Monsoon inowanzobatanidzwa nemvura yakawanda, dutu remhepo, kana dutu. Ichi hachisi chokwadi zvachose: monsoon haisi dutu chete, asi inguva yekufamba kwemhepo pamusoro penzvimbo. Somugumisiro, panogona kuva nemvura yakawanda yezhizha uye kusanaya kwemvura pane dzimwe nguva dzegore.
Monsoon (kubva kuArabic mawsim, zvinoreva kuti “mwaka”) imhaka yemusiyano wetembiricha uri pakati penyika nenyanza, National Weather Service inotsanangura. Zuva rinodziya nyika nemvura zvakasiyana, uye mhepo inotanga "kudhonza hondo" uye inokunda mhepo inotonhora, yakanyorova kubva mugungwa. Pakupera kwenguva yemonsoon, mhepo dzinodzokera shure.
Mvura inonaya mvura inowanzouya mumwedzi yezhizha (Kubvumbi kusvika Gunyana) ichiunza mvura zhinji. Paavhareji, inenge 75% yemvura yegore negore muIndia uye inenge 50% munharaunda yeNorth America (maererano neongororo yeNOAA) inowira munguva yezhizha monsoon. Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro apa, mvura inonaya inounza mhepo yegungwa kumhara.
Dry monsoons inowanikwa munaOctober-April. Mhepo yakaoma yakawanda inouya kuIndia kubva kuMongolia uye kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweChina. Vane simba kupfuura vamwe vavo vezhizha. Edward Guinan, purofesa weruzivo rwemitumbi yomudenga nemamiriro ekunze, anotaura kuti kunaya kwemvura kwomuchando kunotanga apo “nyika inotonhora nokukurumidza kupfuura mvura uye simba guru rinowedzera pamusoro penyika, zvichiita kuti mhepo yomugungwa ibude.” Kusanaya kwemvura kuri kuuya.
Gore negore mamonsoon anoita zvakasiyana, achiunza mvura shoma kana kuti ine simba, pamwe chete nemhepo dzinomhanya dzakasiyana-siyana. The Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology yakaunganidza data rinoratidza maIndia epagore monsoon mumakore zana nemakumi mana nemashanu apfuura. Kusimba kwemamonsoons, kunozoitika, kunosiyana pamusoro pemakore 145-30. Ongororo dzenguva refu dzinoratidza kuti kune nhambo dzinonaya mvura isina kusimba, imwe yeidzi yakatanga muna 40, uye kune dzakakomba. Zvinyorwa zvazvino zve1970 zvakaratidza kuti kubva munaChikumi 2016 kusvika Gunyana 1, kunaya kwakasvika 30% yemwaka wemwaka.
Mvura yakanyanya kunaya muCherrapunji, mudunhu reMeghalaya muIndia, pakati pa1860 na1861, pakanaya 26 mm yemvura munzvimbo iyi. Nzvimbo ine avhareji yepamusoro yegore rose (zvakacherechedzwa zvakaitwa pamusoro pemakore 470) zvakare iri mudunhu reMeghalaya, uko avhareji yegumi mamirimita ekunaya kwakadonha.
Nzvimbo dzinoitika monsoon inzvimbo dzinopisa (kubva pa0 kusvika 23,5 madhigirii kuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba) uye subtropics (pakati pe23,5 ne35 madhigirii kuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba). Iyo yakasimba kwazvo monsoons inoonekwa, sekutonga, muIndia neSouth Asia, Australia neMalaysia. Monsoons inowanikwa kumaodzanyemba kweNorth America, kuCentral America, kuchamhembe kweSouth America, uyewo kuWest Africa.
Monsoon inoita basa rakasimba munzvimbo zhinji dzepasi. Kurima munyika dzakaita seIndia kunoenderana zvakanyanya nemwaka wekunaya kwemvura. Maererano neNational Geographic, zvidyarwa zvemagetsi emagetsi zvinorongawo kushanda kwadzo zvichienderana nemwaka wemonsoon.
Kana mafashama epasi achingonaya mvura shoma, zvirimwa hazviwani hunyoro hwakakwana uye mari yekurima inodzikira. Kugadzirwa kwemagetsi kuri kuderera, izvo zvinongokwana kune zvinodiwa nemakambani makuru, magetsi anodhura uye anova asingasviki kumhuri dzine urombo. Nekuda kwekushaikwa kwezvigadzirwa zvechikafu, zvinhu zvinotengeswa kubva kune dzimwe nyika zviri kuwedzera.
Munguva yekunaya kwemvura, mafashamo anogoneka, achikonzera kukanganisa kwete zvirimwa chete, asiwo kuvanhu nemhuka. Mvura yakawandisa inoita kuti zvirwere zvipararire: cholera, marariya, pamwe nezvirwere zvemudumbu nemaziso. Zvizhinji zvezvirwere izvi zvinoparadzirwa nemvura, uye nzvimbo dzemvura dzakaremerwa hadzisi basa rekuchenesa mvura yekunwa uye yezvinodiwa mumba.
INorth America monsoon system inokonzerawo kutanga kwemwaka wemoto kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweUnited States uye kuchamhembe kweMexico, mushumo weNOAA unoti, nekuda kwekuwedzera kwemheni kunokonzerwa nekuchinja kwekumanikidza uye kupisa. Mune mamwe matunhu, makumi ezviuru zvekurova kwemheni anoonekwa husiku humwe, zvichikonzera moto, kupera simba uye kukuvara kwakanyanya kuvanhu.
Boka revasayendisiti kubva kuMalaysia rinoyambira kuti nekuda kwekudziya kwepasi, kuwedzera kwekunaya panguva yezhizha monsoons kunofanirwa kutarisirwa mumakore anotevera 50-100. Magasi e<em>greenhouse, akadai se<em>carbon dioxide, anobatsira kubata hunyoro hwakatowanda mumhepo, hunonaya panzvimbo dzakatofashukira. Munguva yemwaka wakaoma wemonsoon, nyika ichaoma zvakanyanya nekuda kwekuwedzera kwekushisa kwemhepo.
Nenguva diki diki, kunaya panguva yezhizha monsoon inogona kuchinja nekuda kwekusvibiswa kwemhepo. El Niño (kushanduka kwekushisa pamusoro pePacific Ocean) inokanganisawo monsoon yeIndia munguva pfupi uye kwenguva refu, vanodaro vatsvakurudzi veYunivhesiti yeColorado kuBoulder.
Zvinhu zvakawanda zvinogona kukanganisa ma monsoon. Masayendisiti ari kuita zvavanogona kufanotaura kunaya kwemvura nemhepo mune ramangwana - kana isu tichiziva zvakanyanya nezve maitiro emonsoon, nekukurumidza gadziriro yekugadzirira ichatanga.
Kana inenge hafu yehuwandu hweIndia ichishandiswa mune zvekurima uye agronomy accounts inosvika 18% yeGDP yeIndia, nguva yemonsoon nekunaya kwemvura inogona kuoma zvakanyanya. Asi, tsvakurudzo yakaitwa nemasayendisiti inogona kushandura dambudziko iri mukugadzirisa kwayo.