Vanhu vose vanogona kunzwa manzwiro akafanana here? Hongu uye kwete. Kudzidza mitauro yevanhu venyika, masayendisiti akawana misiyano mumazita emanzwiro uye mune zvatinonzwisisa nemazita aya. Zvinoitika kuti kunyangwe zviitiko zvevanhu vese mutsika dzakasiyana zvinogona kuve nemumvuri wavo.
Kutaura kwedu kune chokuita zvakananga nokufunga. Kunyange nyanzvi yezvepfungwa yeSoviet Lev Vygotsky akapikisa kuti nzira dzepamusoro-soro dzekukurukurirana kwepfungwa dziri mumunhu dzinogoneka chete nokuti isu, vanhu, nerubatsiro rwekufunga kazhinji tinoratidza chokwadi.
Kukura mune imwe nharaunda yemitauro, tinofunga mumutauro wedu wekuzvarwa, sarudza mazita ezvinhu, zviitiko uye manzwiro kubva muduramazwi rayo, kudzidza zvinoreva mazwi kubva kuvabereki uye "vekurudzi" mukati memaitiro etsika yedu. Uye izvi zvinoreva kuti kunyange isu tose tiri vanhu, tinogona kuva nemafungiro akasiyana, somuenzaniso, pamusoro pemanzwiro.
"Kunyangwe uchimuti rozi, kwete ..."
Isu, sevanhu vemarudzi akasiyana-siyana, tinofunga sei pamusoro pemanzwiro ekutanga: kutya, kutsamwa, kana kuti, kusuruvara? Zvakasiyana zvikuru, anodaro Dr. Joseph Watts, mumwe mutsvakurudzi wepaYunivhesiti yeOtago uye anotora chikamu mune imwe chirongwa chepasi rose chekudzidza kusiyana-siyana kwetsika dzepfungwa dzemanzwiro. Boka rekutsvagisa rechirongwa ichi rinosanganisira nyanzvi dzepfungwa kubva kuYunivhesiti yeNorth Carolina (USA) nenyanzvi dzemitauro kubva kuMax Planck Institute for Natural Science (Germany).
Masayendisiti akaongorora mazwi kubva mumitauro ye2474 yemhuri makumi maviri emitauro mikuru. Vachishandisa nzira ye computational, vakaona mapatani e "coxification," chiitiko umo mitauro inoshandisa izwi rimwechete kuratidza pfungwa dzine hukama. Nemamwe mashoko, masayendisiti aifarira mashoko aireva pfungwa dzinopfuura imwe. Somuenzaniso, muchiPezhiya, shoko rimwe chetero rokuti “ænduh” rinoshandiswa kuratidza kusuruvara uye kuzvidemba.
Chii chinoenda neshungu?
Nekugadzira matinji makuru ezve colexifications, masayendisiti akakwanisa kuwiriranisa pfungwa uye mazwi avo ekudoma mumitauro yakawanda yenyika uye vakawana mutsauko wakakura wekuti manzwiro anoratidzwa mumitauro yakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, mumitauro yeNakh-Dagestan, “shungu” inofambidzana ne“kutya” uye “kufunganya”. Uye mumitauro yeTai-Kadai inotaurwa muSoutheast Asia, pfungwa ye "shungu" iri pedyo ne "kudemba." Izvi zvinodaidzira mubvunzo fungidziro dzakajairwa pamusoro pechimiro chepasi rose che semantics yemanzwiro.
Zvakadaro, shanduko mune semantics yemanzwiro ine maitiro ayo. Zvakazoitika kuti mhuri dzemitauro dziri pedyo nenzvimbo dzine “maonero” akafanana pamanzwiro pane ayo ari kure kune mumwe nemumwe. Chikonzero chingangove ndechekuti mavambo akafanana uye kuonana kwenhoroondo pakati pemapoka aya kwakatungamirira kunzwisiso yakafanana yemanzwiro.
Vatsvakurudzi vakaonawo kuti kune vanhu vose kune zvinhu zvepasi rose zvezviitiko zvepfungwa zvinogona kubva kune zvakajairwa zvipenyu zvipenyu, zvinoreva kuti nzira iyo vanhu vanofunga pamusoro pemanzwiro inoumbwa kwete chete netsika uye kushanduka, asiwo ne biology.
Hukuru hwepurojekiti, zvigadziriso zvitsva zvetekinoroji uye nzira dzinoita kuti zvikwanise kutarisa zvakanyanya pamikana iri kuvhurwa munzira iyi yesainzi. Watts nechikwata chake vanoronga kuenderera mberi nekuongorora mutsauko-tsika mutsanangudzo uye nemazita enzvimbo dzepfungwa.
manzwiro asina kutaurwa
Misiyano yemutauro netsika dzimwe nguva inoenda kure zvekuti muduramazwi remutauriri wedu panogona kunge paine izwi rinoreva manzwiro atisina kana kujaira kuzvitsaura sechinhu chakaparadzana.
Semuyenzaniso, muchiSwedish, “resfeber” zvinoreva zvese zviri zviviri kufunganya uye tarisiro inofadza yatinosangana nayo tisati taita rwendo. Uye vokuScots vakapa shoko rinokosha rokuti “tartle” nokuda kwokuvhunduka kwatinova nako apo, tichisuma munhu kuna vamwe, tisingagoni kurangarira zita rake. Manzwiro akajairwa, handizvo here?
Kuti tinzwe kunyadziswa kwatinonzwa kune mumwe, maBritish, uye shure kwavo isu, takatanga kushandisa mutsara wokuti "Spanish shame" (mutauro weSpanish une mutsara waro wekunyadzisa kusina kunanga - "vergüenza ajena"). Nenzira, muchiFinnish kunewo zita rechiitiko chakadaro - "myötähäpeä".
Kunzwisisa kusiyana kwakadaro kunokosha kwete kumasayendisiti chete. Kubasa kana parwendo, vazhinji vedu tinofanira kutaura nevamiririri vedzimwe tsika vanotaura mitauro yakasiyana. Kunzwisisa mutsauko mukufunga, tsika, mitemo yekuzvibata, uye kunyangwe maonero ekufungidzira emanzwiro anogona kubatsira uye, mune mamwe mamiriro, danho.