Mapapu (kubva kuLatin pulmo, -onis) zvimiro zvehurongwa hwekufema, huri mukati membabvu.

nzvimbo. Vaviri munhamba, mapapu ari mu thorax, kunyanya mukati me thoracic cage maanogara mazhinji ayo. Mapapu maviri, kurudyi nekuruboshwe, anopatsanurwa ne mediastinum, iri pakati uye inoumbwa kunyanya yemoyo (1) (2).

Pleural cavity. Bapu rega rega rakakomberedzwa ne pleural cavity (3), iyo inoumbwa kubva kune maviri membranes:

• chikamu chemukati, chinosangana nemapapu, chinonzi pulmonary pleura;
• chikamu chekunze, chinosangana nemadziro echipfuva, chinonzi parietal pleura.

Iyi mhango inoumbwa ne serous fluid, iyo transudate, inobvumira mapapu kutsvedza. Iyo seti inobatsirawo kuchengetedza mapapu uye kudzivirira kubva pakudonha.

Kuumbwa kwese kwemapapu. Kurudyi uye kuruboshwe mapapu akabatanidzwa nebronchi uye trachea.

• Trachea. Iyo trachea, nzira yekufema inobva mudokoriro, inopfuura pakati pemapapu maviri pamativi awo epamusoro uye inoparadzaniswa kuva maviri kurudyi nekuruboshwe bronchi.
• Bronchi. Imwe neimwe bronchus inopinzwa pamwero wemapapu. Mukati memapapu, bronchi inopatsanura kuita zvimiro zvidiki uye zvidiki kusvika kune terminal bronchioles.

Pyramidal muchimiro, mapapu ane zviso zvakati wandei:

• Chiso chekunze, chakabatana kune inodhura grill;
• Chiso chemukati, apo bronchi inoiswa uye mitsipa yeropa inotenderera;
• Chigadziko, chakazorora pa diaphragm.

Mapapu akaumbwawo nemalobe, akapatsanurwa nematsenga: maviri emapapu ekuruboshwe uye matatu emapapu ekurudyi (2).

Lobe chimiro. Lobe yega yega inogadzirwa uye inoshanda semapapu madiki. Iwo ane matavi ebronchi pamwe chete nemapulmonary arteries uye tsinga. Mhedziso yebronchi, inonzi terminal bronchioles, inoumba sac: the acinus. Iyo yekupedzisira inoumbwa nematenti akati wandei: iyo pulmonary alveoli. Iyo acinus ine mudhuri wakatetepa kwazvo unosangana nemhepo inobva kubronchioles uye network inoumbwa nemidziyo yepulmonary capillary (2).

Kaviri vascularization. Mapapu anogamuchira kaviri vascularization:

• a functional vascularization inoumbwa ne network ye pulmonary arteries uye tsinga, zvichiita kuti zvikwanisike kuisa oksijeni muropa;
• Nutritive vascularization inoumbwa nebronchial arteries uye tsinga, zvichiita kuti zvikwanise kupa zvinhu zvinokosha zvekushanda kwakakodzera kwemapapu (2).

Mapapu anoita basa rakakosha pakufema uye kupa oxygen muropa.

Pneumothorax. Iyi pathology inoenderana nekupinda kwemweya zvisina kujairika mu pleural cavity, nzvimbo iri pakati pemapapu nembabvu cage. Inoratidza sekurwadziwa kwechipfuva kwakanyanya, dzimwe nguva kunobatanidza nekunetseka kufema (3).

Pneumonia. Chirwere ichi chirwere chekufema chinobata zvakananga mapapu. Iyo alveoli inobatwa uye inozadzwa nepus uye fluid, zvichikonzera matambudziko ekufema. Utachiona hunogona kunyanya kukonzerwa nebhakitiriya, mavhairasi kana fungi (4).

TB. Ichi chirwere chinoenderana nehutachiona hwehutachiona hunowanzowanikwa mumapapu. Zviratidzo zvechikosoro chisingaperi nekudeuka kweropa, kupisa muviri kwakanyanya nekudikitira husiku, uye kuonda (5).

Pachirwere bronchitis. Iyi pathology inokonzerwa nehutachiona, kazhinji hutachiona, mubronchi. Kakawanda munguva yechando, inokonzera chikosoro uye fivha.

Kanza yemaperembudzi. Masero akashata emamota anogona kukura mumapapu uye bronchi. Gomarara rerudzi urwu nderimwe remakonzo atekeshera pasi rose (6).

Kurapwa. Zvichienderana nechirwere chinowanikwa, mishonga yakasiyana inogona kurongerwa senge antibiotics kana analgesics.

Kuvhiya kurapa. Zvichienderana nechirwere chakaonekwa, kuvhiyiwa kunogona kudikanwa.

Kuongorora kwepanyama. Ongororo yekufema, kufema, mapapu uye zviratidzo zvinonzwisiswa nemurwere zvinoitiswa kuitira kuongorora chirwere.

Chiremba imaging bvunzo. Radiology yemapapu, chest CT, MRI kana lung scintigraphy inogona kuitwa kusimbisa kuongororwa.

Kuongorora kwechiremba. Kuti uone mamwe ma pathologies, kuongororwa kweropa kana kuongororwa kwepulmonary secretions, senge cytobacteriological kuongorora sputum (ECBC), inogona kuitwa.

Kuwanikwa kwechirwere cherurindi. Tuberculosis chirwere chinozivikanwa kubva kuAntiquity uye chakatsanangurwa zvakanyanya naHippocrates. Zvisinei, pathogen inokonzera chirwere ichi haina kuzivikanwa kusvika 1882 nachiremba weGermany Robert Koch. Akatsanangura utachiona, uye kunyanya tubercle bacillus, inonzi Koch's bacillus kana Mycobacterium tuberculosis (5).