"Kusashanda ndiko kutanga kwehunhu hwese, korona yezvakanaka zvese", akanyora Franz Kafka mudhayari rake muna 1917. Kutaura zvazviri, kusashanda kunowanzoonekwa zvisina kunaka munzanga nhasi. Chokwadi, inowanzo batwa seisina basa, kunyange inosanganisirwa nehusimbe. Uye zvakadaro! Kushaya basa, uko kusabatira kunowana mavambo ayo etymological, kwaive, muchiGiriki kana chiRoma Antiquity, yakachengeterwa vanhu vaive nezororo rekuzvirima, kuita zvematongerwo enyika uye kutaura, kunyangwe kufilosofi. Uye tsika yenguva yemahara inoramba iri nhasi, muChina, hunyanzvi hwekurarama. Nharaunda dzekuMadokero dzinoita sedziri kutanga kuona zvekare hunhu hwayo, panguva yekubatana kwekusingaperi: vezvematongerwo enyika nevazivi vefilosofi vanotoona husimbe senzira yekurwisa hunhu hunogumbura.

Izwi rekuti "idleness", etymologically rakabva pazwi rechiLatin "Kutandara", anosarudza "Mamiriro emunhu anogara asina basa uye asina basa zvachose", maererano nedudziro yakapihwa neduramazwi reLarousse. Pakutanga, kupesana kwayo kwaive «Bhizimisi», kwakabva kwairi izwi rekuti kuramba, uye rakasarudzira basa rakaomarara rakachengeterwa varanda, vevanhu vakaderera munyika yeRoma. Vagari vechiGiriki nevechiRoma, ipapo vatongi, vakawana kuburikidza ne otium kugona kuratidza, kuita zvematongerwo enyika, kufungisisa, kudzidza. Kuna Thomas Hobbes, uyezve, “Simbe ndiyo mai vezivi”. 

Nekudaro, zvinoenderana nenguva uye nemamiriro ezvinhu, kusashanda kunogona kuve kukosha: munhu asina basa-rinoda basa anozozvipira zvachose kuita tsika kana huchenjeri, senge pakati pevaGiriki nemaRoma eAntiquity. . Asi, munzanga dzazvino dzinotsvenesa basa, sedzedu, kusashanda, zvakafanana nekusaita basa, zvine mufananidzo wakaipa, wakabatana nehusimbe, husimbe. Usimbe hunobva hwaonekwa, zvinoenderana neshoko rinowanzoshandiswa, "Saamai vese zvakaipa". Inopa munhu asina basa mufananidzo wekusabatsira kwake sekuratidzira.

Kusaziva kuri, nhasi, kwakadzoserwa, kunyanya nevamwe vazivi vemazuvano uye venguva ino kana vezvematongerwo enyika: zvinogona, nekudaro, kuve chishandiso chekurwisa hunhu hunogutsa. Uye simba rayo harimire ipapo: kusashanda kunokutendera kuti utore chinhambwe uye nekudaro ukwanise kugadzira nekuvandudza mazano matsva. 

Zvizvarwa zvemunyika zvakare zvinowana imomo mukana wekutora nhanho kumashure, uye nekuona mukukwanisa kutora nguva yemahara kana mukufungisisa, uzivi hwehupenyu hunogona kutungamira kumufaro uye mufaro. Munyika yakavimbiswa kumhanyisa uye robhoti yemabasa, ko husimbe hunogona zvakare kuva nzira nyowani yehupenyu, kana kunyangwe chimiro chekuramba? Izvo zvingave zvakare zvakafanira, kune izvi, kugadzirira vagari venguva yemberi kubva pazera diki kune ino yakanyanyisa maitiro ehupenyu, nekuti sekunyora kwaPaul Morand muKumuka-kusimuka muna 1937, “Kusashanda kunoda hunhu hwakawanda sekushanda; zvinoda kurimwa kwepfungwa, mweya nemeso, kuravira kwekufungisisa uye zviroto, kudzikama ”.

With the Kukumbira ruregerero kune vasina basa, Robert-Louis Stevenson anonyora kuti: "Kusabatika hakusi kwekuita chero chinhu, asi kuita zvakawanda zvisingazivikanwe nenzira dzekuomerera dzeboka rinotonga." Nekudaro, kufungisisa, kunamata, kufunga, uye kunyange kuverenga, zviitiko zvakawanda kudaro dzimwe nguva zvinotongwa nevevanhu sekusashanda, zvinongoda hunhu hwakawanda sebasa: uye chimiro chekusashanda chingangoda, sekutaura kwaPaul Morand, "Kurimwa kwepfungwa, mweya nemeso, kuravira kwekufungisisa uye zviroto, kudzikama".

“Vanhu vanonyatsoda hupenyu nenguva yekusaita chinhu. Tiri muchirwere chine chekuita nebasa, apo chero munhu asingaite chinhu anotova simbe ”, anodaro Pierre Rabhi. Uye zvakadaro, kunyangwe zvidzidzo zvesainzi zvinoratidza izvi: kana iri pakamira, mune kumbomira, uropi hwakavakwa. Nekudaro, patinorega pfungwa dzedu dzichifamba-famba, tisingatarise pfungwa dzedu, izvi zvinofambiswa nefungu guru rezviitiko muuropi hwedu izvo zvinobva zvadya zvinoda kusvika 80% yesimba rezuva nezuva: izvi ndizvo zvakawanikwa muna 1996 muongorori Bharat Biswal, weUniversity yeWisconsin.

Zvisinei, iyi nharaunda yebasa rehuropi, mukushayikwa kwekusimudzira, inoita kuti zvikwanise kuyananisa zviitiko zvematunhu akasiyana ehuropi, panguva yekumuka kwedu uye panguva yekurara kwedu. "Iri simba rakasviba rehuropi hwedu, (ndiko kuti, kana iri default mode yekushandisa), inoratidza Jean-Claude Ameisen mubhuku rake Les Beats du temps, inopa zviyeuchidzo zvedu, zviroto zvedu, kufunga kwedu, kusanzwisisa kwedu zvinoreva hupenyu hwedu ”.

Saizvozvowo, kufungisisa, kunova nechinangwa chekuisa pfungwa dzake, inyaya yekushanda, panguva iyo munhu anodzora manzwiro ake, pfungwa dzake… uye panguva iyo kubatana kwehuropi kunogadziridzwa. Kune wepfungwa-psychotherapist Isabelle Célestin-Lhopiteau, yakataurwa muSainzi et Avenir, Méditer, "Ndiko kuita basa rekuvapo kwaari uine kurapwa". Uye zvirokwazvo, nepo "Kazhinji yenguva, isu takanangana nezveramangwana (izvo zvingangoitika) kana isu tinobhenekera pane zvakapfuura, kufungisisa kudzoka kuchazvino, kubuda mukunetseka kwepfungwa, kwekutonga".

Kufungisisa kunowedzera kuburitswa kwemafungu ehuropi inosanganisirwa nekuzorora kwakadzikama uye kudzikamisa kumutsa mune zvitsva. Mune nyanzvi, mamwe mafungu anofambidzana neakanyanya epfungwa chiitiko uye anoshanda anomutsa anomira. Kufungisisa kwaitogona kugadzira simba rekuita kuti mafungiro akanaka agare nekufamba kwenguva. Uye zvakare, matunhu masere ehuropi anochinjwa nekugara uchiita zvekufungisisa, kusanganisira nzvimbo dzekuziva muviri, kusimbisa ndangariro, kuzviziva uye manzwiro.

Kuziva kumira, kurima idleness: hunhu huri, muChina, hunofungidzirwa sehungwaru. Uye isu taizove, maererano nemuzivi Christine Cayol, munyori we Nei maChinese aine nguvas, zvakawanda kuwana "Kuisa pamusoro pedu kuraira chaiko kwenguva yemahara". Naizvozvo tinofanirwa kudzidza kutora nguva, kumisikidza yedu nguva muhupenyu hwedu husina kugadzikana, kurima yedu nguva yemahara sebindu…

Kungofanana naGeneral de Gaulle iye, uyo akatora nguva yekumira, kufamba nekitsi yake kana kuita budiriro, uye ndiani akatombozviona sezvakaipa kuti vamwe vevaanoshanda navo havana kumbomira. "Hupenyu hausi kushanda: kushanda kusingaperi kunokupengesa", akadaro Charles de Gaulle.

Kunyanya kubva pakufinhwa, iko pachako, zvakare kune hunhu hwayo… Hatidzokorore nguva dzose kuti zvakanaka kurega vana vachifinhwa? Yakataurwa mu Zvinyorwa zvevakadzi, chiremba wepfungwa Stephan Valentin anotsanangura kuti: “Kufinhwa kwakakosha uye kunofanirwa kuve nenzvimbo yayo muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwevana. Icho chinhu chakakosha mukusimudzira kwayo, kunyanya kune kugona kwayo uye kutamba pachena. "

Nekudaro, mwana anofinhwa anoitiswa zvinomukwezva zvemukati pachinzvimbo chekuvimba nezvinoitika kunze, izvo zvinowanzove zvakanyanya, kana kunyanyisa kuwanda. Ino yakakosha nguva panguva iyo mwana ari kufinhwa, zvakare inoratidza Stephan Valentin, “Ndichamutendera kuti azviongorore uye afunge nezvemabasa. Izvi zvakanzwa kuti hapana zviripo zvichazoshandurwa kuita mitambo mitsva, zviitiko, mazano… ”.

Ko kana kusashanda yaingova nzira yekumufaro? Kana kuziva kuziva kudzikamisa kubva mukusashivirira kwemazuva ano kwaive kiyi yehupenyu hunofadza, nzira yekumafaro akareruka? Hermann Hesse, muThe Art of Idleness (2007), anonyunyuta: “Tinogona kungodemba kuti zvinovhiringidza zvidiki zvedu zvave nenguva zvichikanganiswa nekusashivirira kwanhasi. Nzira yedu yekunakirwa haina kumbonyanya kupisa uye kunetesa kupfuura iko kuita kwedu basa. ” Hermann Hesse zvakare anonongedza kuti nekuteerera chirevo ichi chinoraira "Kuita zvakanyanyisa munguva shoma", mufaro uri kudzikira, kunyangwe kuwedzera kwevaraidzo. Mufilosofi Alain anoendawo nenzira iyi, uyo akanyora muna 1928 mune rake Nezve mufaro kuti "Kukanganisa kukuru kwenguva yedu kutsvaga kutsvaga mune zvese".

Kuziva kumira, tora nguva yekufungisisa, kutaura, kuverenga, kunyarara. Kunyangwe, iyo yekunamata, inova imwe nzira ye"Kufunga kusashanda"… Tichizvitsaura kubva kukurumidzira, tichizvisunungura kubva pahunhu hwehuranda hwemazuvano uhwo nzanga dzedu dzakabatana zvakanyanya dzavepo, uko uropi hwedu hunogaro danwa nehunyanzvi hwedhijitari, masocial network nemitambo yemavhidhiyo: izvi zvese zvinodawo imwe fomu dzidzo. Mune imwe modhi nyowani yenzanga, semuenzaniso, uko mari yekurarama yepasi rose yaizobvumidza avo vanoshuvira kuve vasina basa pane kubatwa mumhirizhonga "Kumhanya kunopedza michina uye kushandisa simba, izvo zvinokatyamadza vanhu" (Alain), mufaro mutsva unogarisana nevanhu uye wega unogona kubuda. 

Kupedzisa, hatikwanise here kutaura nezvaMarcel Proust, uyo akanyora muJournées de lecture: “Pangasave nemazuva muhucheche hwedu atakararama zvakazara sevataifunga kuti takasiya tisina kurarama, avo vatakapedza nebhuku ratinofarira. Zvese izvo, zvaitaridzika, zvakazvizadzisa kune vamwe, uye zvatakatora sechipingamupinyi chakaipisisa pakufadza kwaMwari… "