Matambudziko uye Tarisiro yeKukudziridzwa kwePost-Soviet Education System

Kubva pakuwa kweUSSR, hurongwa hwedzidzo hwakaramba husina kushanduka. Zvakanakira zvinosanganisira kushanda zvakanaka kwemaitiro ehurongwa uhu. Pasinei nekuchinja kupi kwemagariro evanhu uye kusava nekusingaperi kwemari, hurongwa hwakaenderera mberi uye hunoramba huchishanda. Asi, zvinosuwisa, munyaya dzakawanda dzekubudirira kwegadziriro yedzidzo, hatina kufambira mberi kwemazana emakore, asi kuti takadzokera kumashure. Iyo yazvino sisitimu yedzidzo haifungi nezve maitiro ekuchinja kweboka uye yakaderera kunyange kune yeJesuit system mune izvi. Uyezve, izvi zvinowanzoitika kwete chete kune post-Soviet dzidzo system. Kubudirira kudzidza kuchikoro hakumbovimbisi kubudirira muhupenyu uye basa rehunyanzvi; pane kudaro, pane kunyange kuwirirana kwakasiyana. Tinofanira kubvuma pachena chokwadi chokuti kupfuura 50% yezivo inopiwa nechikoro chemazuva ano inoshanduka kuva isina maturo zvachose.

Hongu, zvakanaka kuziva nemusoro mavhoriyamu ese IV e“Hondo noRugare” (Ndinoti ndinoziva nemusoro, nekuti handisati ndangoona mwana anokwanisa kunzwisisa basa iri, asi handitombofungi chinhu chakadaro. ); pamwe nekuziva maitiro ekuzvibata panguva yekuputika kweatomu uye kukwanisa kuisa gasi mask nekemikari yekudzivirira kit; kuziva musimboti we electromagnetic induction; kukwanisa kugadzirisa equation dzakabatanidzwa uye kuverenga nzvimbo ye lateral pamusoro pekoni; kuziva chimiro cheparafini molecule; zuva rekumukira kwaSpartacus; etc. etc. Asi, chokutanga, zvingangoita zviviri kubva muzvitatu zvevagari vepakati (vose vakadzidza kuchikoro), kunze kwekuisa mask yegesi (purely intuitively), havazivi chimwe chezviri pamusoro apa, uye chechipiri, i hazvigoneke kuziva zvese zvakadaro, kunyanya sezvo huwandu hweruzivo mumunda wega wega huri kuramba huchiwedzera zvakanyanya. Uye, sezvamunoziva, akachenjera haasi iye anoziva zvose, asi uyo anoziva chinhu chakarurama.

Chikoro chinofanira kupedza vanhu, kutanga kune vose, vane utano hwepfungwa uye mumuviri, vanogona kudzidza, kugarisana nevamwe uye kukwikwidzana mumusika wevashandi (vane ruzivo runodiwa chaizvo kuti uwane kubudirira kwenyanzvi). Uye kwete avo vakadzidzisa "Hondo neRugare", masvomhu epamusoro, dzidziso yehukama, DNA synthesis, uye, vadzidza kwemakore anenge 10 (!), Sezvo vakanga vasingazivi chinhu, havazivi, semugumisiro. iro, pashure pokunge vapedza kufunda, vanogona kuwana basa kunze kwepanzvimbo yokuvaka somushandi wemaoko (uye ndiani mumwe?). Kana mushure mekudzidza kwemamwe makore 4-5, enda kunoshanda nemumwe munhu, uye uwane (inokosheswa mumusika wevashandi) kunyange isingasviki mushandi wemaoko panzvimbo yekuvaka.

Kurudziro yebasa rakanaka remudzidzisi haina kunaka. Nzira yemazuva ano yedzidzo haiiti nenzira ipi zvayo kukurudzira basa rakanaka remudzidzisi, uye haisi kusiyanisa mubhadharo zvichienderana nehutano hwebasa. Asi basa rakanaka, remhando yepamusoro rinoda nguva yakawanda nesimba kune mudzidzisi. Nenzira, kuongororwa kwemudzidzi kunonyanya kuongorora basa remudzidzisi, iye zvino hapana kunzwisisa kweizvi pakati pevadzidzisi. Panguva imwecheteyo, mudzidzisi akanyanya kushanda, akawedzera mamakisi evadzidzi, kazhinji vabereki vevadzidzi ava vanoshanyira, uye, sekutonga, kwete "isina-ruoko": vanobvumirana pamagiredhi akanakisa kana muripire, mudzidzisi, nokuda kwokudzidzisa kana kuti ovhataimu . Iyo sisitimu inovakwa uye inoshanda nenzira yekuti inobatsira zvakananga kushanda zvakashata. Kupfuura nehurongwa hwakadaro hwedzidzo yesekondari yeruzhinji, kunyange pakutanga hutano, kwete zvachose vana mapenzi uye vanogadzira, panzvimbo yekugadzirira, vanogamuchira kusadzivirirwa kwakasimba kunzira yezvidzidzo yekuwana ruzivo. Zvinonakidza uye zviri nyore kunzwisisa zvidzidzo zvechikoro, mumakore achangopfuura, zvakashandurwa kuita "mafind epfungwa dzemunhu."

Uye hazvisi zvekubhadhara mari, asi nezvedzidzo pachayo. Zviripachena, kuhupfumi hwazvino uye kugadzira, dzidzo ndiyo inonyanya kudhura, uye, chaizvo, yakakosha chigadzirwa. Naizvozvo, hongu, mari yeruzhinji yedzidzo inofanira kuwedzerwa. Zvisinei, kuwedzera kwakadaro kwemari yezvidzidzo, pasi pehurongwa huripo, hunogona kungotungamirira kukuwedzera kuduku mukubudirira kwayo. Nekuda kwe, ndinodzokorora, kushomeka kwakakwana kwekukurudzira kwevashandi vedzidzo kuti vashande nemazvo. Zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu aya, tarisiro chete ndeyekushanda-yakanyanya, kugadzirwa kwakasviba kwezvakatipoteredza uye kutengesa kunze kwezvinhu zvakasikwa.

Zviri mukati medzidzo hazvienderane nezvinodiwa zvemazuva ano zvemunhu, uye nekudaro nyika. Kurudziro yekudzidza kwemwana, kana mushure memakore gumi ekudzidza mushandi wemaoko anobuda kune imwe nzvimbo yekuvaka, uye mushure memamwe makore mashanu, uyo akafanana neahandyman kana asina kukosha kumusika wevashandi.

Saka, iyo resipi yakafanana neyeiyo yese Stalinist system. Zviri nyore, zviri pachena, uye zvakagara zvichishandiswa munzvimbo dzose dzebasa, zvinodzivirirwa nomutemo, uye zvinokurudzirwa munzira iri yose inobvira. Iyi nzira imwe chete uye yakanakisa inowanikwa mune postulate: "Kushanda zvakanaka kunofanira kubatsira, asi kusaita zvakanaka", uye inonzi musimboti wemakwikwi. Kukurumidza kukura, uye kukura kwedzidzo muhuwandu, pamwe chete nedzimwe nzvimbo dzebasa, zvinogoneka chete kana ichikurudzirwa - iyo yakanakisisa inokura, uye, maererano naizvozvo, inofuratirwa - yakaipisisa inotorerwa zviwanikwa. Mubvunzo mukuru ndewokuti nokukurumidza sei, pasina kurasikirwa, uye pasina kuparadza hurongwa huripo hwedzidzo yesekondari, kuronga kukwikwidzana kwezviwanikwa muhurongwa huno? Chinangwa chikuru chebasa iri, chokwadi, ndechekusimbisa kugadziriswa kwenyaya iyi. Naizvozvo, ndinoedza kutaura kuti hazvina kuoma zvakadaro. Hurumende inoshandisa imwe mari padzidzo yemumwe mudzidzi (huwandu hwemari yebhajeti inoshandiswa pamabhuku, kuchengetedza chikoro, mari yevadzidzisi, nezvimwewo, yakakamurwa nehuwandu hwevadzidzi). Izvo zvinodikanwa kuti mari iyi iendeswe kunzvimbo yedzidzo iyo mudzidzi anosarudza kuwana dzidzo mugore rinotevera redzidzo. Zvisinei nechimiro chemuridzi wechikoro ichi chedzidzo, kuvapo kana kusavapo kweimwe mari yechikoro mairi. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvikoro zvehurumende hazvifaniri kubhadharisa mari yakawedzerwa kubva kuvabereki, iyo yava kunyanya kuitwa navo, sezvo yakasikwa chaizvo kuitira kuti vave nechokwadi chedzidzo yekusununguka. Panguva imwecheteyo, nharaunda dzenharaunda dzinofanirwa kuve nekodzero yekugadzira zvikoro zvitsva zvavo, izvo gadziriro yedzidzo yemahara yakakwana (yakananga kuvabereki) inogona, nekukumbirwa nenharaunda, kusashanda (chero mukana wekuwana dzidzo. inopihwa zvakarongeka kuvana vezvivakwa zvese zvehuwandu). Saka, masangano edzidzo ehurumende anova mumakwikwi akananga kune mumwe nemumwe uye ne "zvikoro zvepamusoro" zvakazvimiririra, nekuda kwavanogashira kurudziro yekushanda (iyo pari zvino isipo zvachose) uye tarisiro yekurega kuve cesspools uye, pakupedzisira, kuva dzidzo. masangano. Mamiriro ezvinhu ari kugadzirwa kuti zvikoro zvitsva zvivakwe nenharaunda dzenharaunda (communal form of ownership). Uye nyika ine mukana wekupesvedzera mitengo ye "zvikoro zvepamusoro" nekuunza muganhu wepamusoro wemari yechikoro, iyo nyika inopa rubatsiro muzvikoro izvi zvedzidzo, uye (kana) mukana wekubvisa chirongwa chekirasi che "zvikoro zvepamusoro." » nokupinza mavari (nemvumo yavo) ) imwe nhamba yenzvimbo dzedzidzo yevana vevagari vemo. "Zvikoro zveElite" zvinowana mukana uye kurudziro yekuita kuti masevhisi avo awanikwe. Zvakare, vagari vakawanda vachawana dzidzo yemhando yepamusoro zvechokwadi. Nokudaro, zvinokwanisika mumusimboti kuve nechokwadi uye kuwedzera kushanda kwekushandiswa kwemari yebhajeti.

Kuti uwane kanenge kadiki kanogamuchirwa mwero wezvazvino zvinogoneka zvekugadzira, iyo dzidzo yepamba inoda kugadziridzwa nekukurumidza, muhurongwa hwemari uye muchimiro uye zviri mukati medzidzo, pakupedzisira, chinangwa chega chekutanga kupa chechipiri. uye yechitatu. Panguva imwecheteyo, kuchinja uku hakuzobatsiri kuvakuru vakuru vakawanda, sezvo kunovadzivisa basa rekugovera zviwanikwa, izvo zvinoitwa maererano nenheyo iri nyore - "mari inotevera mwana."

Mufananidzo wakajeka wegadziriro yedzidzo yazvino uno ndiwo mutsara wakataurwa nomumwe mukuru wechikoro, Viktor Gromov: “kunyadziswa kwezivo pachayo sevimbiso yebudiriro uye vatakuri vezivo, vadzidzisi namasayendisiti.”

Izvo zvinodikanwa kudzidzisa, kutanga kune zvese, hunyanzvi uye kugona kwekushanda neruzivo, semuenzaniso:

-Kukurumidza kuverenga, misimboti yekugadziriswa kwesemantic uye nekukurumidza kuyeuka zvinyorwa uye mamwe marudzi eruzivo ne100% (izvi zvinogoneka, asi izvi zvinoda kudzidziswa); unyanzvi hwokunyora.

-Kugona kuzvidzora uye kubata nguva yako.

-Kugona kushandisa komputa kufambisa zviitiko chaizvo (uye kwete ruzivo rusina maturo nezvazvo).

-Kufunga kwekusika uye pfungwa.

-Kuziva nezve psyche yemunhu (kutarisisa, kuda, kufunga, ndangariro, nezvimwewo).

- tsika; uye kukwanisa kutaurirana nevamwe vanhu (unyanzvi hwekukurukurirana).

Izvi ndizvo zvinoda kudzidziswa muchikoro, uye zvinobudirira uye zvakarongeka.

Uye kana munhu achida kuziva nzira yekuverenga iyo lateral nzvimbo yekoni, achada kuverenga "Hondo neRugare", achiziva Chirungu, kudzidza zvakawanda chiGerman, Polish kana Chinese, "1C Accounting", kana C ++ programming mutauro. Ipapo anofanira, kutanga, kuve nehunyanzvi hunodiwa kuti azviite nekukurumidza uye nemazvo, pamwe nekushandisa ruzivo rwakawanwa nerubatsiro rwakanyanya - ruzivo rwunova kiyi yekubudirira mune chero chiitiko.

Saka, zvinogoneka here mumamiriro emazuva ano kugadzira sisitimu yekugadzira chigadzirwa chemhando yepamusoro chedzidzo? — Zvimwe. Kungofanana nekugadzira inoshanda sisitimu yekugadzira kune chero chimwe chigadzirwa. Kuti uite izvi, sezvimwe mune imwe nzvimbo, mune dzidzo inofanirwa kuumba mamiriro ezvinhu umo zvakanakisisa zvinokurudzirwa, uye yakaipisisa inobviswa zvinhu - basa rinoshanda rinokurudzirwa mune zvehupfumi.

Nzira yakarongwa yekugovera zviwanikwa zveveruzhinji zvakashandiswa padzidzo yakafanana neyeinishuwarenzi yehutano inoshandiswa nenyika dzakabudirira - pane imwe mari yeinishuwarenzi inopihwa kusangano iro mugari anosarudza. Nomuzvarirwo, iyo nyika, semumunda wemishonga, inochengetera kutonga uye kutungamira basa. Saka, vagari pachavo, nekusarudza, vanomutsa masangano akanakisa anopa masevhisi avo pachiyero chakanyanya chemutengo-mhando. Muchiitiko ichi, pane imwe mari inoshandiswa nehurumende padzidzo yemumwe mudzidzi, uye sangano redzidzo (iro rinopa mamiriro ekudzidza anogamuchirwa) rinosarudzwa nemudzidzi (vabereki vake). Aya ndiwo maitiro, chekutanga, mamiriro akagadzirwa anokurudzira manejimendi (hutungamiriri) hwemasangano edzidzo kuvandudza chigadzirwa chavo. Zvakare, manejimendi atove nehanya nevashandi vanokurudzira (vanokurudzira uye vanokurudzira), kukwezva nyanzvi dzezvakakodzera uye nhanho, kupatsanura mubhadharo zvichienderana nemhedzisiro yebasa, uye kuve nechokwadi chakakodzera nhanho yevadzidzisi. Kupa ruzivo iyo ndiyo kiyi yekubudirira, kunyanya mumusika wevashandi, nyanzvi inodiwa uyo ane ruzivo urwu pachake. Zviri pachena kuti vadzidzisi vemazuva ano havana ruzivo rwakadaro, sezvinoratidzwa nehuwandu hwemari yebasa ravo (chiratidzo chikuru chekukosha kwenyanzvi mumusika wevashandi). Nokudaro, tinogona kutaura kuti basa remudzidzisi nhasi ibasa rakaderera revanorasikirwa mumusika wevashandi. Nyanzvi dzekugadzira, dzinoshanda hadziendi kuzvikoro zvedzidzo. Ndosaka manyepo akagadzirwa munyika yedu kuti zivo haisi vimbiso yekubudirira, kunyangwe, tafunga mafambiro ehupfumi hwemazuva ano, uye, kunyanya, musika wevashandi wenyika dzakabudirira, isu tine chokwadi chakapesana. . Rega ndikuyeuchidze kuti iyo Stalinist-Soviet system yakave yakaratidza kusashanda kwayo muzvikamu zvese zvekugadzira pasina kusarudzika. Bazi redzidzo ravewo risiri kuita mabasa aro ekupa ruzivo rwakafanira kumusika wemazuva ano wevashandi kwenguva yakareba. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, hapana mubvunzo wekukwikwidzana kwehurumende, mumamiriro ezvinhu e "ruzivo rwehupfumi". Bazi redzidzo, kuitira kuti ripe mukana wehunyanzvi unodiwa munyika, riri kuda kuvandudzwa. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti iyo yakatsanangurwa modhi yehurongwa hwedzidzo haiparadze hurongwa huripo.

Kugona kwehungwaru kwerudzi munyika yanhasi kunopihwa nehurongwa hwedzidzo (dzidzo ine chinangwa) mudunhu. A priori, ndiyo hurongwa hwedzidzo yenyika, senzira yekugarisana, inoumba rudzi, saizvozvo, kazhinji. Kushamwaridzana (dzidzo), mupfungwa yakafara, inzira yekuumbwa kwekuita kwepamusoro pepfungwa dzemunhu. Chii chinonzi socialization uye basa rayo rinogona kunyanya kunzwisiswa zvakajeka nemuenzaniso wezvinonzi «Mowgli phenomenon» - zviitiko apo vanhu kubva paudiki vanorambidzwa kutaurirana kwevanhu, vakarerwa nemhuka. Kunyange kuwira, gare gare, munzanga yazvino yavanhu, vanhu vakadaro havasati bedzi vasingakwanisi kuva hunhu hwakazara hwomunhu, asiwo kudzidza unyanzvi hwokutanga hwohunhu hwomunhu.

Saka, dzidzo ndiyo mugumisiro weassimilation yezivo yakarongeka, unyanzvi uye mano, mugumisiro wezvose zvepfungwa (mutsika nenjere) uye dzidzo yemuviri. Chiyero chedzidzo chakabatana zvisingaparadzanisiki pamwero webudiriro yenzanga. Dzidzo yenyika ndiyo nhanho yekukura kwayo: kuvandudzwa kwemutemo, hupfumi, ecology; mwero wetsika negarikano yomuviri.