“Handioni chikonzero chezvikara zvenyama. Ndinodavira kuti kudya nyama kwakafanana nokuparadza pasi.” - Heather Mudiki, muimbi anotungamira weM People.
Nekuda kwekuti mhuka zhinji dzekurima muEurope neUnited States dzinochengetwa mumatanga, mupfudze nemarara zvakawanda zvinoungana, izvo pasina anoziva pekuisa. Mupfudze wakawandisa kuti uise fetereza muminda uye zvinhu zvine muchetura zvakawandisa zvinokandwa munzizi. Mupfudze uyu unonzi "slurry" (izwi rinonzwikwa kutapira rinoshandiswa kureva tsvina yemvura) worasira "slurry" iyi mumadziva anonzi (tenda usatenda) "lagoons".
MuGermany neHolland chete anenge matani matatu e "slurry" anowira pamhuka imwe chete, iyo, kazhinji, matani mamiriyoni 200! Ingori kuburikidza nekutevedzana kwakaomarara kwemakemikari maitiro ayo asidhi inoputika kubva kune slurry uye inoshanduka kuita kune acidic kunaya. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeEurope, slurry ndiyo chete inokonzera mvura yeasidhi, inokonzera kukanganisa kukuru kwezvakatipoteredza - kuparadza miti, kuuraya hupenyu hwose munzizi nemakungwa, kukuvadza ivhu.
Mizhinjisa yeBlack Forest yeGermany zvino yava kufa, muSweden dzimwe nzizi dzinenge dzisina upenyu, muHolland 90 muzana yemiti yose yakafa nemvura ine acid inokonzerwa nemadziva akadaro ane tsvina yenguruve. Kana tikatarisa mhiri kweEurope, tinoona kuti kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kunokonzerwa nemhuka dzepapurazi kwakatokura.
Rimwe rematambudziko akakomba kuchenesa masango emvura kuti pave nemafuro. Masango emusango anochinjwa kuva mafuro ezvipfuyo, izvo nyama yadzo inobva yatengeswa kuEurope neUnited States kugadzira mahamburger nemachop. Inowanikwa pese pane sango remvura, asi kunyanya muCentral neSouth America. Handisi kutaura nezvemuti mumwe kana mitatu, asi minda yose yakakura yeBelgium inotemwa gore negore.
Kubva muna 1950, hafu yemasango anogara achinaya mvura munyika yose yakaparadzwa. Uyu ndiwo mutemo wekuona kwenguva pfupi ungafungidzike, nokuti ivhu remusango mumasango ane mvura yakaonda zvikuru uye ishoma uye inoda kuchengetedzwa pasi pedenga remiti. Semafuro, anogona kushanda kwenguva pfupi. Kana mombe dzichidya mumunda wakadaro kwemakore matanhatu kusvika manomwe, ipapo kunyange uswa hahukwanisi kukura pavhu iri, uye hunoshanduka kuva guruva.
Ndeapi mabhenefiti eaya masango anonaya mvura, ungabvunza? Hafu yemhuka nezvinomera zviri panyika zvinogara mumasango anogara achinaya mvura. Vakachengetedza chiyero chechisikigo chechisikigo, kutora mvura kubva mukunaya uye kushandisa, sefetiraiza, shizha rose rakadonha kana bazi. Miti inotora carbon dioxide kubva mumhepo uye inobudisa oxygen, inoshanda semapapu epasi. Mhando inoshamisa yemhuka dzesango inopa inenge zvikamu makumi mashanu kubva muzana zvemishonga yose. Kupenga kubata chimwe chezviwanikwa zvakakosha nenzira iyi, asi vamwe vanhu, varidzi veminda, vanoita hupfumi hwakakura kubva pazviri.
Huni nenyama zvavanotengesa zvinowana mhindu huru, uye apo nyika inova isingabereki, vanongopfuurira, kutema miti yakawanda, uye vanotopfuma zvikuru. Marudzi anogara mumasango aya anomanikidzwa kusiya nyika dzawo, uye dzimwe nguva anotourayiwa. Vakawanda vanorarama upenyu hwavo hwose muzvitangwena, vasina chouviri. Masango anonaya mvura zhinji anoparadzwa nehunyanzvi hunonzi kucheka nekupisa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti miti yakanakisisa inotemwa yotengeswa, uye mimwe yacho inopiswa, uye izvi zvinoparira kuwedzera kudziya kwepasi.
Kana zuva richipisa pasi, kumwe kupisa uku hakusviki pamusoro penyika, asi kunochengetwa mumhepo. (Somuenzaniso, tinopfeka majasi muchando kuitira kuti miviri yedu idziye.) Pasina uku kupisa, pasi redu raizova nzvimbo inotonhora uye isina upenyu. Asi kupisa kwakanyanya kunotungamirira kumigumisiro yakaipa. Uku kudziya kwepasi rose, uye kunoitika nekuti mamwe magasi anogadzirwa nevanhu anokwira mumhepo uye anobata kupisa kwakawanda mariri. Imwe yemagasi aya icarbon dioxide (CO2), imwe yenzira dzekugadzira gasi iri kupisa huni.
Pakutema nokupisa masango anogara achinaya mvura muSouth America, vanhu vanoita mwoto wakakura kwazvo zvokuti zvakaoma kufungidzira. Apo vazivi vemuchadenga vakatanga kuenda muchadenga vakatarisa Panyika, neziso rakashama vaingoona chisikwa chimwe chete chemaoko evanhu - The Great Wall of China. Asi kare muma1980, vaigona kuona chimwe chinhu chakasikwa nemunhu - makore makuru eutsi aibva musango reAmazonian. Sezvo masango anotemwa kuti pave nemafuro, carbon dioxide yose iyo miti nemakwenzi zvave ichitora kwemazana ezviuru zvemakore inokwira uye inoparira kudziya kwepasi.
Maererano nemishumo yehurumende pasi rose, kuita uku kwoga (nechikamu chimwe chete pazvikamu zvishanu) kunoparira kudziya kwepasi. Kana sango richitemwa uye mombe dzikafura, dambudziko rinotonyanya kuipa, nekuda kwekudya kwadzo: mhou dzinobudisa magasi uye dzinoputika muhuwandu. Methane, gasi ravanoburitsa, rinoshanda zvakapetwa makumi maviri neshanu pakuteya kupisa kupfuura carbon dioxide. Kana iwe uchifunga kuti iri harisi dambudziko, ngativerengei - Mhou dzinosvika bhiriyoni 1.3 panyika uye imwe neimwe inobereka marita angangoita 60 emethane pazuva, nokuda kwehuwandu hwematani mamiriyoni zana emethane gore negore. Kunyange mafetireza akapfapfaidzwa pasi anowedzera kudziya kwepasi kuburikidza nekubudisa nitrous oxide, gasi rinoshanda zvakapetwa ka270 (kupfuura carbon dioxide) pakuteya kupisa.
Hapana anonyatsoziva kuti kudziya kwepasi kunogona kukonzera chii. Asi chatinoziva chokwadi ndechekuti tembiricha yepasi iri kukwira zvishoma nezvishoma uye saka mazaya echando ari kutanga kunyungudika. MuAntarctica mukati memakore makumi mashanu apfuura, tembiricha dzakakwira ne50 madhigirii uye 2.5 masikweya kilometers esherufu yeaizi yakanyunguduka. Mumazuva makumi mashanu chete muna 800, makiromita 1995 echando chakanyangarika. Sezvo aizi inonyunguduka uye makungwa epasi pose achidziya, inowedzera munzvimbo uye mazinga egungwa anokwira. Pane zvakawanda zvakafanotaurwa pamusoro pehuwandu hwehuwandu hwegungwa huchakwira, kubva pamita imwe kusvika kune mashanu, asi masayendisiti akawanda anotenda kuti kukwira kwegungwa hakudzivisiki. Uye izvi zvinoreva kuti zvitsuwa zvakawanda zvakaita seSeychelles kana Maldives zvichangonyangarika uye nzvimbo dzakakura dzakadzika uye kunyange maguta ese akaita seBangkok achazara nemvura.
Kunyange nzvimbo huru dzeEgypt neBangladesh dzichapera pasi pemvura. Britain neIreland hazvizopukunyuki izvi, sekutsvagurudza kubva kuYunivhesiti yeUlster. Maguta makumi maviri neshanu ari panjodzi yemafashama anosanganisira Dublin, Aberdeen neIssex mahombekombe, North Kent nenzvimbo hombe dzeLincolnshire. Kunyange London haina kutorwa senzvimbo yakachengeteka zvachose. Mamirioni avanhu achamanikidzwa kusiya misha yavo neminda - asi vachagara kupi? Panotova nekushaya ivhu.
Zvichida mubvunzo wakaoma zvikuru ndewekuti chii chichaitika kumatanda? Ndekupi nzvimbo dzakakura dzevhu rakaomeswa nechando kumaodzanyemba nekuchamhembe mapango, anonzi Tundra. Nyika idzi idambudziko rakakura. Ivhu rakaomeswa nechando rine mamiriyoni ematani emethane, uye kana tundra ikapisa, methane gasi inokwira mumhepo. Iyo yakawanda gasi iri mumhepo, iyo yakasimba kudziya kwepasi kuchava uye kudziya kunenge kuri mu tundra, zvichingodaro. Izvi zvinonzi "positive feedback" kana maitiro akadaro atanga, haachakwanisi kumiswa.
Hapana anogona kutaura kuti mhedzisiro yeichi chiitiko ichave yakadii, asi ichave inokuvadza. Zvinosuruvarisa, izvi hazvizopedzi nyama semuparadzi wepasi rose. Kutenda kana kusatenda, Sahara Desert yaimbova yakasvibira uye ichitumbuka uye vaRoma vairima gorosi ipapo. Iye zvino zvinhu zvose zvakanyangarika, uye renje rinowedzera mberi, richipararira makore anopfuura 20 kwemakiromita 320 mune dzimwe nzvimbo. Chikonzero chikuru chemamiriro ezvinhu aya kudyisa kwembudzi, hwai, ngamera nemombe zvakapfurikidza.
Sezvo gwenga richitora nyika itsva, mapoka anofambawo, achiparadza zvose zviri munzira yavo. Iri idenderedzwa rakashata. Mombe dzichadya zvirimwa, nyika ichapera, mamiriro okunze achachinja uye kunaya kuchapera, zvinoreva kuti kana nyika yashanduka kuva gwenga, zvicharamba zvakadaro nokusingaperi. Mukuwirirana neSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzapasi Pose, nhasi, chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chapasi chave pedyo nokuva gwenga nemhaka yokusabatwa zvakanaka kwenzvimbo nokuda kwezvipfuwo zvinofura.
Uyu mutengo wakanyanya kukwira kuti ubhadhare chikafu chatisingatomboda. Nehurombo, vagadziri venyama havafanirwe kubhadhara mari yekuchenesa nharaunda kubva mukusvibiswa kwavanokonzera: hapana anopomera vagadziri venguruve kukuvadzwa kunokonzerwa nemvura ine acid kana nyama yemombe kune badlands. Zvisinei, Center for Science and Ecology muNew Delhi, India, yakaongorora marudzi akasiyana-siyana ezvigadzirwa ndokuzvipa mutengo wechokwadi unosanganisira idzi mitengo isina kushambadzwa. Zvinoenderana nekuverenga uku, hamburger imwe inofanira kudhura £40.
Vanhu vazhinji vanoziva zvishoma nezvechikafu chavanodya uye kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kunokonzerwa nechikafu ichi. Heino nzira yeAmerica yehupenyu: hupenyu hwakafanana neketani, imwe neimwe yekubatanidza inoumbwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana - mhuka, miti, nzizi, makungwa, zvipembenene, nezvimwe zvakadaro. Kana tikatyora imwe yezvisungo, tinonetesa cheni yese. Ndizvo chaizvo zvatiri kuita iye zvino. Kudzokera kugore redu rekushanduka-shanduka, newachi iri muruoko kuverenga pasi miniti yekupedzisira kusvika pakati pehusiku, zvakawanda zvinoenderana nemasekondi ekupedzisira. Maererano nemasayendisiti akawanda, chiyero chenguva chakaenzana nemararamiro echizvarwa chedu uye chichava chinhu chinouraya pakusarudza kana nyika yedu ichararama kana kuti kwete sezvatinogara mairi.
Zvinotyisa, asi tose tinogona kuita chimwe chinhu kumuponesa.