Mutsipa (kubva kuOld French col, kubva muchiLatin collum) inzvimbo yemuviri inobatanidza musoro kune thorax.

Mutsipa wakaganhurirwa kumberi nehuro, kumashure neiyo nape yemutsipa, pazasi nemakoroni uye kumusoro neiyo mandible.

Pakati pehuro, mutsipa unoyambuka nenhengo dzekumusoro dzekugaya, iyo pharynx uye ezophagus, uye nenhengo dzepamusoro dzekupemha, hosha uye trachea. Kune zvakare kune mana gland mumutsipa:

• Utachiona, huri pamberi pechiso cheiyo trachea, inovhara mahormone maviri ehutachiona anoita pane metabolism.
• Parathyroids zvidiki zvidiki zviri panzvimbo yepashure peiyo utachiona, vanoisa mahormone anoita padanho recalcium muropa.
• Maseru anoteedzera anomiririrwa neparotidhi (iri pamberi penzeve) uye submandibular (iri pasi peshaya).
• Iyo platysma mhasuru, inovhara kumberi kwemutsipa uye inobvumira kufamba kwemuromo uye kunetsekana kweganda remutsipa.
• Iyo sternocleidomastoid mhasuru, yakatambanudzwa pamativi emutsipa pakati peiyo sternum necollarbone uye yepfupa bone. Iyo inobvumira kutenderera, kudzikamisa uye kutenderera kwemusoro.

Posteriorly, iyo nape yemutsipa ine manomwe echirungu vertebrae yemuzongoza, akaverengerwa kubva kuC1 kusvika C7. Vanopa simba uye kufamba kumutsipa. Iwo maviri ekutanga vertebrae, anonzi iyo atlas (C1) uye axis (C2), ane morphology yakasiyana kubva kune imwe vertebrae iyo inovapa iro rakakosha basa mukufamba kwemutsipa. Iyo atlasi inotaura neiyo occipital bone yemusoro, iyo inotibvumidza isu kutenderedza musoro wedu mukubvuma. Iyo axis (C2) ine pivot basa inobvumidza kutenderera kweatlasi, uye nekudaro yemusoro. Iko kutaura pakati peC1 neC2 inobvumira iyo yekupedzisira musoro kutenderera sechiratidzo chekuramba.

Tsitsi dzemutsipa

Tsandanyama zhinji dzinovhara mutsipa, dzakabatanidzwa nehenya, kervical vertebrae uye makorari. Vanobvumidza kufamba kwemusoro uye ndevazhinji chikamu muchimiro chetambo. Tinowana pakati pevamwe:

Ropa kupa uye kutya zvinhu

Mutsipa unoyambuka kune rumwe rutivi neyakajairika carotid artery iyo inopatsanura kune yekunze neyemukati carotids, iyo vertebral arteri uye nemaviri jugular mutsinga (mukati nekunze).

Mitsipa mizhinji inofamba ichipfuura nemumutsipa, kunyanya iyo vagus (kana pneumogastric nerve, inoitisa kugaya uye kurova kwemoyo), phrenic (innervation yeiyo diaphragm) uye musana (kufamba uye kunzwisiswa kwemitezo) tsinga.

Basa guru remutsipa ndiko kutsigira uye kufamba kwemusoro nekutenda kune raro pfupa uye mhasuru mamiriro.

Nekuda kwezvivakwa zvese zvirimo, zvakare ine basa rakakosha mukugaya, kufema, kufona uye metabolism.

Cervicalgies. Kutambudzika kwemutsipa kunogona kuve nekwakatangira. Ivo, semuenzaniso, vanopihwa ne:

• Kushungurudzika kwemhasuru uye kuomarara: kwenguva refu mhasuru inopokana mumapfudzi uye kumashure kwemutsipa izvo zvinogona kuve zvinorwadza. Zvinowanzoitika nekuda kwekuchengetedza chinzvimbo kwemaawa akati wandei kana kusamira zvakanaka.
• Whiplash: Inowanzo shamiswa whiplash (kufamba kwemusoro kumberi, nekudzokera kumashure). Izvo zvinogona kuitika panguva yetsaona yemotokari kana simba rakasimba uchitamba mutambo.
• Torticollis: kusazvipira kwemhasuru kudzvinyirira yeimwe yemhasuru yemutsipa. Izvo zvinoguma nekurwadziwa kwakasimba mumutsipa pamwe nekuvharika kwekufamba. Munhu wacho anowanikwa "akanamira".
• Cervical osteoarthritis: kupfeka uye kubvarura kwetikaradhi iri pazvibatanidzwa zvecervical vertebrae. Ichi chirwere chinonyanya kunetsa vanhu vanopfuura makore makumi mashanu uye chinokonzeresa kurwadziwa, kutemwa nemusoro (kutemwa nemusoro), kuomarara kwemutsipa. Ichi chirwere chisingaperi chinofambira mberi zvishoma nezvishoma pamusoro pemakore akati wandei.

Herniated disc : herniated disc inoenderana nekutenderera kwechikamu cheiyo intervertebral disc. Aya ma discs anochinjika kune iyo ikholamu uye anoshanda seanokatyamadza anopinza mune chiitiko chekukanganisa. Dhisheni yeherniated inoitika kana disc rikashomeka, kutsemuka, kana kutsemuka uye chikamu cheiyo gelatinous nucleus inoputika. Inogona kukanganisa chero nzvimbo yemuzongoza. Muchiitiko chemutsipa, tinotaura nezve herniated cervical disc.

Kupisa

Angina: hutachiona pahuro, uye kunyanya mumatoni. Inogona kuwedzera kune iyo yose pharynx. Angina inokonzerwa nehutachiona - iyi ndiyo kesi yakajairika - kana nehutachiona uye inozivikanwa nehuro hwakanyanya.

Laryngitis: kuzvimba kwedokorori, kunyanya mumatambo ezwi. Kutaura kunozova kunorwadza. Kune maviri marudzi e laryngitis: acute laryngitis uye chisingaperi laryngitis, uye kune misiyano pakati pemwana nevakuru laryngitis.

Pharyngitis: kuzvimba kweiyo pharynx, kazhinji nekuda kwehutachiona hushoma, hunokonzerwa nehutachiona kana hutachiona. Kana iko kuzvimba kuchikanganisawo mhino dzemumhuno, inonzi nasopharyngitis.

Cyst: cyst idumbu rine chinhu chinoyerera kana chakati siyanei chinoumba nhengo kana munyama. Iyo yakawanda kwazvo cysts haina kenza. Mumutsipa, yakanyanya kuwanda ndeye cyst yeiyo thyroglossal turakiti (3) (ingangoita 70% yezvakaberekwa anomalies munzvimbo ino). Yezvembryonic mavambo, iwo mhedzisiro yekusajeka kukura kwehutachiona mumavhiki ekutanga epamuviri. Mune makumi mashanu muzana ezviitiko zvinoitika pamberi pemakore makumi maviri.

Lymphadenopathy (lymph node): kazhinji, iyi lymph node inoputika ichipindura hutachiona, senge kutonhora kuri nyore semuenzaniso. Zvisinei, kune zvimwe zvakawanda zvinogona kukonzera "kuzvimba" kunoitika mumutsipa kana pahuro. Naizvozvo zvinokurudzirwa kubvunza chiremba wako mune kusahadzika kushoma kuti uone kwakatangira.

Zvirwere zvehutachiona gland

Goiter: zvinoreva kuwedzera kwehukuru hwetachiona gland. Zvakajairika, kunyanya kuvakadzi. Goiter pachayo hachisi chirwere. Inogona kuvapo mune dzakasiyana siyana hosha.

Thyroid nodule: Hazvishamise kuti mashoma mashoma aumbike muhutachiona gland, nekuda kwezvikonzero izvo zvisati zvichizivikanwa kazhinji. Inopihwa zita rehutachiona nodule.

Kenza yeTiroid: Kenza yeTihyroid kenza isingawanzoitika. Kune mazana mana emakesi matsva muFrance pagore (makumi mana emakenza emazamu). Inobata vakadzi pa 4000%. Gomarara iri rinowanzoonekwa padanho rekutanga. Mushonga wacho unobva wabudirira kwazvo nemushonga mu40% yematambudziko.

Hypothyroidism: mhedzisiro yekukwana kugadzirwa kwehomoni neiyo thyroid gland. Vanhu vakanyanya kubatwa nemamiriro aya vanhukadzi mushure memakore makumi mashanu.

Hyperthyroidism: inoreva kugadzirwa kwakasarudzika kwemahomoni nechirwere chetachiona. Izvo ishoma pane hypothyroidism. Mune vanhu vane hyperthyroidism, yavo metabolism inoshanda nekukurumidza. Vanogona kunzwa kutya, kugara vaine ura, kuzunza uye kurasikirwa nehuremu, semuenzaniso.

Neck pain inokanganisa 10-20% yevakuru vanhu. Kubvisa uye kudzivirira aya matambudziko, zvinokwanisika kupinza mune mashoma ezuva nezuva kurovedza muviri ayo anogona kukurumidza kuve maitiro.

Kune mamwe maratifomu, senge laryngitis, mamwe mazano anogona kukutadzisa kubva pakurwara. Kune vamwe, chikafu chine hupfumi iodine chinodzivirira kushomeka, inova njodzi yekukonzeresa nodule yegurusi semuenzaniso. Kune rimwe divi, kune mamwe marapirwo akadai segomarara rekenza kana goiter, hapana nzira yekudzivirira.

Kufungidzira kwechiremba:

• Cervical ultrasound: nzira yekurapa yekufungidzira inoenderana nekushandiswa kweiyo ultrasound, isinganzwiki mafungu ezwi, ayo anoita kuti zvikwanise "kuona" mukati memuviri. Kuongorora kusimbisa kuvepo kwecyst, semuenzaniso, kana kenza yehutachiona (kuyerwa kwegland, kuvapo kwemanundu, nezvimwewo).
• Scanner Izwi rekuti “scanner” izita rekushandisa pakurapa, asi rinowanzo shandiswa kureva bvunzo. Isu tinotaurawo nezve computed tomography kana computed tomography. Inogona kushandiswa kuona saizi yecyst kana kuvapo kwechirwere semuenzaniso.
• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): kuongororwa kwechiremba kwechinangwa chekuongorora kunoitwa pachishandiswa chinhu chihombe chinogadzirwa nemagineti nemasaisai eredhiyo kuti agadzire mifananidzo chaiyo, mu2D kana 3D, yemitezo yemuviri (pano mutsipa wayo zvemukati zvikamu). MRI inopa yakajeka mifananidzo yeiyo cervical musana, tsinga uye dzakatenderedza tishu. Inogona kushandiswa kuongorora kushungurudzika kumusana, kervical hernia kana bundu remuzongoza semuenzaniso.

Laryngoscopy: kuyedzwa kunoitwa nachiremba kutarisa kumashure kwehuro, dokoriro uye tambo dzezwi uchishandisa endoscope (yakatetepa, chubhu-senge chiridzwa chine mwenje senzvimbo uye lenzi). Inoitwa kutsvaga semuenzaniso zvikonzero zvekurwadziwa pahuro, kubuda ropa kana kuongorora cancer.

Kuongorora cervicotomy: kupindira kwekuvhiya uko kunosanganisira kuvhura mutsipa kuti ubvise cyst kana lymph node ine hunhu husingazivikanwe kana hwekutsvaga kuongororwa.

Utachiona-hunosimudzira mahormone (TSH) kuyedza: TSH assay ndiyo yakanyanya kuratidza chiratidzo chetachiona chirwere chetachiona. Iyo inoshandiswa kuongorora hypo- kana hyperthyroidism, kuongorora hutachiona hutachiona kana inoitwa mune vanhu vane goiter.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) muyero: Parathyroid hormone (yakavanzika nezvirwere zveparathyroid) inoita basa rakakura mukugadzirisa calcium mumuviri. Muyero unokurudzirwa kana paine hypercalcemia (yakanyanya kukwirisa calcium muropa kana itsvo mabwe semuenzaniso.

"Mukomana wetwiza" (7) ndiwo mazita emukomana wechiChinese ane makore gumi nemashanu, uyo ane sitiroko refu kwazvo pasi rose ane gumi remuromo wechibereko panzvimbo ye15. kunetseka kufamba (kumanikidza kwemitsipa mumutsipa).

Twiza, nemutsipa wayo murefu, ndiyo mhuka yakareba kupfuura dzose. Kukwanisa kusvika pamamirioni mashanu nemakumi matatu evanhurume uye 5,30 m kune vanhukadzi, twiza zvisinei iine huwandu hwakaenzana hwemitsipa yemuromo wechibereko kunge mhuka dzinoyamwisa, ndokuti 4,30, inoyera masentimita makumi mana (7).