Mandible (kubva kuLatin mandibula, shaya) chikamu cheskeleton yechiso uye inoumba bhonzo reshaya yepasi.

mamiriro. Mandible ibhonzo risinganzwisisike rinotaurirana nedehenya kuita shaya yezasi. Bopa guru uye rakasimba zvikuru kumeso, mandible inoumbwa nezvikamu zviviri (1) (2):

• Muviri. Chikamu chakachinjika muchimiro chebhiza, muviri unoumba chirebvu. Kumucheto kwepamusoro kwemuviri, mandible yakavharwa kunze nemaburi panopinzwa mazino ezasi.
• The mandibular rami. Iyo mandible ine matavi maviri kune rimwe divi remuviri. Aya mandibular rami anodudza pamwe chete nepamusoro pedehenya. Kona iri pakati pe ramus yega yega nemuviri we mandible inoumba mandibular angle. Misoro ye mandibular ramus inogadzirwa neiyo mandibular notch yakaganhurwa:

  - iyo coronoid process ye mandible, iri kumberi kwechiso, uye kushanda sechibatanidzwa kune yenguva tsandanyama, iyo yekupedzisira ine basa rekusimudza mandible panguva yekutsenga.

  - iyo mandibular condyle, iri kuseri kwechiso, uye ichitaura nefupa renguva kuti iite temporomandibular joint, inobatanidzwa mukufamba kweiyo mandible.

Kugara uye vascularization. Iyo mandible ine akasiyana foramina ayo ari orifices anobvumira kupfuura kwetsinga kana midziyo. Pamwero we rami, mandibular foramina inobvumira kupfuura kwetsinga apo pachiyero chemuviri, iyo yepfungwa foramina inobvumira kupfuura kwetsinga nemidziyo yeropa yakananga kuchirebvu nechepazasi muromo.

Kuburikidza nejoint temporomandibular, mandible inoita mafambiro akasiyana.

• Kudzikisa / kusimudza. Inoita kuvhura nekuvhara kufamba kwemuromo.
• Propulsion / reverse propulsion. Iyo propulsion inoenderana nekudzika uye kumberi kutsvedza kwe mandible. Iyo retropulsion inoenderana nereverse movement.
• Diduction. Inopindirana nekufamba kwemashure kwe mandible.

Basa muchikafu. Mandible anoita basa rakakosha pakutsenga chikafu.

Basa mukutaura. Mandible ane basa guru pakutaura sezvo achibvumira muromo kushama.

Mandible fracture. Muchiitiko chekukanganisa kwakananga, mandible inogona kutyoka. Kutyoka kwakanyanya ndekweya mandibular condyle. Zviratidzo zvinosanganisira kurwadziwa kwakanyanya uye kufamba kusiri kujairika kwemandible (3).

Temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome. Zviratidzo izvi zvinosanganisira marwadzo pakuvhura muromo, ruzha rwemajoini sekudzvanya, kufamba kusiri kujairika kweshaya kana kunyange tinnitus (4).

Kurapwa kwemishonga. Zvichienderana nehutachiona, marapirwo akasiyana-siyana anorayirwa senge painkillers, anti-inflammatories kana antibiotics.

Kuvhiya kurapwa. Muchiitiko chekuputsika, kupindira kwekuvhiya kunogona kuitwa, semuenzaniso, kuiswa kwezviputi uye mahwendefa.

Orthopedic kurapwa. Zvichienderana nehurwere, kuiswa kwechigadzirwa chemapfupa kunogona kuitwa.

Kuongorora kwepanyama. Kutanga, kuongororwa kwekiriniki kunoitwa kuitira kucherechedza uye kuongorora zviratidzo zvinoonekwa nemurwere.

Medical imaging kuongorora. CT scan, MRI, kana orthopantomogram inogona kushandiswa kusimbisa kuongororwa mune mandible.

Muna 2013, chimedu che mandible chakawanikwa munzvimbo yeAfar yeEthiopiya. Kufambidzana kumashure kwe2,8 bhiriyoni makore, inofungidzirwa kuti ndicho chekare chidimbu cherudzi rwacho Homo kuwanikwa kusvika parizvino (5).