Salmon (Atlantic salmon): tsananguro yehove, kwainogara, inodya chii, inorarama kwenguva yakareba sei

Salmon inonziwo Atlantic noble salmon. Iri zita rekuti "salmon" rakapihwa hove iyi naPomors, uye maNorwegian anoshamisa akasimudzira mhando yezita rimwe chete muEurope.

Salmon hove: tsananguro

Salmon (Salmo salar) inonyanya kufarirwa nevaredzi. Salmon yeAtlantic ndeyehove yeray-finned uye inomiririra genus "salmon" uye mhuri "salmon". Masayendisiti, semugumisiro wekuita ongororo yebiochemical yeAmerican neEuropean salmon, vakasvika pakugumisa kuti aya akasiyana subspecies uye akaaona, zvichiteerana, se "S. Salar americanus” uye “S. sar sar”. Mukuwedzera, pane chinhu chakadai sesaumoni inotama uye nyanza (mvura yakachena) salmon. Salmon yegungwa yaimboonekwa semhando yakasiyana, uye munguva yedu yakagoverwa kune fomu yakakosha - "Salmo salar morpha sebago".

Zviyero uye chitarisiko

Vese vamiriri vesaumoni vanosiyaniswa nemuromo wakanyanya kukura, nepo shaya yepamusoro ichipfuura kutariswa kwemeso. Munhu mukuru, mazino akasimba. Varume vakura pabonde vane chirauro chinoonekera pamuromo weshaya yezasi, inopinda mukuora mwoyo kweshaya yepamusoro. Muviri wehove wakareba uye wakatsikirirwa necheparutivi, nepo wakafukidzwa nezvikero zvidiki, zvesirivha. Havana kunamatira kumuviri zvakasimba uye nyore kusvuura. Vane chimiro chakatenderedzwa uye mipendero isina kuenzana. Pamutsetse weparutivi, unogona kuverenga kusvika pazvikero 150 kana zvishoma zvishoma. Zvimbi zvepelvic zvinoumbwa kubva pamiranzi inodarika matanhatu. Iwo ari pakati pemuviri, uye pectoral fins iri kure nepakati.

Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive! Icho chokwadi chekuti hove iyi inomiririra mhuri ye "salmon" inogona kuzivikanwa nediki adipose fin, iri kuseri kwe dorsal fin. Muswe wemuswe une chidimbu chidiki.

Dumbu resalmon rakachena, mativi acho ane sirivheri, uye kumashure kune bhuruu kana girini ine sheen. Kutanga kubva kumutsara we lateral uye pedyo neshure, mavara akawanda asina kuenzana matema anogona kuonekwa pamuviri. Panguva imwecheteyo, hapana mavara pasi pemutsara we lateral.

Yechidiki salmon yeAtlantic inosiyaniswa neyakajeka kwazvo ruvara: pane yakasviba kumashure, unogona kuona anosvika gumi nemaviri mavara ari pamativi emuviri. Vasati vabereka, varume vanochinja zvakanyanya ruvara rwavo uye vane mavara matsvuku kana orenji, kumberi kwebronze hue, uye mafins anowana mamwe akasiyana shades. Panguva yekubereka ndipo shaya yezasi inoreba muhurume uye pairi panoonekwa sehoko.

Panyaya yekudya kwakakwana, munhu mumwe nemumwe anogona kukura kusvika mita imwe nehafu pakureba uye kurema anenge 50 kg. Panguva imwecheteyo, saizi yesalmon yegungwa inogona kunge yakasiyana munzizi dzakasiyana. Mune dzimwe nzizi, vanowana uremu husingapfuuri 5 kg, uye mune vamwe, anenge 9 kg.

Mumabheseni eGungwa Dzvuku neBarents, vose vamiririri vakuru vemhuri iyi uye zviduku, zvinorema kusvika 2 kg uye zvisingasviki mamita 0,5 kureba, zvinowanikwa.

Mararamiro, maitiro

Maererano nenyanzvi, zviri nani kutaura kuti salmon kune marudzi ane anadromous anokwanisa kurarama mumvura yakachena uye yemunyu. Mumvura ine munyu yemakungwa nemakungwa, salmon yeAtlantic yakakora, ichidya hove diki uye akasiyana makustaceans. Munguva iyi, kune kushingaira kukura kwevanhu, nepo hove dzinowedzera muhukuru ne 20 cm pagore.

Vechidiki vari mumakungwa nemumakungwa kweanoda kusvika makore matatu, kusvika vasvika pakukura pabonde. Panguva imwecheteyo, vanosarudza kuve munzvimbo yemahombekombe, pakadzika isingasviki 3 metres. Vasati vabereka, vanhu vakagadzirira kubereka vanoenda kumiromo yenzizi, mushure mezvo vanokwira kumusoro, vachikunda zuva nezuva kusvika kumakiromita makumi mashanu.

Chokwadi chinofadza! Pakati pevamiriri ve "salmon" pane zvisikwa zvidiki zvinogara munzizi uye hazvimboendi kugungwa. Kuonekwa kwemhando iyi kunobatanidza nemvura inotonhora uye kudya kusina kunaka, izvo zvinotungamirira mukudzivisa nzira yekukura kwehove.

Nyanzvi dzinosiyanisawo pakati pelacustrine uye mafomu echitubu eAtlantic salmon, zvichienderana nenguva yekuyaruka. Izvi zvakabatanidzwa pamwe chete nenguva yekubereka: imwe fomu inobereka mumatsutso uye imwe muchirimo. Lake salmon, iyo idiki muhukuru, inogara mumakungwa ekuchamhembe, akadai saOnega neLadoga. Mumadziva, dzinodya, asi pakubereka dzinoenda kunzizi dzinoyerera dzichipinda mumadziva aya.

salmon inorarama kwenguva yakareba sei

Sezvo mutemo, salmon yeAtlantic hairarame makore anopfuura matanhatu, asi kana iri nyaya yekubatanidzwa kwezvinhu zvakanaka, vanogona kurarama 6 nguva yakareba, kusvika kumakore anenge 2.

Range, nzvimbo dzekugara

Salmon ihove inodada nenzvimbo yakakura kwazvo inofukidza kuchamhembe kweAtlantic uye kumadokero kweArctic Ocean. Kondinendi yeAmerica inoratidzirwa nekugara kwesalmon, kusanganisira mahombekombe eAmerica kubva kuRwizi Connecticut, iri padyo nekumaodzanyemba latitudes, uye kusvika kuGreenland pachayo. Salmon yeAtlantic inoberekera munzizi dzakawanda muEurope, kubva kuPortugal neSpain kusvika kugungwa reBarents. Lake mafomu esaumoni anowanikwa mumvura yakachena yeSweden, Norway, Finland, nezvimwewo.

Lake salmon inogara mumadziva emvura matsva ari muKarelia uye paKola Peninsula. Anosangana:

• Mumadziva eKuito (Lower, Middle and Upper).
• MuSegozero neVygozero.
• MuImandra naKamenny.
• MuTopozero uye Pyaozero.
• MuLake Nyuk uye Sandal.
• MuLovozero, Pyukozero neKimasozero.
• Mumadziva eLadoga neOnega.
• Lake Janisjarvi.

Panguva imwecheteyo, salmon inobatwa mumvura yeBaltic uye White Seas, muRwizi rwePechora, uye mukati memhenderekedzo yeguta reMurmansk.

Maererano neIUCN, mamwe marudzi akaiswa mumvura yeAustralia, New Zealand, Argentina neChile.

Salmon kudya

Salmon hove inoonekwa sechikara chekare, icho chinozvipa chega chikafu chepamusoro pemakungwa. Sezvo mutemo, nheyo yezvokudya haisi hove huru, asiwo vamiririri veinvertebrates. Saka, kudya kwesalmon kunosanganisira:

• Sprat, herring uye herring.
• Gerbil uye kunhuwa.
• Krill uye echinoderms.
• Crabs uye shrimp.
• Three-spined smelt (inomiririra mvura yakachena).

Chokwadi chinofadza! Salmon, iyo inokura mumamiriro ezvinhu ekugadzira, inodyiswa ne shrimp. Nekuda kweizvi, nyama yehove inowana yakanyanya pink hue.

Salmon yeAtlantic inopinda munzizi ichienda kunobereka inomira kudya. Vanhu vasina kusvika pakukura kwepabonde uye havasati vaenda kugungwa kudya pa zooplankton, maruva ezvipembenene zvakasiyana-siyana, caddisfly larvae, nezvimwewo.

Kubereka uye vana

Nzira yekuberekesa inotanga munaGunyana uye inopera muna Zvita. Pakuberekesa, hove inosarudza nzvimbo dzakakodzera munzvimbo dzepamusoro dzenzizi. Salmon inotungamira yekuberekesa inokunda marudzi ese ezvipingamupinyi, pamwe nekusimba kweiyo ikozvino. Panguva imwecheteyo, anokunda mapopoma nemapopoma madiki, achisvetuka anenge mamita matatu kubva mumvura.

salmon painotanga kufamba ichienda kumusoro kwenzizi, inenge iine simba rakakwana uye simba, asi painosvika panzvimbo dzekuberekesa, inorasikirwa rinenge simba rayo rose, asi simba iri rinokwana kuchera gomba rinosvika mamita matatu kureba. pasi uye kuisa caviar. Mushure mezvo, mukono unoiisa uye hadzi inogona kungokanda mazai nevhu rezasi.

Zvinonakidza kuziva! Zvichienderana nezera, salmon vakadzi vanokandira mazai kubva pagumi kusvika pamakumi maviri nematanhatu, neavhareji dhayamita ingangoita 10 mm. Salmon inogona kubereka kusvika ka26 muhupenyu hwavo.

Pakuberekana, hove dzacho dzinofanira kufa nenzara, saka dzinodzokera kugungwa dzaonda uye dzakuvara, uyewo dzine zvimbi zvakakuvara. Kazhinji, vanhu vazhinji vanofa nekuneta, kunyanya varume. Kana hove ikakwanisa kupinda mugungwa, zvino inokurumidza kudzorera simba rayo uye simba, uye ruvara rwayo runova classic silvery.

Sezvo mutemo, kutonhora kwemvura munzvimbo dzepamusoro dzenzizi hakupfuuri +6 madhigirii, izvo zvinonyanya kuderedza kukura kwemazai, saka fry inooneka chete mumwedzi waMay. Panguva imwecheteyo, fry yakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune vanhu vakuru, saka, pane imwe nguva vaifungidzirwa zvisiri izvo kune imwe mhuka. Vagari veko vakadaidza salmon yechidiki "pestryanki", nekuda kweiyo chaiyo coloration. Muviri wefry unosiyaniswa nemumvuri wakasviba, nepo wakashongedzwa nemitsara yakachinjika uye akawanda mavara matsvuku kana mashava. Nekuda kweruvara rwakadai, pwere dzinokwanisa kuzvivanza pakati pematombo nezvinomera zvemumvura. Munzvimbo dzekuberekesa, vana vanogona kugara kusvika kumakore mashanu. Vanhu vanopinda mugungwa kana vasvika pakureba ingangoita masendimita makumi maviri, ukuwo variegated coloring yavo ichitsiviwa neruvara rwesirivha.

Vechidiki vanosara munzizi vanoshanduka kuita varume vadiki, avo, sevarume hombe vane mhanza, vanotora chikamu mukugadzira mazai, kazhinji vachidzinga kunyange varume hombe. Hono dzisina kusimba dzinoita basa rinokosha zvikuru mukubereka, sezvo varume vakuru vachiwanzobatikana mukuronga zvinhu uye vasingateereri mitezo miduku yemhuri yavo.

Vavengi venyama yesalmon

Varume vadiki vanogona kudya mazai akaiswa nyore, uye minnow, sculpin, whitefish, uye perch vanodya pane inobuda fry. Muzhizha, nhamba yevechidiki inoderera nekuda kwekuvhima kwetaimen. Mukuwedzera, salmon yeAtlantic inosanganiswa mukudya kwezvimwe zvikara zvenzizi, zvakadai se:

• Trout.
• Golec.
• Pike.
• Nalim nevamwe.

Kuve munzvimbo dzekuberekesa, salmon inorwiswa nema otters, shiri dzinodya nyama, senge machena-tailed eagles, mergansers huru nevamwe. Sezvo yatove mugungwa rakashama, salmon inova chinhu chekudya kweanouraya whale, beluga whales, pamwe neakawanda pinnipeds.

Kuredza kukosha

Salmon yagara ichionekwa sehove yakakosha uye inogona kushandurwa zviri nyore kuita inonaka inonaka. Kare munguva dzetsarist, salmon yakabatwa paKola Peninsula ndokuendeswa kune mamwe matunhu, yakamboiswa munyu nekuputa. Hove iyi yaidyiwa patafura dzevakuru vakasiyana-siyana, patafura dzemadzimambo nevafundisi.

Mazuva ano, salmon yeAtlantic haina kufarirwa zvakanyanya, kunyangwe isiripo pamatafura evagari vazhinji. Nyama yehove iyi ine kakunaka, saka hove dzacho dzinenge dziri dzekutengesa. Mukuwedzera kune chokwadi chokuti salmon inobatwa zvakasimba mumagadziro echisikigo, inokura mumamiriro ezvinhu ekugadzira. Pamapurazi ehove, hove dzinokura nekukurumidza kupfuura munzvimbo yakasikwa uye dzinogona kuwana kusvika ku5 kg yehuremu pagore.

Chokwadi chinofadza! Pamasherufu ezvitoro zveRussia pane hove dzesalmon dzakabatwa kuFar East uye dzinomiririra genus "Oncorhynchus", iyo inosanganisira vamiririri vakadai sechum salmon, pink salmon, sockeye salmon uye coho salmon.

Icho chokwadi chekuti salmon yemumba haigone kuwanikwa pamasherufu ezvitoro zveRussia inogona kutsanangurwa nezvikonzero zvakawanda. Chekutanga, pane musiyano wetembiricha pakati peNorway neGungwa reBarents. Kuvapo kweGulf Stream kubva kumahombekombe kweNorway kunosimudza tembiricha yemvura nemadhigirii akati wandei, inova yakakosha pakupfuya hove dzekugadzira. MuRussia, hove hadzina nguva yekuwana uremu hwekutengesa, pasina dzimwe nzira, sekuNorway.

Kuwanda kwevanhu uye mamiriro emarudzi

Padanho repasi rose, nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti pakupera kwe2018, hapana chinotyisidzira huwandu hwegungwa reAtlantic salmon. Panguva imwecheteyo, salmon yegungwa (Salmo Salar m. sebago) muRussia yakanyorwa muBhuku Dzvuku pasi pechikamu chechipiri, semhando iri kuderera muhuwandu. Uyezve, kune kuderera kwenhamba yesalmon yemvura yakachena inogara mumadziva eLadoga neOnega, uko kusvika munguva pfupi yapfuura kwakamboonekwa kubata kusati kwamboitika. Munguva yedu, hove iyi inokosha yava shoma muRwizi rwaPechora.

Chokwadi chakakosha! Sezvo mutemo, zvimwe zvinhu zvisina kunaka zvine chekuita nekubata hove kusingadzoreki, kusvibiswa kwemvura, kutyorwa kwehutongi hwemasikirwo enzizi, pamwe nekuita zvehuvha, izvo zvave kupararira mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, zvinotungamira kuderera kwenhamba yesalmon.

Mune mamwe mazwi, zvinokurumidza kutora matanho akawanda ekudzivirira kuchengetedza huwandu hwesalmon. Naizvozvo, salmon inodzivirirwa muKostomuksha Reserve, yakarongeka pahwaro hweLake Kamennoe. Panguva imwecheteyo, nyanzvi dzinopokana kuti zvinofanirwa kutora akati wandei matanho akazara, sekuberekesa mumamiriro ekunze, kudzoreredza nzvimbo dzekuberekesa, kurwisa kuvhima uye kubata hove kusingadzoreki, nezvimwe.

In mhedziso

Mazuva ano, salmon inouya kunyanya kubva kuFaroe Islands, iyo iri kuchamhembe kweAtlantic, pakati peIceland neScotland. Sezvo mutemo, zvinyorwa zvinoratidza kuti iyi salmon yeAtlantic (Atlantic Salmon). Panguva imwecheteyo, zvinoenderana nevatengesi ivo pachavo zvavanogona kuratidza pamutengo wematengo - salmon kana salmon. Tinogona kutaura zvakachengeteka kuti iyo yakanyorwa salmon ndiyo inonyanya kuve manomano evatengesi. Vanhu vazhinji vanotenda kuti vamwe vagadziri vanopenda hove, asi iyi ingori fungidziro, sezvo ruvara rwenyama runobva pane chikamu cheiyo shrimp chiri muhove yekudya.

Salmon ndiyo inokonzera mapuroteni, sezvo 100 gramu ine hafu yemazuva ose evanhu. Mukuwedzera, nyama yesalmon ine huwandu hwakakwana hwezvimwe zvinhu zvinobatsira, zvakadai semaminerari, mavhitaminzi, Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, iyo inobata zvakanaka basa renhengo dzomukati dzevanhu. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvinofanirwa kuyeukwa kuti salmon mbishi, ine munyu zvishoma ine zvinhu zvinobatsira zvakanyanya. Somugumisiro wekurapa kwekupisa, mamwe acho achiri kurasikirwa, saka zvishoma zvinoiswa pasi pekupisa kwekupisa, iyo inobatsira zvikuru. Zviri nani kubika kana kubika muchoto. Hove dzakakangwa hadzina utano, uye dzinotokuvadza.

Sezvineiwo, kunyange munguva dzekare, apo nzizi dzakanga dzakawanda nesalmon yeAtlantic, yakanga isina chimiro chokuva chinonaka, seizvo munyori akakurumbira Walter Scott akataura. Vashandi vokuScottish vakanga vapinzwa basa vakaronga chimwe chinhu chokuti vaisapiwa salmon kakawanda. Ndizvo!