Mukati
Marabhoni epingi nebhuruu, makirabhu emitambo evakomana nevasikana, mabasa evarume nevakadzi… Izana ramakore rechi XNUMX, asi nyika ichiri kurarama maererano nemaitiro akazvarwa kare muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Neuroscientist akazununguka panzvimbo tsvene yezvitsvene - ngano yekusiyana kwehupenyu pakati pehuropi hwemurume nemukadzi, iyo yakashongedzwa nesainzi yemazuva ano.
Pachine vakadzi vashoma kakawanda mune sainzi, zvematongerwo enyika, uye manejimendi epamusoro. Vanobhadharwa zvishoma pane varume vari munzvimbo dzakafanana. Uyezve, izvi zvinoonekwa kunyange munyika dziri kufambira mberi umo kuenzana kwevarume nevakadzi kuri kuziviswa.
Gender Brain naNeuroscientist Gina Rippon hachisi chombo chitsva mukurwira kodzero dzevakadzi pasi rese nekuda kwekodzero dzavo. Iyi ishungu - ingangoita mazana mashanu mapeji - kuongororwa kwezvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakaitwa kweanopfuura zana, zvichireva zvidzidzo zvekutanga zvakaitwa kare muzana ramakore rechi500, kune kwakabva stereotype yekuti kune musiyano wechisikigo pakati pehuropi hwechirume nedzechikadzi.
Ndiyo iyi stereotype, maererano nemunyori, yave ichitsausa kwete sainzi chete, asiwo nzanga kweanoda kusvika zana nehafu.
Iri bhuku kuedza chaiko kupikisa chirevo chekuti uropi hwechirume neimwe nzira huri pamusoro pechikadzi uye zvinopesana. Sei stereotype yakadaro yakaipa - yave iripo kwenguva yakareba, wadii kuramba uchiitevera? Stereotypes anoisa matani pahuropi hwedu hunoshanduka, hwepurasitiki, anodaro Gina Rippon.
Saka hongu, zvakakosha kurwisana navo. Kusanganisira nerubatsiro rweneurobiology uye hutsva hwekugona kugona kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Munyori akatevera "kupomera uropi" mushandirapamwe mumakore uye akaona "kushingairira masayendisiti kutsvaga iwo misiyano muuropi iyo yaizoisa mukadzi munzvimbo yake."
"Kana imwe parameter inoratidzira nzvimbo yakaderera yemukadzi isipo, saka inofanira kugadzirwa!" Uye uku kupenga kwekuyera kunoenderera mberi muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX.
Charles Darwin paakaburitsa bhuku rake reshanduko On the Origin of Species muna 1859 uye The Descent of Man muna 1871, masayendisiti aive nehwaro hutsva hwekutsanangura hunhu hwevanhu - mabviro ebhayoloji ehunhu hwemunhu uye hwepfungwa, izvo zvakava nzvimbo yakanaka yekutsanangura. misiyano. pakati pevarume nevakadzi.
Uyezve, Darwin akagadzira dzidziso yekusarudzwa kwepabonde - nezvekukwezva pabonde uye kusarudzwa kwemudiwa wekuroora.
Akatsanangura zvakajeka miganhu yemikana yevakadzi: mukadzi ari padanho rakaderera rekushanduka-shanduka maererano nemurume, uye kukwanisa kubereka kwevakadzi ndiro basa rake rinokosha. Uye haadi zvachose hunhu hwepamusoro hwepfungwa hwakapihwa murume. “Chaizvoizvo, Darwin akanga achitaura kuti kuedza kudzidzisa mukadzi worudzi urwu chimwe chinhu kana kuti kumupa kuzvimirira kwaigona kungovhiringidza muitiro uyu,” muongorori anotsanangura kudaro.
Asi maitiro achangoburwa ehafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX uye kutanga kwechishanu anoratidza kuti nhanho yedzidzo nekuita njere kwevakadzi hakuvadzivise kuita vanaamai.
Mahomoni ane mhosva here?
Muhurukuro ipi neipi pamusoro pekusiyana kwepabonde muuropi hwevanhu, mubvunzo unowanzomuka: "Zvakadini nehomoni?". Iyo "out of control mahormone" yakatotaurwa naMacGregor Allan muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX paakataura nezvedambudziko rekuenda kumwedzi yakava tsananguro ine fashoni yekuti sei vakadzi vasingafanirwe kupihwa chero simba kana chiremera.
"Zvinofadza, World Health Organization yakaita zvidzidzo zvakawana kusiyana kwetsika mukunyunyuta kune chokuita nechikamu chekuenda kumwedzi," munyori anopikisa. - Kuchinja kwemaitiro kwakashumwa nevakadzi chete vanobva kuWestern Europe, Australia neNorth America; vakadzi vanobva kutsika dzokumabvazuva, dzakadai sokuChina, vaiwanzoshuma zviratidzo zvomuviri, zvakadai sokuzvimba, uye kashoma kushuma zvinetso zvemirangariro.”
MuMadokero, pfungwa ye<em>premenstrual syndrome (PMS) yakagamuchirwa zvakafara zvikuru zvokuti yazova rudzi rwo“uporofita hunozadzika nenzira isingadzivisiki.”
PMS yakashandiswa kududzira zviitiko zvinogona kungotsanangurwawo nezvimwe zvinhu. Mune kumwe kuongorora, vakadzi vaiwanzofunga kuti kuenda kumwedzi kwavo kunokonzerwa nokusagadzikana mupfungwa, kunyange kana zvimwe zvikonzero zvakanyatsobatanidzwa.
Mune imwe nzvero, zvakawanwa kuti apo mukadzi akatsauswa mukuratidzira mipimo yomuviri wake inoratidzira nguva isati yasvika kumwedzi, aiwanzotaura zviratidzo zvisina kunaka kupfuura mukadzi aifunga kuti yakanga isati yava nguva yePMS. Ehe, vamwe vakadzi vanogona kusangana nekunzwa kusingafadzi kwemuviri uye manzwiro nekuda kwekuchinja kwemazinga ehomoni, iyo biologist inosimbisa.
Sekuona kwake, stereotype yePMS yaive muenzaniso wakanaka kwazvo wemutambo wekupomera uye biological determinism. Humbowo hukuru hwedzidziso iyi kusvika pari zvino hwakavakirwa pakuedza kwemazinga ehomoni yemhuka uye kupindira kukuru kwakadai seoophorectomy uye gonadectomy, asi manipulations akadaro haagone kudzokororwa muvanhu.
"Muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, kutsvagisa kwese kwemahomoni, anofungidzirwa kuti isimba rehupenyu rinotaridza huropi uye mutsauko wehunhu pakati pevarume nevakadzi, hakuna kuunza mhinduro chaiyo inogona kupa zvidzidzo zvemhuka. Ehezve, mahomoni ane simba rakakura pane zvese zvipenyu maitiro, uye mahomoni ane chekuita nekusiyana kwepabonde hakunawo.
Asi zvakanyanya kuoma kuratidza fungidziro yekuti pesvedzero yehomoni inotambanukira kune hunhu hwehuropi.
Zviri pachena kuti zvipingamupinyi zvehutsika pakuedza kwevanhu nemahomoni hazvigoneki, Gina Rippon anogutsikana. Naizvozvo, hapana humbowo hweiyi fungidziro. "Ongororo ichangoburwa yakaitwa nenyanzvi yezveuropiyo Sari van Anders weYunivhesiti yeMichigan nevamwe inoratidza kuti hukama huripo pakati pemahomoni nemaitiro huchaongororwa zvakanyanya muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, kunyanya maererano nebasa rinofungidzirwa re testosterone mukurwiswa kwevarume uye kukwikwidza.
Isu tinoona pesvedzero yakasimba yenzanga uye rusaruro rwayo sekuchinja-chinja uropi, uye zviri pachena kuti nyaya yacho yakafanana nemahomoni. Nekudaro, mahomoni anorukwa muhukama hwehuropi nenharaunda, "anodaro munyori webhuku.
Murangariro wakapfava unokotama kunyika inoshanduka
Muna 2017, chirongwa cheBBC No More Boys neVasikana chakaita ongororo pamusoro pehuwandu hwepabonde uye stereotypes pakati pevasikana nevakomana vane makore XNUMX. Masayendisiti akabvisa zvese zvingangoita stereotype zviratidzo kubva mukirasi ndokuzotarisa vana kwemavhiki matanhatu. Vatsvakurudzi vaida kuona kuti izvi zvaizochinja sei kuzvibata kana maitiro evana.
Zvigumisiro zvekuongorora kwekutanga zvakasuruvarisa: vasikana vose vaida kuva vakanaka, uye vakomana vaida kuva vatungamiri. Mukuwedzera, vasikana vemakore 7 vaiva nekuremekedza zvishoma kudarika vakomana. Mudzidzisi akashandisa zvikumbiro zvevakadzi kuvana: "shamwari" yevakomana, "ruva" yevasikana, vachifunga kuti iyi "yepamusoro" mudziyo.
Vasikana vaitarisira pasi hunyanzvi hwavo mumitambo yesimba uye vaichema kana vakawana zvibodzwa zvepamusoro-soro, nepo vakomana, pane kudaro, vaifungidzira uye vaichema nemufaro pavakakundwa. Asi mumavhiki matanhatu chete, mamiriro ezvinhu akachinja zvikuru: vasikana vakawana kuzvivimba uye vakadzidza kuti zvinonakidza sei kutamba bhora nevakomana.
Kuedza uku ndehumwe humbowo hwekuti kusiyana kwevarume nevakadzi muchero wekurerwa kwevanhu, uye kwete biological predisposition zvachose.
Iyo inonyanya kukosha kuwanikwa musainzi yehuropi mumakore makumi matatu apfuura yakange iri plasticity yeuropi, kwete chete mushure mekuzvarwa, asiwo mumakore ekupedzisira ehupenyu. Uropi hunochinja neruzivo, nezvinhu zvatinoita uye, zvinoshamisa, zvinhu zvatisingaite.
Kuwanikwa kwe "experience-based plasticity" iyo inowanikwa muuropi muhupenyu hwese yakakwevera pfungwa kune yakakosha basa renyika yakatitenderedza. Hupenyu hunotungamirwa nemunhu, mabasa ake ehunyanzvi uye mutambo waanofarira - zvese izvi zvinokanganisa uropi hwake. Hapana anobvunza zvakare kuti chii chinoumba uropi, zvisikwa kana kurera.
"Chimiro" cheuropi chakanyatsopindirana ne "dzidzo" inoshandura uropi uye inogadziriswa nehupenyu hwehupenyu hwemunhu. Uchapupu hwepurasitiki mukuita hunogona kuwanikwa mune nyanzvi, vanhu vanobudirira mune imwe nzvimbo kana imwe.
Huropi hwavo huchange hwakasiyana nehuropi hwevanhuwo zvavo uye huropi hwavo huchagadzirisa ruzivo rwehunyanzvi zvakasiyana here?
Sezvineiwo, vanhu vakadaro havana matarenda chete, asiwo chido chekushanda se "guinea pigs" kune neuroscientists. Misiyano yezvimiro zvehuropi hwavo, zvichienzaniswa nehuropi hwe "vanhuwo zvavo", inogona kutsanangurwa zvakachengeteka nehunyanzvi hunyanzvi - vaimbi vanoridza zviridzwa zvine tambo vane nzvimbo yakakura yemotor cortex inodzora ruoko rweruboshwe, nepo keyboardists. iva nenzvimbo yakagadziridzwa yeruoko rwerudyi.
Chikamu chehuropi chinokonzera kuwirirana kwemaoko-ziso uye kugadzirisa kukanganisa kunowedzerwa muvakwikwidzi vakatanhamara, uye mambure anobatanidza kuronga kwekufamba uye nzvimbo dzekuuraya dzine ndangariro yenguva pfupi inova yakakura mumakwikwi ejudo. Uye hazvina basa kuti mutsimbi kana mukwikwidzi munhukadzi.
Bhuruu nepingi huropi
Mubvunzo wekutanga wakabvunzwa nemasayendisiti pavakawana ruzivo rwehuropi hwevacheche waive wekusiyana kwenjere dzevasikana nevakomana. Imwe yedzakanyanya fungidziro mune zvese "zvinopomerwa zveuropi" ndezvekuti uropi hwemukadzi hwakasiyana nehuropi hwemurume nekuti hunotanga kukura zvakasiyana uye misiyano inorongwa uye iri pachena kubva kumatanho ekutanga anogona kuongororwa chete.
Zvechokwadi, kunyange kana pfungwa dzevasikana nevakomana dzichitanga kukura nenzira imwe cheteyo, pane uchapupu hwakasimba hwokuti pfungwa dzekupedzisira dzinokura nokukurumidza kupfuura dzepakutanga (neanenge 200 cubic millimeters pazuva). Uku kukura kunotora nguva yakareba uye kunoguma nehuropi hukuru.
Huwandu hwehuropi hwevakomana hunosvika pahurefu hwahwo paanenge makore gumi nemana, kuvasikana zera iri rinenge makore gumi nerimwe. Paavhareji, pfungwa dzevakomana dzakakura ne14% pane dzevasikana. Mukuwedzera, kukura kwakanyanya kwegrey uye chena muvasikana kunoitika kare (yeuka kuti mushure mekukura kwakasimba kwegrey, inzwi rayo rinotanga kuderera semugumisiro wekuchekerera).
Zvisinei, kana tikacherechedza kururamisa kwehuwandu hwehuropi hwehuwandu, saka hapana misiyano inoramba iripo.
Gene Rippon anonyora kuti: “Ukuru hwose hwouropi hahufaniri kurangarirwa sechinhu chine chokuita nezvakanakira kana kuti zvakaipa. - Yakayerwa macrostructures inogona kunge isingaratidzi iyo yepabonde dimorphism yezvinhu zvinoshanda zvakakosha, senge interneuronal kubatana uye receptor kugovera density.
Izvi zvinoratidzira kusiyanisa kunoshamisa kwehukuru hwehuropi uye nzira dzekukura dzemunhu dzinoonekwa muboka iri rakanyatsosarudzwa revana vane hutano. Muvana vezera rimwe chetero vanokura nokukura zvakanaka, misiyano ye50 muzana muhukuru hwouropi inogona kuonwa, uye naizvozvo kuri madikanwa kududzira ukoshi hunoshanda hwevhoriyamu yakakwana youropi nokungwarira zvikuru.”
Pasinei nokuti inowanzogamuchirwa kutaura pamusoro pekuvapo kweasymmetry yakawanda yeuropi kubva pakuberekwa, kuvapo kwekusiyana kwepabonde kunogona kunzi nyaya inokakavara. Muna 2007, masayendisiti kuGilmore's lab kuyera huwandu hwehuropi akawana kuti mapatani easymmetry akafanana muvacheche vechikadzi nevechirume. Makore matanhatu gare gare, boka rimwechete revasayendisiti rakashandisa zvimwe zviratidzo, nzvimbo yepamusoro uye kudzika kwe convolutions (kuora mwoyo pakati pemapeta e medulla).
Muchiitiko ichi, mamwe maitiro e-asymmetry akaita seakawanikwa. Semuenzaniso, imwe ye "convolutions" yehuropi murudyi hemisphere yakaonekwa yakadzika 2,1 millimeters muvakomana pane vasikana. Kusiyana kwakadaro kunogona kuonekwa se "zvishoma zvishoma".
Nemasvondo makumi maviri munhu mutsva asati asvika, nyika inenge yatovarongedza mubhokisi repingi kana bhuruu. Pazera remakore matatu, vana vanogovera varume kune matoyi, zvichienderana neruvara rwavo. Pink nepepuru ndezvevasikana, bhuruu nebrown ndezvevakomana.
Pane hwaro hwebhayoloji hwezvido zviri kubuda here? Dzinooneka kare kare uye hadzizoshanduki muupenyu hwose here?
Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzekuAmerica Vanessa Lobou naJudy Deloah vakaita ongororo inonakidza yevana mazana maviri kubva pamwedzi minomwe kusvika kumakore mashanu uye vakanyatsotarisisa kuti sarudzo iyi inotanga sei. Vatori vechikamu mukuedza vakaratidzwa zvinhu zvakapetwa, chimwe chazvo chaigara chiri pink. Mhedzisiro yacho yaive pachena: kusvika pazera ramakore maviri, hapana vakomana kana vasikana vakaratidza kuda pink.
Nekudaro, mushure mechiitiko ichi, zvese zvakachinja zvakanyanya: vasikana vakaratidza kufarira zvakanyanya zvinhu zvepinki, uye vakomana vakazviramba. Izvi zvainyanya kuoneka muvana vane makore matatu ezera zvichikwira. Chinonyanya kukosha ndechokuti vana, vakambodzidza mazita echikadzi, vanochinja maitiro avo.
Nokudaro, masayendisiti anonzvera uropi hwomucheche ari mumapoka akavhengana haaoni musiyano mukuru pakati pevakomana nevasikana. Saka ndiani ari kufambisa nyaya yekusiyana kwevakadzi? Zvinoita sekuti haisi biology yevanhu zvachose, asi nzanga.