Vanopfuura 4,5% yevaDutch vagari vezvinomera. Kwete zvakanyanya kuenzaniswa, semuenzaniso, neIndia, uko kune 30% yavo, asi isina kukwana kuEurope, uko kusvika ku70s yezana ramakore rapfuura, kudyiwa kwenyama kwaive kwakajairika uye kusingazununguki. Iye zvino, vangangoita mazana manomwe nemakumi mashanu evaDutch vanhu vanotsiva muto cutlet kana inonhuhwirira yakagochwa zuva nezuva nechikamu chakapetwa kaviri chemiriwo, zvigadzirwa zvesoya kana mazai anofinha akakanyiwa. Vamwe nekuda kwezvikonzero zvehutano, vamwe nekuda kwekunetseka kwezvakatipoteredza, asi chikonzero chikuru itsitsi kumhuka.
Vegetarian Hocus Pocus
Muna 1891, mukurumbira wechiDutch weruzhinji Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis (1846-1919), achishanyira guta reGroningen pabhizinesi, akatarisa mune imwe tavern yemuno. Mugamuchiri wacho, afadzwa nokushanya kwacho kukuru, akapa muenzi wacho girazi rewaini yake tsvuku yakanakisisa. Chakamushamisa ndechekuti Domela akaramba neruremekedzo, achitsanangura kuti aisanwa doro. Mutarisiri weimba yevaeni ane mutsa akabva afunga kufadza muenzi wacho nekudya kwemanheru kunonaka: “Vanodiwa Changamire! Ndiudze zvaunoda: ine ropa kana yakaitwa zvakanaka steak, kana pamwe chifuva chehuku kana mbabvu yenguruve? “Ndinokutendai zvikuru,” Domela akapindura, “asi ini handidyi nyama. Ndipeiwo chingwa cherye chiri nani nechizi." Muchengeti wemba yevanenge vari parwendo, akakatyamadzwa nekuzvidira kuzvida kwenyama, akafunga kuti mudzungairi uyu aitamba mutambo unosetsa, kana kuti zvimwe aipenga… Iyo biography yaDomela Nieuwenhuis yakapfuma mukutendeuka kwakapinza. Apedza kosi yake yorudzidziso, akabatira somufundisi weLutheran kwamakore mapfumbamwe, uye muna 1879 akasiya chechi, achizvizivisa amene asingadaviri kuvapo kwaMwari akasimba. Zvichida Nieuwenhuys akarasikirwa nekutenda kwake nekuda kwezvibhakera zveutsinye zvekupedzisira: pazera re34 aive atova murume akafirwa katatu, vese vatatu vakaroorana vakafa mukusununguka. Sezvineiwo, dombo rakaipa iri rakapfuura muchato wake wechina. Domela aive mumwe wevakavamba bato reSocialist munyika iyi, asi muna 1890 akasiya zvematongerwo enyika, ndokuzopinda muanarchism ndokuva munyori. Akaramba nyama nemhaka yokupwiswa kwakasimba kwokuti munzanga yakarurama munhu haana maruramiro okuuraya mhuka. Hapana weshamwari dzake aitsigira Nieuwenhuis, pfungwa yake yainzi haina musoro zvachose. Vachiedza kumururamisa mumaziso avo, avo vakamupoteredza vakatouya netsanangudzo yavo pachavo: anonzi anotsanya kubva mukubatana nevashandi varombo, avo vane nyama yakaonekwa pamazororo chete. Mumhuri, wekutanga wezvinomera haana kuwana kunzwisisa: hama dzakatanga kunzvenga imba yake, dzichifunga nezvemabiko pasina nyama inofinha uye isingafadzi. Hama Adrian vakaramba nokutsamwa kokero yavo kuGore Idzva, vachiramba kubata ne“vegetarian hocus pocus.” Uye chiremba wemhuri akatodaidza Domela tsotsi: mushure mezvose, akaisa hutano hwemukadzi wake nevana panjodzi nekuisa chikafu chake chisingafungidzike pavari.
Dangerous weirdos
Domela Nieuwenhuis haana kuramba ari oga kwenguva refu, zvishoma nezvishoma akawana vanhu vane pfungwa dzakafanana, kunyange zvazvo pakutanga vakanga vari vashoma kwazvo. Musi waGunyana 30, 1894, padanho rechiremba Anton Vershor, Netherlands Vegetarian Union yakavambwa, ine nhengo makumi matatu nenhatu. Makore gumi gare gare, nhamba yavo yakawedzera kusvika ku33, uye makore gumi gare gare - kusvika muna 1000. Sangano racho rakasangana nevashori vekutanga venyama pasina ushamwari, pane kunyange utsinye. Muna Chivabvu 2000, bepanhau reAmsterdam rakabudisa chinyorwa naDr. Peter Teske, umo akaratidza mafungiro asina kunaka zvikuru pamusoro pezvinomera: gumbo. Chinhu chipi nechipi chinogona kutarisirwa kubva kuvanhu vane pfungwa dzenhema dzakadaro: zvinobvira kuti vachakurumidza kufamba vakashama mumigwagwa.” Pepanhau reHague "People" harinawo kuneta nekunyomba vatsigiri vekudya kwezvirimwa, asi bonde risina simba rakawana zvakanyanya: "Iyi imhando yevakadzi yakakosha: mumwe weavo vanogera bvudzi ravo pfupi uye vanotonyorera kuti vatore chikamu musarudzo. !” Sezviri pachena, kushivirira kwakauya kuDutch gare gare, uye pakupera kwezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe uye kutanga kwemazana makumi maviri vakanyatsotsamwiswa nevaya vakamira kunze kweboka. Izvi zvaisanganisira theosophists, anthroposophists, humanists, anarchists, uye pamwe chete nezvinomera. Nekudaro, mukupa kune yekupedzisira maonero akakosha epasirese, vagari vemutaundi uye vanochengetedza vaive vasina kukanganisa. Nhengo dzekutanga dzeUnion of Vegetarians vaiva vateveri vemunyori mukuru weRussia Leo Tolstoy, uyo, pazera remakore makumi mashanu, akaramba nyama, achitungamirirwa nemitemo yetsika. Vasonganiri vake vechiDutch vaizvidaidza kuti vaTolstoyan (tolstojanen) kana kuti maKristu evanarchist, uye kuomerera kwavo kudzidziso dzaTolstoy hakuna kuganhurirwa kupfungwa yezvokudya zvinovaka muviri. Semunhu wedu mukuru, vaive nechokwadi chekuti kiyi yekuumba nzanga yakanaka kuvandudzwa kwemunhu. Mukuwedzera, vakatsigira rusununguko rwomunhu, vakadana kubviswa kwomutongo werufu uye kodzero dzakaenzana dzavakadzi. Asi pasinei zvapo nemirangariro inofambira mberi yakadaro, kuedza kwavo kukumbanira sangano resosharisiti kwakaguma nokukundikana, uye nyama yakava chisakiso chegakava! Mushure mezvose, vesocialists vakavimbisa vashandi kuenzana uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvinhu, izvo zvaisanganisira nyama yakawanda patafura. Uye ipapo vanhu vakafuta vakaonekwa kubva kupi uye vakatyisidzira kuvhiringidza zvese! Uye kushevedzera kwavo kuti mhuka dzirege kuuraya hazvina maturo zvachose ... Kazhinji, vekutanga vezvekudyara vezvematongerwo enyika vakaomerwa nenguva: kunyangwe vagari vemunyika vanofambira mberi vakazviramba.
Zvishoma nezvishoma asi zvechokwadi
Nhengo dzeNetherlands Association of Vegetarians hadzina kuora mwoyo uye dzakaratidza kutsungirira kunofadza. Vakapa tsigiro yavo kune vashandi vezvinomera, vanonzi (kunyangwe vasina kubudirira) kuunza chikafu chezvirimwa mumajeri nemauto. Pakuda kwavo, muna 1898, nzvimbo yekutanga yekudyira yemuriwo yakavhurwa muThe Hague, ipapo mamwe akati wandei akaoneka, asi anenge ese akakurumidza kubhuroka. Kupa hurukuro uye kushambadza mapepa, mabhurocha uye kuunganidza kwekubika, nhengo dzeMubatanidzwa dzakashingairira kusimudzira kudya kwavo kwehunhu uye kune hutano. Asi nharo dzavo dzaisawanzotorwa zvakakomba: ruremekedzo rwenyama uye kuregeredza miriwo kwakanyanyisa.
Maonero aya akachinja mushure meHondo Yenyika Yekutanga, apo zvakava pachena kuti chirwere chepasi cheberiberi chakakonzerwa nekushaya mavhitaminzi. Miriwo, kunyanya mumhando yakasvibirira, zvishoma nezvishoma yakasimbiswa mukudya, miriwo yakatanga kumutsa kufarira uye zvishoma nezvishoma yakava fashoni. Hondo Yenyika Yechipiri yakagumisa izvi: panguva yebasa pakanga pasina nguva yekuedza, uye mushure mekusunungurwa, nyama yainyanya kukoshesa: vanachiremba vechiDutch vaiti mapuroteni nesimbi zvaive mukati mazvo zvaive zvakakosha kudzorera hutano uye simba mushure. chando chine nzara cha1944-1945. Vashoma vezvinomera vemakumi emakore ekutanga mushure mehondo vainyanya kuve vevatsigiri vedzidziso yeanthroposophical, iyo inosanganisira zano rekudya kwezvirimwa. Kwaivewo nevekusurukirwa vaisadya nyama sechiratidzo chekutsigira vanhu vemuAfrica vaiziya nenzara.
Pamusoro pemhuka dzinofungidzirwa chete ne70s. Kutanga kwakaiswa ne biologist Gerrit Van Putten, uyo akazvipira pakudzidza maitiro ezvipfuwo. Mhedzisiro yacho yakashamisa munhu wese: zvakazoitika kuti mombe, mbudzi, makwai, huku uye vamwe, avo kusvika panguva iyoyo vaingoonekwa sezvinhu zvekurima zvekurima, vanogona kufunga, kunzwa uye kutambura. Van Putten akanyanya kubatwa nehungwaru hwenguruve, iyo yakaratidza kuve isiri pasi peiyo imbwa. Muna 1972, nyanzvi yezvinhu zvipenyu yakagadzira purazi rekuratidzira: rudzi rwechiratidziro chinoratidza mamiriro ezvinhu umo mombe neshiri dzisina kunaka dzinochengetwa. Mugore rimwe chetero, vashori vebioindustry vakabatana muTasty Beast Society, iyo yaishora zvinyoreso zvakamanikana, zvine tsvina nemakeji, zvokudya zvisina kutsarukana, uye mitoo inorwadza yokuuraya “vagari vaduku vomumapurazi.” Vazhinji vevaratidziri ava nevanonzwira tsitsi vakave vanodya miriwo. Vachiziva kuti pakupedzisira, mombe dzose - mune chero mamiriro ezvinhu adzaichengetwa - dzakaguma dzave muimba yekuuraya, havana kuda kuramba vari vatori vechikamu vasingaiti mune iyi nzira yekuparadzwa. Vanhu vakadai vakanga vasingachanzi ndevekutanga uye vakanyanyisa, vakatanga kubatwa neruremekedzo. Uye ipapo vakarega kugovera zvachose: vegetarianism yakava yakajairika.
Dystrophics kana centenarians?
Muna 1848, chiremba wechiDutch Jacob Jan Pennink akanyora kuti: “Kudya kwemanheru pasina nyama kwakafanana neimba isina faundesheni.” Muzana remakore rechi19, vanachiremba vakabvumirana kuti kudya nyama chivimbiso chehutano, uye, maererano naizvozvo, mamiriro ezvinhu anodiwa ekuchengetedza nyika ine utano. Hakushamisi kuti vanhu vokuBritain, vadi venyama yenyama yemombe, vakarangarirwa kuva vanhu vane simba zvikurusa munyika! Varatidziri veNetherlands Vegetarian Union vaifanira kuratidza huchenjeri hwakawanda kuti vazununguse dzidziso iyi yakanyatsosimbiswa. Vachiziva kuti kutaura kwakananga kwaizongoparira bedzi kusavimba, ivo vakasvika nhau yacho nokungwarira. Magazini yeVegetarian Bulletin yakaburitsa nyaya dzekutambura kwakaita vanhu, kurwara uye kufa mushure mekudya nyama yakaora, iyo, nenzira, yaitaridzika uye yakaravira yakatsva ... zvirwere, kurebesa upenyu, uye dzimwe nguva zvakatobatsira pakuporeswa kunoshamisa kwevanorwara zvisina tariro. Vavengi venyama vanonyanyisa vaiti haina kugayiwa zvachose, zvidimbu zvayo zvakasiiwa kuti zviore mudumbu, zvichikonzera nyota, blues, uye kunyange utsinye. Vakataura kuti kuchinjira kuzvokudya zvezvirimwa kwaizoderedza utsotsi uye zvichida kutotungamirira kurugare rwapose pose! Kuti nharo idzi dzaibva papi hazvisati zvazivikanwa.
Zvichakadaro, mabhenefiti kana kukuvadza kwekudya kwemuriwo kwakawedzera kutorwa nevarapi vechiDutch, huwandu hwezvidzidzo zvakaitwa pane iyi nyaya. Mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20, kusava nechokwadi pamusoro pekudiwa kwenyama mukudya kwedu kwakatanga kutaurwa mupepanhau resainzi. Makore anopfuura zana apfuura kubva ipapo, uye sayenzi haina mubvunzo pamusoro pezvakanakira kurega nyama. Vanodya miriwo vakaratidzirwa kuva kashoma kutambura kufutisa, BP, hosha yemwoyo, chirwere cheshuga, uye mamwe marudzi egomarara. Zvisinei, manzwi asina simba achiri kunzwika, achitivimbisa kuti pasina entrecote, muto uye gumbo rehuku, isu tichasvava zvisingadzivisiki. Asi gakava pamusoro pehutano inyaya yakasiyana.
mhedziso
Iyo Dutch Vegetarian Union ichiripo nanhasi, ichiri kupokana neiyo bioindustry uye inotsigira mabhenefiti ezvekudyara-based nutrition. Zvisinei, haaiti basa rinokosha muupenyu hwehurumende yenyika, nepo kune vakawanda uye vakawanda vezvinomera muNetherlands: mumakore gumi apfuura, nhamba yavo yakapetwa kaviri. Pakati pavo pane rudzi rwevanhu vakanyanyisa: veganists vanobvisa chero zvigadzirwa zvemhuka kubva pakudya kwavo: mazai, mukaka, uchi uye nezvimwe zvakawanda. Kune zvakare zvakanyanyisa zvakanyanya: vanoedza kugutsikana nemichero nenzungu, vachitenda kuti zvirimwa zvakare hazvigone kuurayiwa.
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, ane pfungwa dzakafuridzira vekutanga veDutch vatsigiri vekodzero dzemhuka, vakaramba vachiratidza tariro yokuti pakupera kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri, vanhu vose vaizosiya nyama. Tariro yomunyori, zvisinei, haisati yazadzikwa zvizere. Asi pamwe ingori nyaya yenguva, uye nyama ichanyangarika zvishoma nezvishoma kubva pamatafura edu? Zvakaoma kutenda mune izvi: tsika yacho yakanyanya kusimba. Asi kune rumwe rutivi, ndiani anoziva? Upenyu hunowanzo gara husingafungidziriki, uye kudya kwemiti muEurope chinhu chiduku. Zvichida achine rwendo rurefu rwokufamba!