Latimeria: tsananguro yehove, kwainogara, chii chainodya, zvinonakidza zvinhu

Hove yecoelacanth, mumiriri wenyika yepasi pemvura, inomiririra hukama hwepedyo pakati pehove nevamiriri veamphibious vezvipenyu, izvo zvakabuda mumakungwa nemakungwa zvichiuya panyika makore angangoita mamirioni mazana mana apfuura munguva yeDevonian. Kwete kare kare, masayendisiti aidavira kuti rudzi urwu rwehove rwakanga rwapera zvachose, kusvikira muna 400 muSouth Africa, vabati vehove vakabata mumwe wevamiririri vemarudzi aya. Pashure paizvozvo, masayendisiti akatanga kudzidza prehistoric coelacanth hove. Pasinei neizvi, pachine zvakawanda zvakavanzika izvo nyanzvi dzisingakwanisi kugadzirisa nanhasi.

Hove coelacanth: tsananguro

Zvinotendwa kuti mhuka iyi yakaonekwa mukati memakore emamiriyoni 350 apfuura uye yaigara munzvimbo dzakawanda dzepasi. Maererano nemasayendisiti, rudzi urwu rwakapera makore mamiriyoni 80 apfuura, asi mumwe wevamiririri akabatwa ari mupenyu muIndia Ocean muzana remakore rapfuura.

Coelacanths, sekudanwa kwevamiriri vemarudzi ekare, vainyatsozivikanwa kune nyanzvi kubva kune zvinyorwa zvefossil. Iyo data yakaratidza kuti boka iri rakakura zvakanyanya uye raive rakasiyana zvakanyanya makore 300 miriyoni apfuura panguva yePermian uye Triassic. Nyanzvi dzinoshanda pazvitsuwa zveComoro, izvo zviri pakati pekondinendi yeAfrica nekuchamhembe kweMadagascar, vakawana kuti vabati vehove veko vakakwanisa kubata vanhu vaviri verudzi urwu. Izvi zvakazozivikanwa netsaona, sezvo vabati vehove vasina kuzivisa kubatwa kwevanhu ava, sezvo nyama yekoelacanths isingakodzeri kudyiwa nevanhu.

Mushure mekunge mhuka iyi yawanikwa, mumakumi emakore akatevera, zvakave zvichibvira kudzidza ruzivo rwakawanda pamusoro pehove idzi, nekuda kwekushandiswa kwemaitiro akasiyana-siyana epasi pemvura. Zvakazozivikanwa kuti idzi imhuka dzinofenda, dzeusiku dzinozorora masikati, dzakahwanda mudzimba dzadzo mumapoka madiki, kusanganisira vanhu vanosvika gumi nevaviri kana mumwe nehafu. Ihove idzi dzinofarira kunge dziri munzvimbo dzemvura dzine matombo, dzinenge dzisina upenyu pasi, kusanganisira mapako ane matombo ari pakadzika kusvika pamamita 250, uye zvichida zvimwe. Hove dzinovhima usiku, dzichienda kure nedziva dzadzo kure nemakiromita masere, dzichidzokera kumapako avo mushure mekutanga kwezuva. Coelacanths inononoka zvakakwana uye chete kana njodzi yasvika kamwe kamwe, vanoratidza simba reiyo caudal fin, nekukasira kusimuka kana kuenda kure nekubatwa.

Mumakore ekuma90 ezana remakore rapfuura, masayendisiti akaita DNA tsvakurudzo yemuenzaniso wega wega, izvo zvakaita kuti zvikwanise kuziva vamiririri veIndonesia vepasi pemvura semarudzi akasiyana. Pashure penguva yakati, hove dzakabatwa pedyo nemhenderekedzo yegungwa yeKenya, uyewo muSodwana Bay, kumhenderekedzo yeSouth Africa.

Kunyangwe zvakawanda zvisati zvazivikanwa nezvehove idzi, tetrapods, colacants, uye lungfish ndidzo hama dzepedyo. Izvi zvakaratidzwa nevesainzi, kunyangwe iyo yakaoma topology yehukama hwavo padanho rezvipenyu zvehupenyu. Iwe unogona kudzidza nezve inoshamisa uye yakadzama nhoroondo yekuwanikwa kweava vamiriri vekare vemakungwa nemakungwa nekuverenga bhuku: "Hove dzakabatwa nenguva: kutsvaga kwecoelacanths."

Kuonekwa

Mhando iyi ine misiyano yakakura kana ichienzaniswa nemamwe marudzi ehove. Pamupedzi wecaudal, apo mamwe marudzi ehove ane kuora mwoyo, coelacanth ine imwezve, kwete petal yakakura. Zvimbi zvine bladed zvakabatanidzwa, uye vertebral column yakaramba iri muhucheche hwayo. Coelacanths inosiyaniswawo nenyaya yekuti iyi ndiyo yega mhuka ine inoshanda intercranial joint. Inomiririrwa nechinhu checranium chinoparadzanisa nzeve nehuropi kubva pameso nemhino. The intercranial junction inoonekwa sekushanda, ichibvumira shaya yezasi kuti isundirwe pasi ichisimudza shaya yepamusoro, izvo zvinobvumira coelacanths kudya pasina matambudziko. Iyo peculiarity yechimiro chemuviri we coelacanth zvakare ndeyekuti ine paired fins, mabasa ayo akafanana neaya emapfupa eruoko rwemunhu.

Iyo coelacanth ine 2 pairs yegill, nepo gill lockers inoratidzika semapuleti ane prickly, jira rayo rine chimiro chakafanana kune matishu emazino evanhu. Musoro hauna zvimwe zvekudzivirira, uye gill zvivharo zvine kuwedzera pamagumo. Rushaya rwezasi rune mahwendefa maviri espongi anopindirana. Mazino anosiyana muchimiro checonical uye anowanikwa pamapfupa emapfupa akaumbwa munharaunda yedenga.

Zviyero zvakakura uye zviri pedyo nemuviri, uye matishu ayo akafanana nechimiro chezino remunhu. Dundira rekushambira rakareba uye rizere nemafuta. Pane spiral valve muura. Sezvineiwo, muvakuru, saizi yehuropi inongova 1% yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwenzvimbo yecranial. Iyo yakasara yevhoriyamu yakazadzwa nemafuta akawanda muchimiro che gel. Zvinotonyanya kufadza ndezvekuti muvanhu vechidiki vhoriyamu iyi 100% yakazadzwa nehuropi.

Sezvo mutemo, muviri wecoelacanth wakapendwa mubhuruu yakasviba nesimbi yakapenya, nepo musoro nemuviri wehove zvakafukidzwa nemavara asingawanzo chena kana bhuruu. Imwe neimwe muenzaniso inosiyaniswa neyakasiyana patani, saka hove dzinoonekwa zvakasiyana kubva kune imwe uye dziri nyore kuverenga. Hove dzakafa dzinorasikirwa neruvara rwadzo rwechisikigo dzobva dzaita rima guru kana kuti dema. Pakati pe coelacanths, dimorphism yepabonde inodudzwa, iyo inosanganisira hukuru hwevanhu: vakadzi vakakura zvikuru kupfuura varume.

Mararamiro, maitiro

Mukati mezuva, ma<em>coelacanths ari mudzimba, achiumba mapoka mashoma evanopfuura zvishoma gumi nevaviri vanhu. Vanosarudza kuva pakadzika, pedyo nepasi sezvinobvira. Vanorarama hupenyu hwehusiku. Kuve pakadzika, mhuka iyi yakadzidza kuchengetedza simba, uye kusangana nezvikara hazviwanzo kuwanikwa pano. Nekutanga kwerima, vanhu vanosiya nzvimbo dzavo dzekuvanda vachienda kunotsvaka zvekudya. Panguva imwecheteyo, zviito zvavo zvinononoka, uye ivo vari panzvimbo isingapfuuri mamita matatu kubva pasi. Mukutsvaga zvokudya, ma<em>coelacanths anoshambira madaro akati kuti kusvikira zuva rasvika zvakare.

Zvinonakidza kuziva! Ichifamba mukoramu yemvura, iyo coelacanth inotakura zvishoma kufamba nemuviri wayo, ichiedza kuchengetedza simba rakawanda sezvinobvira. Panguva imwecheteyo, anogona kushandisa mafungu epasi pemvura, kusanganisira basa rezvimbi, chete kugadzirisa nzvimbo yemuviri wake.

Iyo coelacanth inosiyaniswa neyakasiyana chimiro chezvimbi zvayo, nekuda kweiyo inokwanisa kurembera mukoramu yemvura, iri mune chero chinzvimbo, ingave yakatarisa pasi kana kumusoro. Maererano nedzimwe nyanzvi, coelacanth inogona kunyange kufamba pasi, asi izvi hazvisizvo zvachose. Kunyange kuva muhuvanda (mubako), hove haibati pasi nemapapiro ayo. Kana iyo coelacanth iri munjodzi, saka hove inokwanisa kuita kukurumidza kusvetukira kumberi, nekuda kwekufamba kweiyo caudal fin, iyo ine simba kwazvo mairi.

Ko coelacanth inorarama kwenguva yakareba sei

Zvinotendwa kuti coelacanths ndeyechokwadi centenarians uye vanokwanisa kurarama kusvika kumakore makumi masere, kunyange zvazvo idzi data dzisingabvumirwi nechinhu chipi nechipi. Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzine chokwadi chekuti izvi zvinofambiswa nehupenyu hwakayerwa hwehove pakadzika, nepo hove dzichikwanisa kushandisa hupfumi simba radzo, kupukunyuka kubva kune zvikara, kuve mune yakanyanya tembiricha mamiriro.

Mhando dze coelacanth

Coelacanth izita rinoshandiswa kuratidza mhando mbiri dzakaita seIndonesian coelacanth neCoelacanth coelacanth. Ndiwo chete marudzi ezvipenyu akararama kusvika nhasi. Zvinotendwa kuti ivo vapenyu vamiririri vemhuri huru, inoumbwa nemarudzi 120, ayo anopupurirwa mumapeji emamwe nhoroondo.

Range, nzvimbo dzekugara

Iyi mhuka inozivikanwawo se "zvipenyu zvipenyu" uye inogara mumvura dzekumadokero kwePacific Ocean, kumuganhu neIndia Ocean, mukati meGreater Comoro neAnjouan Islands, uyewo mukati memhenderekedzo yeSouth Africa, Mozambique neMadagascar.

Zvakatora makumi emakore anoverengeka kudzidza huwandu hwemarudzi. Mushure mekutorwa kweimwe muenzaniso muna 1938, yaifungidzirwa kwemakore makumi matanhatu ega ega muenzaniso unomiririra mhuka iyi.

Chokwadi chinofadza! Pane imwe nguva pakanga paine chirongwa cheAfrica-chirongwa "Celacanth". Muna 2003, IMS yakasarudza kubatana neprojekti iyi kuronga kumwe kutsvaga kwevamiriri vemhando iyi yekare. Nenguva isipi, kuedza kwakabudirira uye kare musi waSeptember 6, 2003, imwe muenzaniso yakabatwa kumaodzanyemba kweTanzania muSongo Mnare. Mushure maizvozvi, Tanzania yakava nyika yechitanhatu mumvura iyo yakawanikwa coelacanths.

Muna 2007, musi waChikunguru 14, vabati vehove vaibva kuchamhembe kweZanzibar vakabata vamwe vanhu vakati wandei. Nyanzvi dzeIMS, Institute of Marine Sciences yeZanzibar, dzakabva dzaenda naDr. Nariman Jiddawi kunzvimbo yechiitiko, uko vakaziva hove se "Latimeria chalumnae".

Kudya kwe coelacanths

Semugumisiro wekucherechedza, zvakaonekwa kuti hove inorwisa zvingangoita mhuka dzayo kana iri pedyo. Kuti aite izvi, anoshandisa shaya dzake dzine simba. Pakaongororwawo zviri mudumbu revanhu vakanga vabatwa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, zvakaonekwa kuti hove idzi dzinodyawo zvipenyu zvadzinowana muvhu pasi pegungwa kana munyanza. Somugumisiro wekucherechedza, yakasimbiswawo kuti rostral organ ine electroreceptive function. Kuvonga kune izvi, hove inosiyanisa zvinhu mumutsara wemvura nekuvapo kwemunda wemagetsi mavari.

Kubereka uye vana

Pamusana pekuti hove dziri pakadzika hukuru, zvishoma zvinozivikanwa pamusoro payo, asi chimwe chinhu chakasiyana zvachose chakajeka - coelacanths ihove viviparous. Munguva ichangopfuura, zvaidavirwa kuti vanokandira mazai, kufanana nedzimwe hove dzakawanda, asi dzakatogadzirwa nerume. Pakabatwa vakadzi, vakawana caviar, saizi yaro yakanga yakaenzana nebhora retennis.

Mashoko anonakidza! Imwe yevakadzi inokwanisa kubereka, zvichienderana nezera, kubva pa8 kusvika ku26 inorarama fry, iyo yakakura inenge 37 cm. Pavanozvarwa vanenge vaine mazino, zvimbi nemakwande.

Mushure mokuberekwa, mwana mumwe nomumwe ane chisaga chikuru asi chine usimbe muhuro, chakashanda sechikafu kwavari panguva yekuzvitakura. Panguva yekuvandudzwa, sezvo yolk sac inenge yapera, inogona kuderera uye yakavharirwa mumhango yemuviri.

Hadzi inobereka mwana wayo kwemwedzi gumi nemitatu. Panyaya iyi, zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti vakadzi vanogona kuva nepamuviri pasina nguva isati yasvika gore rechipiri kana rechitatu mushure mekuita pamuviri.

Vavengi vezvisikwa zve coelacanth

Sharki anoonekwa seanonyanyozivikanwa vavengi ve coelacanth.

Kuredza kukosha

Sezvineiwo, hove yecoelacanth haina kukosha kwekutengesa, sezvo nyama yayo isingadyiwi. Pasinei neizvi, hove dzinobatwa muhuwandu, izvo zvinokonzera kukanganisa kwakakomba kuhuwandu hwayo. Inonyanya kubatwa kuitira kukwezva vashanyi, ichigadzira yakasarudzika mhuka dzakashongedzwa dzekuunganidza dzakavanzika. Parizvino, hove iyi yakanyorwa muRed Book uye yakarambidzwa kutengesa pamusika wepasirese mune chero fomu.

Uyewo, vabati vehove vepachitsuwa cheGreat Comoro vakaramba nokuzvidira kuramba vachibata ma<em>coelacanths anogara mumvura dzomumhenderekedzo yegungwa. Izvi zvichachengetedza mhuka dzakasiyana dzemvura yemahombekombe. Sezvo mutemo, vanobata hove munzvimbo dzemvura dzisina kukodzera hupenyu hwe coelacanth, uye kana vakabatwa, vanodzorera vanhu kunzvimbo dzavo dzekugara kwechigarire. Naizvozvo, maitiro anokurudzira achangobva kubuda, sezvo huwandu hweComoros hunotarisa kuchengetedzwa kwehuwandu hwehove iyi yakasarudzika. Chokwadi ndechekuti coelacanth yakakosha kusainzi. Nekuda kwekuvapo kwehove iyi, masayendisiti ari kuyedza kudzorera mufananidzo wenyika yaivepo mazana emamiriyoni emakore apfuura, kunyangwe izvi zvisiri nyore. Naizvozvo, coelacanths nhasi inomiririra mhando yakakosha yesainzi.

Kuwanda kwevanhu uye mamiriro emarudzi

Zvinoshamisa kuti, kunyangwe hove yacho isingakoshi sechinhu chekurarama, iri padanho rekutsakatika uye saka yakanyorwa muRed Book. Iyo coelacanth yakanyorwa paIUCN Red Rondedzero seYakanyanya Kuparara. Zvinoenderana nechibvumirano chepasi rose cheCITES, coelacanth yakapihwa chimiro cherudzi rwuri munjodzi.

Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro apa, mhuka haisati yanyatsodzidza, uye nhasi hapana mufananidzo wakakwana wekugadzirisa huwandu hwekoelacanth. Izvi zvinokonzerwawo nekuti mhuka iyi inofarira kugara pakadzika uye iri munzvimbo yekugara masikati, uye hazvisi nyore kudzidza chero chinhu murima rakazara. Maererano nenyanzvi, kumashure kwe90 yezana remakore rapfuura, kuderera kwakanyanya kwenhamba mukati meComoros kunogona kuonekwa. Kuderera kwakanyanya kwenhamba kwakakonzerwa nekuti coelacanth yaiwanzowira mumambure evabati vehove vaibata hove dzakadzama dzemarudzi akasiyana zvachose ehove. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya kana hadzi dzinenge dzave kuda kubereka dzakasangana mumambure.

In mhedziso

Tinogona kutaura zvakachengeteka kuti coelacanth imhando yakasarudzika yehove dzakaonekwa panyika makore anenge 300 miriyoni apfuura. Panguva imwecheteyo, mhuka dzakakwanisa kurarama nanhasi, asi hazvizove nyore kwaari (coelacanth) kurarama makore anenge 100. Munguva ichangopfuura, munhu haana pfungwa shoma pamusoro pekuchengetedza imwe kana imwe rudzi rwehove. Zvakaoma kunyange kufungidzira kuti coelacanth, iyo isingadyiwe, inotambura nekuita kwehupenzi hwevanhu. Basa rorudzi rwomunhu nderekumira uye pakupedzisira kufunga pamusoro pemiuyo, zvikasadaro zvinogona kuva zvinosuruvarisa zvikuru. Mushure mekunge zvinhu zvekurarama nazvo zvapera, vanhu vanozoperawo. Pachange pasisina kudiwa kwehondo dzenyukireya kana kuti dzimwe njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga.