MunaFebruary, bhuku raAnna Starobinets "Tarisa paari" rakabudiswa. Isu tinoburitsa kubvunzurudzwa naAnna, maanotaura kwete chete nezvekurasikirwa kwake, asiwo nezvedambudziko riripo muRussia.
Psychology: Nei vanachiremba vokuRussia vakaita nenzira yakadaro kumibvunzo pamusoro pokubvisa pamuviri? Makiriniki ese haaite izvi munyika medu here? Kana kuti kubvisa pamuviri kwenguva pfupi kusiri pamutemo here? Chii chiri chikonzero cheukama hunoshamisa hwakadaro?
Anna Starobinets: MuRussia, makiriniki akasarudzika chete ari kuita mukubvisa nhumbu nekuda kwezvikonzero zvekurapa munguva yekupedzisira. Ehe, izvi zviri pamutemo, asi munzvimbo dzakatemerwa chete. Semuenzaniso, muchipatara chezvirwere zvinotapukira paSokolina Gora, iyo inonyanya kudiwa kutyisa vakadzi vane pamuviri mumakiriniki ekuberekwa.
Kuonekana kumwana: nyaya yaAnna Starobinets
Mukadzi akatarisana nechido chekubvisa pamuviri pane imwe nguva inotevera haana mukana wekusarudza sangano rezvokurapa rinoenderana naye. Asi, sarudzo kazhinji haipfuure nzvimbo mbiri dzakanyanya.
Nezvekuita kwevanachiremba: zvakabatana nekuti muRussia hapana zvachose tsika uye tsika protocol yekushanda nevakadzi vakadaro. Ndokureva, kutaura, zvisizvo chero chiremba - angave wedu kana wechiGerman - anonzwa chishuwo chekuzvibvisa kubva mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro. Hapana wevanachiremba anoda kuendesa mwana akafa. Uye hapana mukadzi asingadi kubereka mwana akafa.
Kungoti madzimai anechido chakadaro. Uye kune vanachiremba vane rombo rakanaka rekushanda muzvivako zvisingabatanidzi kukanganisa (kureva, vazhinji vevanachiremba), hapana chidikanwi chakadaro. Zvavanoudza vakadzi nekuzorora uye kumwe kusemesa, pasina kusefa mazwi uye manzwi zvachose. Nekuti hapana tsika protocol.
Pano zvinofanira kucherechedzwawo kuti dzimwe nguva, sezvazvakazoitika, vanachiremba havatombozivi kuti mukiriniki yavo kuchine mukana wekukanganiswa kwakadaro. Somuenzaniso, muMoscow centre. Kulakov, ndakaudzwa kuti "havaiti nezvinhu zvakadaro." Nezuro chaiye, ndakabatwa nevakuru vemuzinda uyu ndikaziviswa kuti muna 2012 vakanga vachiri kuita zvinhu zvakadaro.
Zvisinei, kusiyana neGermany, apo hurongwa hunovakwa kubatsira murwere mumamiriro ezvinhu ematambudziko uye mushandi wega wega ane purogiramu yakajeka yezviito munyaya yakadaro, isu hatina hurongwa hwakadaro. Nokudaro, chiremba we ultrasound anonyanya kubata pamuviri pathologies angave asingazivi kuti kiriniki yake iri kuita kuguma kwezvipembenene izvi, uye vakuru vake vanogutsikana kuti haafaniri kuziva nezvazvo, nokuti munda wake wehutano ndeye ultrasound.
Zvichida pane nhungamiro dzisingatauriki dzekudzivisa vakadzi kubva pakubvisa pamuviri kuitira kuti vawedzere kuberekwa?
Aiwa kwete. Against. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, mukadzi weRussia anonzwa kudzvinyirirwa kunoshamisa kwepfungwa kubva kuna vanachiremba, anomanikidzwa kubvisa pamuviri. Vakadzi vazhinji vakandiudza pamusoro peizvi, uye mumwe wavo anogovera chiitiko ichi mubhuku rangu - muchikamu charo chechipiri, mutori wenhau. Akaedza kuomerera pakodzero yake yekutaura pamuviri ane chirwere chinouraya che fetus, kubereka mwana pamberi pemurume wake, kutaura zvakanaka uye kuviga. Izvi zvakaita kuti asununguke kumba, aine ngozi huru kuupenyu hwake uye, sokunge zvakadaro, kunze kwemutemo.
Kunyangwe mune yekusauraya, asi yakaoma pathologies, muenzaniso wemafambiro evanachiremba kazhinji wakafanana: "Kurumidza kuenda kune kukanganisa, ipapo iwe uchazvara ane hutano"
MuGermany, kunyange mumamiriro ezvinhu ane mwana asingagoneki, tisingatauri mwana ane Down syndrome imwe chete, mukadzi anogara achipiwa sarudzo yekuti ataure pamuviri wakadaro kana kuibvisa. Panyaya yeDown, anopihwawo kushanyira mhuri dzinokura vana vane chirwere chakadai, uye vanoziviswawo kuti kune vanoda kutora mwana akadaro.
Uye kana paine hurema husingaenderane nehupenyu, mukadzi wechiGerman anoudzwa kuti nhumbu yake ichaitwa senge imwe nhumbu, uye mushure mekusununguka, iye nemhuri yake vachapihwa wadhi yakasiyana uye mukana wekuonekana nemwana. ikoko. Uyezve, pakukumbira kwake, muprista anodanwa.
MuRussia, mukadzi haana sarudzo. Hapana anoda nhumbu yakadai. Anokokwa kuti apfuure ne "danho rimwe panguva" rekubvisa pamuviri. Pasina mhuri nevaprista. Uyezve, kunyange munyaya yekusauraya, asi yakaoma pathologies, muenzaniso wehutano hwevanachiremba unowanzofanana: "Kurumidza kuenda kune kukanganisa, ipapo iwe uchabereka ane hutano."
Sei wakasarudza kuenda kuGermany?
Ndaida kuenda kunyika ipi zvayo uko kupedza nguva kunopera kunoitwa nenzira ine hunhu uye yakabudirira. Uyezve, zvakanga zvakakosha kwandiri kuti ndaiva neshamwari kana hama munyika ino. Nokudaro, sarudzo yakanga iri pakupedzisira kubva kunyika ina: France, Hungary, Germany uye Israel.
MuFrance neHungary vakandiramba, nokuti. maererano nemitemo yavo, kubvisa pamuviri kwenguva yekupedzisira hakugone kuitwa kune vashanyi vasina mvumo yekugara kana chizvarwa. MuIsrael, vakanga vakagadzirira kundigamuchira, asi vakanyevera kuti tepi yehurumende yaizogara inenge mwedzi. Mukiriniki yeBerlin Charité vakati havana zvirambidzo kune vekune dzimwe nyika, uye kuti zvese zvichaitwa nekukurumidza uye nehunhu. Saka takaendako.
Iwe haufungi here kuti kune vamwe vakadzi zviri nyore kwazvo kurarama kurasikirwa kwe "fetus" uye kwete "mwana"? Uye kuti kuparadzana, mariro, kutaura nezvemwana akafa, kunoenderana nemamwe mafungiro uye hazvina kukodzera munhu wese pano. Munofunga kuti tsika iyi ichadzika midzi munyika yedu here? Uye zvinobetsera chaizvoizvo vakadzi kuzvisunungura vamene pakuva nemhaka pashure pechinoitika chakadaro here?
Zvino hazviite. Mushure mechiitiko chandakaita kuGermany. Pakutanga, ini ndakatanga kubva kune iwo chaiwo maitiro emagariro izvo zvinenge zvese zviri munyika yedu zvinobva: kuti hapana mhosva iwe unofanirwa kutarisa mucheche akafa, kana zvikasadaro achazoonekwa muhope dzehupenyu hwake hwese. Kuti haufanirwe kumuviga, nekuti "nei uchida guva revana vaduku kudaro."
Asi nezve terminological, ngatiti, acute angle - "fetus" kana "mwana" - ndakagumburwa pakarepo. Kwete kunyange kona yakapinza, asi pane inopinza spike kana mbambo. Zvinorwadza zvikuru kunzwa apo mwana wako, kunyange asati aberekwa, asi chaiyeiye kwauri, achifamba mauri, anonzi chibereko. Kunge ari imwe mhando yenhanga kana lemon. Hazvinyaradzi, zvinorwadza.
Zvinorwadza zvikuru kunzwa apo mwana wako, kunyange asati aberekwa, asi chaiye chaiye kwauri, achifamba mauri, anonzi "fetus". Kunge ari imwe rudzi rwenhanga kana ndimu
Kana iri yakasara - semuenzaniso, mhinduro kumubvunzo, kana kuitarisa mushure mekuzvarwa kana kwete - nzvimbo yangu yakachinja kubva kune minus kusvika kune plus mushure mekuzvarwa pachayo. Uye ndinotenda zvikuru vanachiremba veGermany nokuda kwekuti zuva rose ivo vanyoro asi vakaramba vachindipa kuti "ndimutarise", vakandiyeuchidza kuti ndichiri nemukana wakadaro. Hakuna mafungiro. Kune maitiro evanhu pasi rose. MuGermany, vakadzidziswa nenyanzvi - vepfungwa, vanachiremba - uye vakaita chikamu chehuwandu. Asi isu hatina kudzidzidza tobva pafungidziro dzaambuya vepamberi pemvura.
Hongu, zviri nyore kumukadzi kana akaonekana kumwana, nokudaro achiratidza ruremekedzo uye rudo kumunhu akanga aripo uye aenda. Kune mudiki - asi munhu. Kwete zvenhanga. Hongu, zvakanyanya kuipa kumukadzi kana akafuratira, asina kutarisa, haana kutaura zvakanaka, akasiya "nokukurumidza kukanganwa." Anonzwa aine mhosva. Haawani rugare. Ndipo paanozorota hope dzinotyisa. MuGermany, ndakataura zvakawanda nezvenyaya iyi nenyanzvi dzinoshanda nevakadzi vakarasikirwa nepamuviri kana kuti mwana achangoberekwa. Ndapota cherechedza kuti kurasikirwa uku hakuna kukamurwa kuita manhanga uye asiri manhanga. Nzira yacho yakafanana.
Nei mukadzi muRussia anogona kunyimwa kubvisa pamuviri? Kana izvi zviri maererano nezviratidzo, saka kushanda kunosanganiswa muinishuwarenzi kana kwete?
Vanogona kuramba chete kana pasina zviratidzo zvekurapa kana zvemagariro, asi chido chete. Asi kazhinji vakadzi vasina zviratidzo zvakadaro vari muchikamu chechipiri uye havana chido chekuita. Vanoda mwana, kana vasingadi, vakatobvisa nhumbu isati yasvika mavhiki gumi nemaviri. Uye hongu, iyo yekukanganisa maitiro ndeyemahara. Asi chete munzvimbo dzakakosha. Uye, chokwadi, pasina imba yekuonekana.
Chii chakanyanyokubaya mwoyo pamusoro pemashoko aya anotyisa pamaforamu nesocial media awakanyora nezvawo (iwe wakaaenzanisa nemakonzo ari pasi)?
Ndakabayiwa mwoyo nekusavapo zvachose kwetsika yekunzwira tsitsi, tsika yekunzwira tsitsi. Ndokureva kuti, hapana "ethical protocol" pamatanho ese. Vanachiremba kana varwere havana. Hazvina hazvo munzanga.
Kune nyanzvi dzepfungwa muRussia dzinobatsira vakadzi vanotarisana nekurasikirwa kwakafanana here? Wakakumbira rubatsiro iwe pachako here?
Ndakaedza kutsvaga rubatsiro kubva kune vepfungwa, uye kunyange yakaparadzana - uye, mumaonero angu, inosekesa - chitsauko chiri mubhuku chakazvipira kune izvi. Muchidimbu: kwete. Handina kuwana nyanzvi yekurasikirwa yakakwana. Zvechokwadi ivo kune imwe nzvimbo, asi chokwadi chokuti ini, aimbova mutori wenhau, ndiko kuti, munhu anoziva kuita "tsvakurudzo", handina kuwana nyanzvi inogona kupa basa iri kwandiri, asi ndakawana avo vaitsvaka kupa. ini imwe sevhisi yakasiyana zvachose, inotaura kuti kazhinji haipo. Zvakarongeka.
Kuenzanisa: muGermany, nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzakadaro uye mapoka ekutsigira vakadzi vakarasikirwa nevana vanongovapo muzvipatara zvekuberekwa. Haufanire kuzvitsvaga. Mukadzi anoendeswa kwavari pakarepo mushure mekuongororwa kwaitwa.
Iwe unofunga kuti zvinokwanisika here kushandura tsika yedu yevarwere-chiremba kutaurirana? Uye sei, mukufunga kwako, kusuma mipimo mitsva yetsika mumunda wemishonga? Zvinoita here kuita izvi?
Chokwadika, zvinobvira kusuma mipimo yetsika. Uye zvinokwanisika kuchinja tsika yekukurukurirana. KuMadokero, ndakaudzwa, vadzidzi vezvokurapa vanodzidzira nevatambi vevarwere kwemaawa anoverengeka pavhiki. Nyaya iri pano ndeye chinangwa.
Kuti tidzidzise varapi mutsika, zvinodikanwa kuti munharaunda yekurapa kudikanwa kwekucherekedza iyi tsika nemurwere nekusagadzika kunoonekwa sechinhu chakasikwa uye chakarurama. MuRussia, kana chimwe chinhu chichinzwisiswa ne "maitiro ekurapa", saka, pane kudaro, "mutual responsibility" yevanachiremba vasingaregi ivo pachavo.
Mumwe nemumwe wedu akanzwa nyaya dzemhirizhonga pakusununguka uye nezve imwe mhando yemafungiro emusasa wevasungwa kune vakadzi muzvipatara zvekusununguka uye makiriniki ekudzivirira. Kutanga nekuongororwa kwekutanga na gynecologist muhupenyu hwangu. Izvi zvinobva kupi, iwo maungira chaiwo emumusasa wedu wejeri?
Musasa - kwete musasa, asi zvechokwadi echoes yekare yeSoviet, umo nzanga yaive zvese zvepuritanical uye spartan. Zvose zvakabatana nekubatana uye kubereka zvinonzwisisika zvichibva pazviri, mukurapa kwehurumende kubva panguva dzeSoviet, zvakaonekwa sechikamu chekunyadzisa, tsvina, kutadza, zvakanakisisa, kumanikidzirwa.
MuRussia, kana chimwe chinhu chinonzwisiswa ne "maitiro ekurapa", saka, "mutual responsibility" yevanachiremba vasingapi ivo pachavo.
Sezvo isu tiri maPuritans, nokuda kwechivi chekubatana, mukadzi ane tsvina ane kodzero yekutambura - kubva kune zvirwere zvepabonde kusvika pakuberekwa. Uye sezvo isu tiri Sparta, tinofanira kupfuura nemumatambudziko aya pasina kana kutaura. Saka chirevo chekare chemunyamukuta pakusununguka: "Ndaifarira pasi pemurombo - ikozvino usapopote." Kupopota nemisodzi ndezvavasina simba. Uye kune mamwe mageneti ekuchinja.
Kamwana kanenge kachangobva kuumbwa kakachinja-chinja, kamwana kanenge kakaumbwa. Mukadzi anoripfeka ndewehurombo. VaSparta havavade. Haafanire kunzwirwa tsitsi, asi kutsiura nehasha uye kubvisa pamuviri. Nokuti isu takasimba, asi zvakanaka: usachema, kunyara pamusoro pako, pukuta snot yako, tungamira nzira yakarurama yehupenyu - uye iwe uchabereka mumwe, ane utano.
Ndeapi mazano aungapa kumadzimai aifanira kubvisa pamuviri kana kuti akabuda? Kuti urarame sei? Saka kuti urege kuzvipa mhosva uye usawira mukuora mwoyo kwakadzika?
Pano, hongu, zvine musoro kukuraira kuti utsvage rubatsiro kubva kune nyanzvi yepfungwa. Asi, sezvandakataura pamusoro zvishoma, zvakaoma zvikuru kuiwana. Tisingatauri kuti kufara uku kunodhura. Muchikamu chechipiri chebhuku "Tarisa paari", ndinotaura chaizvo pamusoro penyaya iyi - kuti ungararama sei - naChristine Klapp, MD, chiremba mukuru wekiriniki yeCharité-Virchow obstetrics muBerlin, iyo inyanzvi mukubvisa pamuviri, uye. haaiti chete gynecological, asi uye psychological counselling kuvarwere vavo nevavanofambidzana navo. Dr. Klapp anopa mazano akawanda anofadza.
Semuenzaniso, ane chokwadi chekuti murume anoda kuverengerwa mu "nzira yekuchema", asi inofanira kurangarirwa kuti anopora nekukurumidza mushure mekufirwa nemwana, uye zvakare ane dambudziko rekutsungirira kuchema-kwese wachi. Zvisinei, iwe unogona kuronga naye zviri nyore kuti upe kumwana akarasika, toti, maawa mashomanana pavhiki. Murume anokwanisa kutaura mukati maawa maviri aya chete pamusoro penyaya iyi - uye achazviita nokutendeseka uye nemwoyo wose. Nokudaro, vaviri vacho havazoparadzaniswa.
Murume anofanirwa kuverengerwa mu "nzira yekuchema", zvisinei, zvinofanirwa kurangarirwa kuti anopora nekukurumidza mushure mekufirwa nemwana, uye zvakare ane dambudziko rekutsungirira kuchema-kwewachi.
Asi izvi zvese ndezvedu, hongu, chidimbu chemararamiro emutorwa zvachose uye emhuri. Nenzira yedu, ndinorayira vakadzi kuti vateerere pakutanga kwezvose kumwoyo wavo: kana mwoyo usati wagadzirira "kukanganwa uye kurarama", saka hazvidiwi. Une kodzero yokuchema, pasinei nokuti vamwe vanofungei nezvazvo.
Zvinosuruvarisa, isu hatina mapoka ehutano hwepfungwa dzepfungwa pazvipatara zvekuberekwa, zvisinei, mumaonero angu, zviri nani kugovera zviitiko nemapoka asiri enyanzvi pane kusagovana zvachose. Semuenzaniso, pa Facebook (sangano rinonyanyisa rakarambidzwa muRussia) kwenguva yakati ikozvino, ndine urombo kune tautology, kune boka rakavharwa "Moyo wakazaruka". Kune mwero wakaringana, unovheneka matroll uye mabhosi (izvo zvisingawanike kumasocial network), uye kune vakadzi vazhinji vakawana kana kurasikirwa.
Iwe unofunga kuti sarudzo yekuchengeta mwana isarudzo yemukadzi chete? Uye kwete vaviri vadyidzani? Mushure mezvose, vasikana vanowanzobvisa pamuviri pakukumbira kweshamwari yavo, murume. Munofunga kuti varume vane kodzero here pane izvi? Izvi zvinobatwa sei kune dzimwe nyika?
Chokwadika, murume haana kodzero yepamutemo yokurayira kuti mukadzi abvise pamuviri. Mukadzi anogona kuramba kufurirwa oramba. Uye anogona kukundwa - uye kubvumirana. Zviri pachena kuti murume munyika ipi neipi anokwanisa kushandisa pfungwa dzepfungwa pamukadzi. Musiyano pakati pemamiriro eGerman neRussia mune izvi zvinhu zviviri.
Chekutanga, ndiwo musiyano wemakuriro netsika dzetsika. VokuMadokero kweEurope vanodzidziswa kubvira pauduku kudzivirira miganhu yavo yomunhu oga nokuremekedza vamwe. Ivo vanongwarira zvakanyanya kune chero manipulations uye psychological pressure.
Chechipiri, mutsauko mumagariro vimbiso. Kutaura zvazviri, mukadzi wekuMadokero, kunyangwe asingashande, asi anotsamira pamurume wake (izvo zvisingawanzoitiki), ane mhando ye "cushion yekuchengetedza" kana akasiiwa nemwana. Anogona kuva nechokwadi chokuti achawana rubatsiro rwemagariro evanhu, izvo munhu anogona kunyatsorarama, zvisinei, zvisinganyanyi kukosha, kuderedzwa kubva pamuhoro wababa vemwana, pamwe chete nemamwe mabhonasi emunhu ari mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma - kubva kune chiremba wepfungwa. kune social worker.
Pane chinhu chakadai se "maoko asina chinhu". Paunenge uchitarisira mwana, asi nokuda kwechimwe chikonzero iwe unorasikirwa naye, unonzwa nemweya wako nemuviri kumativi ose awa kuti maoko ako haana chinhu, kuti havana izvo zvinofanira kuvapo.
Zvinosuruvarisa, mukadzi weRussia anonyanya kunetseka mumamiriro ezvinhu apo mudiwa wacho asingadi mwana, asi iye anoda.
Chisarudzo chekupedzisira, hongu, chinoramba chiri nemukadzi. Zvisinei, munyaya yesarudzo ye "pro-life", anofanira kuziva kuti ari kutora mutoro wakawanda kudarika mukadzi weGermany ane zvikonzero, kuti haazove nemagariro evanhu, uye alimony, kana iripo, inoseka. .
Kana zviri zvemutemo: Vanachiremba veGerman vakandiudza kuti kana zvasvika pakubvisa nhumbu, toti, nekuda kweDown syndrome, vane mirairo yekunyatso tarisa vaviri vacho. Uye, kana pane kufungidzira kuti mukadzi anosarudza kubvisa pamuviri pasi pekumanikidzwa kubva kune mumwe wake, vanokurumidza kupindura, kutora matanho, kukoka chiremba wepfungwa, kutsanangurira mukadzi kuti ndezvipi zvikomborero zvevanhu iye nemwana wake asati aberekwa vane kodzero kana iye ari. born. Mukutaura, ivo vanoita zvese zvavanogona kuti vamubvise mukumanikidzwa uku uye kumupa mukana wekuita sarudzo yakazvimirira.
Wakazvarira vana kupi? MuRussia? Uye kuberekwa kwavo kwakavabetsera kukurira nhamo yacho here?
Mwanasikana mukuru Sasha akanga atovapo pandakarasikirwa nemwana. Ndakamuberekera muRussia, muchipatara cheLyubertsy maternity, muna 2004. Akasununguka mubhadharo, "pasi pechibvumirano." Musikana wangu uye wandaimbofambidzana naye vaivepo pakuzvarwa (Sasha Sr., baba vaSasha Jr., vaisagona kuvapo, iye aigara muLatvia uye zvese zvaive, sezvavanotaura ikozvino, "zvakaoma"). takapiwa wadhi chaiyo ine shawa uye bhora guru rerabha.
Zvese izvi zvaive zvakanaka uye zvakasununguka, kwaziso chete kubva kuSoviet yapfuura yaive mukadzi wechikuru wekuchenesa aine bhaketi uye mop, uyo akatyora kaviri mune iyi idyll yedu, akageza zvine hukasha pasi pasi pedu uye akanyarara achizvitaurira pasi pekufema kwake. : “Tarirai zvavakagadzira! Vanhuwo zvavo vanozvara vakazvambarara.
Ndakanga ndisina epidural anesthesia panguva yekusununguka, nokuti, sezvinofungidzirwa, zvakaipa kumwoyo (gare gare, chiremba wandaiziva akandiudza kuti panguva iyoyo muimba yeLyubertsy chimwe chinhu chakanga chisina kunaka neanesthesia - chii chaizvo chakanga "chisina kunaka" , Handizive). Mwanasikana wangu paakazvarwa, chiremba akaedza kutsveta chigero muaimbova mukomana wangu ndokuti, "Baba vanofanira kucheka rukuvhute." Akawira muhope, asi shamwari yangu yakaponesa mamiriro acho - akatora chigero kubva kwaari ndokucheka chimwe chinhu ipapo pachake. Pashure paikoko, takapiwa kamuri remhuri, umo tose tiri vana—kubatanidza mwana achangobva kuberekwa—ndokupedza usiku hwose. Kazhinji, maonero acho akanga akanaka.
Ndakaberekera gotwe rangu, Leva, muLatvia, muchipatara chakaisvonaka cheJurmala, aiva nechirwere cheshuramatongo, nomurume wangu wandinoda. Kuzvarwa uku kunotsanangurwa kumagumo kwebhuku rinonzi Tarisa paari. Uye, chokwadi, kuberekwa kwemwanakomana kwakandibatsira zvikuru.
Pane chinhu chakadai se "maoko asina chinhu". Paunenge uchitarisira mwana, asi nokuda kwechimwe chikonzero iwe unorasikirwa nayo, unonzwa nemweya wako nemuviri kumativi ose awa kuti maoko ako haana chinhu, kuti havana izvo zvinofanira kunge zviripo - mwana wako. Mwanakomana akazadza nzvimbo iyi kwaari pachake, mumuviri chete. Asi iye wapamberi pake, handifi ndakamukanganwa. Uye handidi kukanganwa.