vechiJapan kubva kumativi ose enyika.
2) Rega kudya nyama - hapafanirwe kuuraya mombe kana mabhiza.
3) Rega kunyomba matembere echiBhudha.
4) Rega kutendeukira kuchiKristu chekumanikidzirwa.
Nomurayiro uyu, akadzinga vaJesuit muJapan. Pave nemakore 38 chete kubva pavakasvika. Akabva atungamirira mauto ake munyika dzemaodzanyemba dzevatorwa. Paaikunda nyika idzi, akaona nekusemesa mhuka dzakawanda dzakaurayiwa dzakakandwa pedyo nezvitoro zvemumigwagwa. Munharaunda yese, akatanga kuisa Kosatsu - zviratidzo zvekunyevera zvinozivisa vanhu nezvemitemo yeSamurai. Uye pakati pemitemo iyi pane “Usadya Nyama”.
Nyama yakanga isiri “yechivi” kana kuti “yakasviba.” Nyama yakanga zvino yabatanidzwa noutere hwevatorwa vokune dzimwe nyika—uranda hwevatano, kubatwa zvisina kufanira kwechitendero, uye kukundwa kwezvematongerwe enyika.
Mushure mekufa kwaHideyoshi muna 1598, Samurai Tokugawa Ieyasu akatanga kutonga. Akarangarirawo basa roufundisi hwechiKristu sechimwe chinhu chakafanana ne“hondo yokumhanya” kuti ikunde Japan. Pakazosvika 1614, akarambidza chiKristu zvachose, achiona kuti "inoshatisa kunaka" uye inokonzera kupesana kwezvematongerwo enyika. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mumakumi emakore akatevera vaKristu 3 vangangove vakaurayiwa, uye vakawanda vakarambwa kana kuti vakavanza kutenda kwavo.
Pakupedzisira, muna 1635, Mutemo weSakoku (“Nyika Yakavharwa”) wakavhara Japan pakupesvedzera kune dzimwe nyika. Hapana nomumwe wavaJapan akabvumirwa kubuda muJapan, pamwe chete nokudzokera kwairi kana mumwe wavo akanga ari kunze kwenyika. Ngarava dzevatengesi dzeJapan dzakapiswa uye dzakanyura kubva pamhenderekedzo. Vekune dzimwe nyika vakadzingwa uye kutengeserana kushoma kwakabvumidzwa chete kuburikidza nediki Dejima Peninsula muNagasaki Bay. Chitsuwa ichi chaive nemamita 120 ne 75 metres uye chaibvumira vatorwa vasingadarike gumi nevapfumbamwe panguva.
Kwemakore 218 akatevera, Japan yakaramba iri yoga asi yakagadzikana mune zvematongerwo enyika. Pasina hondo, vaSamurai vakakura zvishoma nezvishoma uye vakafarira chete makuhwa ezvematongerwo enyika. Sosaiti yakanga ichidzorwa. Vamwe vangataura kuti yakadzvinyirirwa, asi ganhuriro idzi dzakabvumira Japan kuchengeta tsika dzayo dzechivanhu.
Mabarbarian adzoka
Musi waChikunguru 8, 1853, Commodore Perry akapinda mubay reguta guru reEdo aine ngarava ina dzehondo dzeAmerica dzaifema utsi hutema. Vakavhara bay ndokumisa mugove wenyika. MaJapan, akasarudzika kwemakore 218, aive kumashure zvakanyanya kwetekinoroji uye aisakwanisa kuenzanisa zvikepe zvemazuva ano zveAmerica. Chiitiko ichi chainzi "Black Sails".
MaJapan akatya, izvi zvakagadzira dambudziko rakakura rezvematongerwo enyika. Commodore Perry, akamirira United States, akarayira Japan kuti isaine chibvumirano chokuvhura kutengeserana kwakasununguka. Akavhura pfuti yake achiratidza simba uye akatyisidzira kuparadza zvachose kana vakasateerera. Chibvumirano Chorugare cheJapan neAmerica (Chibvumirano cheKanagawa) chakasainwa pana March 31, 1854. Nokukurumidza pashure pacho, vaBritain, vaDutch, uye vokuRussia vakatevedzerawo, vachishandisa nzira dzakafanana kumanikidzira simba ravo rehondo kuti riite kutengeserana kwakasununguka neJapan.
MaJapan akaziva kusagadzikana kwavo uye akagumisa kuti vaifanira kugadzirisa.
Imwe tembere diki yechiBuddha, Gokusen-ji, yakashandurwa kuti igamuchire vashanyi vekunze. Pakazosvika 1856, temberi yakanga yava yekutanga embassy yeUnited States kuJapan, inotungamirirwa naConsul General Townsend Harris.
Mumakore 1, hapana kana mombe imwe chete yakaurayiwa muJapan.
Muna 1856 Consul General Townsend Harris akaunza mhou kumumiriri uye akaiurayira panzvimbo yetemberi. Ipapo iye, pamwe chete nomushanduri wake Hendrik Heusken, vakagocha nyama yake ndokuipedza newaini.
Chiitiko ichi chakakonzera kusagadzikana kukuru munzanga. Varimi nekutya vakatanga kuviga mombe dzavo. Heusken akazourayiwa neronin (masterless samurai) achitungamira kurwisa vatorwa.
Asi chiito chakapedzwa - vakauraya mhuka inoera kwazvo yevaJapan. Zvinonzi ichi ndicho chiito chakatanga Japan yemazuva ano. Pakarepo "tsika dzekare" dzakabuda mufashoni uye maJapan akakwanisa kubvisa nzira dzavo "dzechinyakare" uye "dzokumashure". Kurangarira chiitiko ichi, muna 1931 chivako chemumiriri chakatumidzwa zita rekuti "Temberi yeMhou Yakaurawa". Chifananidzo chaBuddha, pamusoro pechigadziko chakashongedzwa nemifananidzo yemhou, chinotarisa chivakwa.
Kubva ipapo pakatanga kuoneka dzimba dzekuurayira, uye pese padzaivhurwa vanhu vaivhunduka. VaJapan vakafunga kuti izvi zvakasvibisa nzvimbo dzavo dzokugara, zvichiita kuti dzive dzisina kuchena uye dzisina kunaka.
Pakazosvika 1869, Bazi reMari reJapan rakatanga guiba kaisha, kambani yakazvipira kutengesa nyama yemombe kune vatengesi vekune dzimwe nyika. Ipapo, muna 1872, Mambo Meiji akapa Mutemo weNikujiki Saitai, uyo wakabvisa nechisimba zvirambidzo zviviri zvikuru pamamongi echiBuddha: wakavabvumira kuroora nokudya nyama yemombe. Gare gare, mugore iroro, Changamire vakazivisa pachena kuti iye pachake aifarira kudya nyama yemombe negwayana.
Pana February 18, 1872, mamongi gumi echiBuddha akapinda nechisimba muImperial Palace kuti auraye Mambo. Mamongi mashanu akapfurwa akafa. Vakazivisa kuti kudya nyama kwakanga kuri “kuparadza mweya” yavanhu vokuJapan uye kunofanira kumiswa. Mashoko aya akanga akavanzwa muJapan, asi mashoko pamusoro pawo akabuda mupepanhau rokuBritain rinonzi The Times.
Mambo akabva aparadza mauto echiSamurai, ndokuvatsiva neuto remauto rekuMadokero, ndokutanga kutenga zvombo zvemazuva ano kubva kuUnited States neEurope. Vazhinji vaSamurai vakarasikirwa nechimiro chavo muhusiku humwe chete. Zvino nzvimbo yavo yakanga iri pasi peiyo yevatengesi vairarama kubva mukutengesa kutsva.
Kushambadzira nyama muJapan
Nekuzivisa pachena kwaMambo kuda nyama, nyama yakagamuchirwa nevakangwara, vezvematongerwo enyika uye kirasi yevatengesi. Kune vane njere, nyama yakaiswa sechiratidzo chebudiriro uye yemazuva ano. Zvematongerwo enyika, nyama yakaonekwa senzira yekugadzira hondo yakasimba - kugadzira murwi ane simba. Nezvehupfumi, kutengeswa kwenyama kwaibatanidzwa nehupfumi uye kubudirira kweboka revatengesi.
Asi ruzhinji ruchiri kubata nyama sechigadzirwa chisina kuchena uye chinotadza. Asi chirongwa chekusimudzira nyama kuvanhu chatanga. Imwe yemaitiro - kushandura zita renyama - yakaita kuti zvibvirire kudzivisa kunzwisisa kuti chii chaizvo. Somuenzaniso, nyama yenguruve yainzi “botan” (ruva repeony), nyama yemhuka yemhuka yainzi “momiji” (maple), uye nyama yebhiza yainzi “sakura” (cherry blossom). Nhasi tinoona nzira yekushambadzira yakafanana - Happy Mills, McNuggets uye Woopers - mazita asina kujairika anovanza mhirizhonga.
Imwe kambani yekutengesa nyama yakaita mushandirapamwe wekushambadzira muna 1871:
“Chekutanga, tsananguro inonyanyozivikanwa pakusada nyama ndeyokuti mombe nenguruve zvakakura zvekuti zviri kutonetsa kuuraya. Uye ndiani mukuru, mhou kana whale? Hapana anopikisa kudya nyama yewhale. Ihutsinye here kuuraya munhu mupenyu? Uye kugura musana wemboro here, kana kugura musoro wekamba mhenyu? Chokwadi nyama yemombe nemukaka zvine tsvina here? Mhou nemakwai zvinongodya zviyo nouswa, nepo hove yakabikwa yakabikwa paNihonbashi inogadzirwa nemashaki akadya vanhu vanonyura. Uye nepo muto unogadzirwa nepegi nhema [hove dzomugungwa inowanikwa muAsia] unonaka, unogadzirwa nehove inodya tsvina yevanhu inodonhedzwa nengarava mumvura. Nepo mashizha echirimo pasina mubvunzo anonhuhwirira uye anonaka kwazvo, ndinofungidzira kuti weti yavakaitwa nayo fetiraiza zuva rakapfuura nezuro yakanyura zvachose mumashizha. Ko nyama yemombe nemukaka zvinonhuwa here? Ko matumbu ehove dzemarinated haanawo kunhuwa zvisingafadzi? Yakaviriswa uye yakaomeswa nyama yepike pasina mubvunzo inonhuhwirira zvakanyanya. Zvakadini ne pickled eggplant uye daikon radish? Pakunhonga kwavo, nzira "yechinyakare" inoshandiswa, maererano nezvipembenene zvipembenene zvinosanganiswa nemupunga miso, iyo inobva yashandiswa se marinade. Harisi iro dambudziko rekuti tinotangira pane zvatakajaira nezvatisina? Nyama yemombe nemukaka zvinovaka muviri uye zvakanakira muviri zvakanyanya. Izvi ndizvo zvekudya zvakanyanya kune vekuMadokero. Isu maJapan tinofanirwa kuvhura maziso edu totanga kunakidzwa nekunaka kwenyama yemombe nemukaka. "
Zvishoma nezvishoma, vanhu vakatanga kugamuchira pfungwa itsva.
Kutenderera kwekuparadza
Makumi emakore akatevera akaona Japan ichivaka zvese masimba ehondo uye zviroto zvekuwedzera. Nyama yakava chinhu chikuru mukudya kwemauto eJapan. Kunyangwe chiyero chehondo dzinotevera chakakurisa kune chinyorwa ichi, tinogona kutaura kuti Japan ndiyo inokonzera hutsinye hwakawanda muSoutheast Asia yese. Hondo zvayakasvika kunopera, United States, yaichimbova mutengesi wezvombo weJapan, yakagumisa zvombo zvinoparadza zvikurusa zvenyika.
Musi waChikunguru 16, 1945, chombo chekutanga cheatomu, chinonzi Trinity, chakaedzwa paAlamogordo, New Mexico. “Baba veBhomba reAtomu” Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer panguva iyoyo akarangarira mashoko ari murugwaro rweBhagavad Gita 11.32: “Zvino ndava rufu, muparadzi wenyika.” Pazasi unogona kuona kuti anotsinhira sei pandima iyi:
Mauto eUS akabva atarisa Japan. Mukati memakore ehondo, maguta akawanda muJapan akanga atoparadzwa. Mutungamiri Truman vakasarudza zvibodzwa zviviri, Hiroshima naKokura. Aya akanga ari maguta akanga asati abatwa nehondo. Nekudonhedza mabhomba pazvinangwa zviviri izvi, US inogona kuwana "bvunzo" yakakosha yemhedzisiro yavo pazvivakwa nevanhu, uye kuputsa kuda kwevanhu veJapan.
Vhiki nhatu gare gare, pana August 6, 1945, bhomba reEnola Gay rakadonhedza bhomba reuranium rainzi “Baby” kumaodzanyemba kweHiroshima. Kuputika kwacho kwakauraya vanhu 80,000 70,000, uye vamwe XNUMX XNUMX vakafa mumavhiki akatevera kubva mukukuvadzwa kwavo.
Chaitevera chakananga kuguta reKokura, asi dutu rakauya rakanonotsa kubhururuka. Apo mamiriro okunze akavandudzika, pana August 9, 1945, nechikomborero chavaprista vaviri, Fat Man, chombo cheatomu cheplutonium, chakaiswa mundege. Ndege yakasimuka kubva kuchitsuwa cheTinian (codename "Pontificate") nemirairo yekubhomba guta reKokura chete pasi pekutonga kwekuona.
Mutyairi wendege, Major Charles Sweeney, akabhururuka pamusoro peKokura, asi guta rakanga risingaonekwe nekuda kwemakore. Akatenderera rimwezve, akasaona guta zvakare. Mafuta akanga ava kupera, akanga ari munharaunda yevavengi. Akaedza kechitatu kekupedzisira. Zvakare chifukidziro chegore chakamudzivisa kuona chaaivavarira.
Akagadzirira kudzokera ku base. Ipapo makore akaparadzana uye Major Sweeney vakaona guta reNagasaki. Chinangwa chaive chiri mumutsara wekuona, akapa rairo yekudonhedza bhomba. Akawira muMupata weUrakami weNagasaki City. Vanhu vanopfuura 40,000 XNUMX vakaurayiwa pakarepo nemurazvo wakaita sezuva. Panogona kunge pane vamwe vakafa vakawanda, asi zvikomo zvakakomberedza mupata wacho zvakadzivirira chikamu chikuru cheguta riri mberi.
Aya ndiwo maitirwo akaitwa mhosva mbiri dzehondo huru munhoroondo. Vakuru nevaduku, vakadzi nevana, vakagwinya nendonda, vose vakaurayiwa. Hapana akasiyiwa.
MuchiJapanese, mashoko okuti “mhanza yaKokura” akaoneka, zvichireva kuponeswa kusingatarisirwi kubva mukuparadzwa zvachose.
Apo mashoko okuparadzwa kweNagasaki akanzwika, vaprista vaviri vakakomborera ndege yacho vakakatyamadzwa. Vese Baba George Zabelka (Katorike) naWilliam Downey (Lutheran) vakazoramba marudzi ese emhirizhonga.
Nagasaki yaive musimboti wechiKristu muJapan uye Urakami Valley yaive musimboti wechiKristu muNagasaki. Anenge makore 396 pashure Francis Xavier akatanga kusvika muNagasaki, maKristu akauraya vazhinji vevateveri vavo kupfuura chero masamurai mumakore anopfuura 200 ekutambudzwa kwavo.
Gare gare, Mutungamiriri Mukuru Douglas MacArthur, Mukuru Mukuru Mukuru Wemubatanidzwa Webasa reJapan, akanyengetedza mabhishopi maviri eKaturike eAmerica, John O’Hare naMichael Ready, kutumira “zviuru zvavafundisi veKaturike” panguva imwe chete kuti “vazadze nzvimbo isina chinhu yomudzimu yakaparirwa nokukundwa kwakadaro” mukati megore rimwe.
Aftermath & Modern Japan
Musi waSeptember 2, 1945, maJapan akakanda mapfumo pasi. Mukati memakore ekugara kweUS (1945-1952), mukuru mukuru wemauto akatanga chirongwa chekudya kwemasikati chechikoro chaitungamirirwa neUSDA "kuvandudza hutano" hwevana vechikoro vekuJapan uye kuisa mavari kuravira kwenyama. Pakazopera basa iri, nhamba yevana vakapinda muchirongwa ichi yakawedzera kubva pa250 kusvika pamamiriyoni masere.
Asi vana vechikoro vakatanga kubatwa nechirwere chisinganzwisisike. Vamwe vaityira kuti yakanga iri mugumisiro wemwaranzi yakasara kubva mukuputika kweatomu. Pamiviri yevana vechikoro pakabva patanga kuita mapundu. Zvisinei, vaAmerica vakaziva nekufamba kwenguva kuti maJapan akanga asingawirirani nenyama, uye mikoko yaiva mhedzisiro yacho.
Mumakumi emakore adarika, kutengwa kwenyama kuJapan kune dzimwe nyika kwakakura sezvakaita indasitiri yezvokuuraya.
Muna 1976, American Meat Exporters Federation yakatanga chirongwa chekushambadzira kusimudzira nyama yeAmerica muJapan, iyo yakaramba ichienderera kusvika 1985, pakatangwa chirongwa cheTargeted Export Promotion.TEA) Muna 2002, Meat Exporters' Federation yakatanga chirongwa che "Welcome Beef", chakateverwa muna 2006 ne "We Care". Hukama hwepachivande neveruzhinji pakati peUSDA neAmerican Meat Exporters Federation hwakaita basa rakakosha mukusimudzira kudya kwenyama muJapan, nokudaro zvichigadzira mabhiriyoni emadhora kuindasitiri yekuU.
Mamiriro ezvinhu aripo iye zvino anoratidzwa mumusoro wenyaya uchangoburwa muMcClatchy DC musi wa8 Zvita 2014: "Kuda kwakasimba kweJapan kweRurimi rweMhou Kunomutsa Kutengeswa KweAmerica."
mhedziso
Uchapupu hwezvakaitika kare hunotiratidza maitiro aishandiswa kukurudzira kudya nyama:
1) Kukwidza kuchimiro chevashoma vechitendero / vekunze
2) Kubatanidzwa kwakanangwa kwemakirasi epamusoro
3) Kubatanidzwa kwakanangwa kwemakirasi epasi
4) Kutengesa Nyama Kushandisa Mazita Asina kujairika
5) Kugadzira mufananidzo wenyama sechigadzirwa chinomiririra mazuva ano, hutano uye hupfumi
6) Kutengesa zvombo kugadzira kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika
7) Kutyisidzira uye zviito zvehondo kugadzira kutengeserana kwemahara
8) Kuparadza zvachose & kusikwa kwetsika itsva inotsigira kudya nyama
9) Kugadzira Chirongwa Chekudya Kwechikoro Kudzidzisa Vana Kudya Nyama
10) Kushandiswa kwenharaunda dzekutengesa uye zvehupfumi zvinokurudzira
Vachenjeri vekare vainzwisisa mitemo isinganyatsooneki inodzora zvinhu zvose zvakasikwa. Mhirizhonga inowanikwa munyama inodyara mhodzi dzemakakatanwa mune ramangwana. Paunoona nzira idzi dzichishandiswa, ziva kuti (kuparadza) kwave pedyo nekona.
Uye kamwe Japan yakatongwa nevakuru vekudzivirira mhou - Samurai ...
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