“Kutanga kweHondo Yenyika Yokutanga muna August 1914 kwakaona vanhu vakawanda vanodya miriwo vari mudambudziko rehana. Vanhu vaivenga kuteura ropa remhuka vaigona sei kutora upenyu hwomunhu? Kana vakanyoresa, mauto angave nehanya nezvekudya kwavo here? " . Aya ndiwo maitiro anhasi The Veget a rian S ociety UK (Vegetarian Society yeGreat Britain) inoratidza mamiriro evarimi veChirungu manheru eHondo Yenyika Yekutanga pamapeji eInternet portal. Dambudziko rakafanana rakatarisana neRussian vegetarian movement, iyo panguva iyoyo yakanga isati yasvika makore makumi maviri.
Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga yakave nemhedzisiro yakaipa patsika dzeRussia, zvakare nekuti kukurumidza kuwirirana pakati peRussia neWestern Europe, iyo yakatanga kutenderera 1890, yakapera kamwe kamwe. Kunyanya kushamisa kwaiva migumisiro mumunda muduku wekuedza kwakanangana nekuchinja kumararamiro emiti.
1913 yakaunza yekutanga kuratidzwa kweRussian vegetarianism - iyo All-Russian Vegetarian Congress, iyo yakaitwa kubva Kubvumbi 16 kusvika 20 muMoscow. Nekumisa Reference Vegetarian Bureau, kongiresi nokudaro yakatora danho rekutanga pakuvambwa kweAll-Russian Vegetarian Society. Chegumi nechimwe chezvisungo zvakagamuchirwa nekongiresi chakasarudza kuti "Second Congress" inofanira kuitwa muKyiv paIsita 1914. Izwi rakazove rakanyanya kupfupika, saka zano rakaiswa pamberi pekuita kongiresi paIsita 1915. Nokuda kweizvi. , kongiresi yechipiri, chirongwa chakadzama. Muna Gumiguru 1914, mushure mekutanga kwehondo, Vegetarian Herald ichiri kuratidza tariro yekuti Russian vegetarianism yaive manheru emusangano wechipiri, asi pakanga pasisina imwe hurukuro yekuita zvirongwa izvi.
Kune vanodya zvirimwa veRussia, pamwe nevemubatanidzwa wavo muWestern Europe, kubuda kwehondo kwakaunza nguva yekusahadzika - uye kurwiswa kubva kuruzhinji. Mayakovsky akavaseka nehasha muCilian Shrapnel, uye akanga asiri ega. Zvakanyanya uye zvisingaenderane nemweya wenguva yaive ruzha rwekukumbira sezvakaita II Gorbunov-Posadov akavhura chinyorwa chekutanga cheVO muna 1915: vanhu, nezve zvibvumirano zverudo kune zvese zvipenyu, uye chero zvazvingava. , kuremekedza zvisikwa zvipenyu zvose zvaMwari pasina musiyano.
Zvisinei, kuedza kwakadzama kwokururamisa chimiro chavo vamene kwakakurumidza kutevera. Saka, semuenzaniso, muchikamu chechipiri cheVO muna 1915, pasi pemusoro wekuti "Vegetarianism in Our Days", chinyorwa chakabudiswa chakasainwa "EK": "Isu, vanodya miriwo, zvino kazhinji tinofanira kuteerera kunyomba uko panguva ino yakaoma. nguva, apo ropa revanhu rinoramba richideuka, tinoramba tichikurudzira miriwo <...> Vegetarianism mumazuva edu, tinoudzwa, inyaya yakaipa, kuseka; Zvinoita here kudzidzira kunzwira mhuka tsitsi zvino? Asi vanhu vanotaura saizvozvo havanzwisisi kuti miriwo haisi kungovhiringidza rudo uye tsitsi kuvanhu, asi, pane kudaro, inowedzera kunzwa uku zvakanyanya. Nezvese izvo, munyori wechinyorwa anoti, kunyangwe kana munhu asingabvumirani kuti kuziva zvinomera zvinounza manzwiro akanaka uye maitiro matsva kune zvese zvakatenderedza, "kunyangwe ipapo kudya-nyama hakugone kuve nechikonzero. Zvichida hazvizoderedze kutambura <…> asi zvinongogadzira, zvakanyanya, avo vakabatwa kuti <…> vanopikisa vedu vachadya patafura yechisvusvuro…”.
Muchinyorwa chimwechete chejenari, chinyorwa chaYu. Volin kubva kuPetrograd Courier yaFebruary 6, 1915 yakadhindwa zvakare - hurukuro nemumwe Ilyinsky. Vapashure vanoshorwa: “Ungafunga sei nokutaura zvino, mumazuva edu, pamusoro pokusadya miriwo? Zvakatoipisisa!.. Zvokudya zvemuriwo - kumunhu, nenyama yevanhu - kumakanuni! “Handidye munhu,” chero ani zvake, kureva tsuro, kana chikwari, kana huku, kana munuhwi… chero munhu kunze kwemurume! ..». Ilyinsky, zvisinei, anopa nharo dzinogutsa mukupindura. Kupatsanura nzira yakafambiswa netsika dzevanhu muzera re "cannibalism", "mhuka" uye kudya kwemiriwo, anowiriranisa "zvinotyisa zveropa" zvemazuva iwayo nemaitiro ekudya, netafura yehumhondi, ine ropa, uye anovimbisa kuti zvakanyanya. zvakaoma kuva vegetarian zvino , uye zvinonyanya kukosha kupfuura kuva, semuenzaniso, socialist, sezvo shanduko dzevanhu dzinongova zvikamu zviduku munhoroondo yevanhu. Uye kuchinja kubva kune imwe nzira yekudya kune imwe, kubva kune nyama kusvika kune yemiriwo yezvokudya, ishanduko kune hupenyu hutsva. Mafungiro anotyisa e "vashandi vehurumende", mumashoko aIlyinsky, "anosuruvarisa palliatives" mukuenzanisa nekuchinja kukuru kwehupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwaanoona uye kuparidza, kureva, mukuenzanisa nekuchinja kwekudya.
Musi waApril 25, 1915, nyaya yemunyori mumwe cheteyo yakanzi "Mapeji eHupenyu ("nyama" gangaidzo)" yakabuda mupepanhau reKharkov Yuzhny Krai, iyo yakabva pane zvakaonekwa naye mune imwe yePetrograd vegetarian canteens yaiwanzogara. akashanyirwa mumazuva iwayo: “… Kana ndikatarisa vanodya miriwo vemazuva ano, vanoshorwawo nekuda kweudyire uye “kuzvida” (pamusoro pezvose, uku “kuzvivandudza pachako”! ruzhinji!) - zvinoratidzika kwandiri kuti ivo vanotungamirwa nekufanotaura, ruzivo rwakajeka rwekukosha kwezvavanoita. Hazvishamisi here? Ropa romunhu rinoyerera sorwizi, nyama yomunhu inopwanyika mupondo, uye vanochema nokuda kweropa renzombe nenyama yemombe! .. Uye hazvisi zvachose zvinoshamisa! Vachitarisira remangwana, vanoziva kuti “chigutsa” ichi chichaita basa guru munhau yevanhu kupfuura ndege kana kuti radhimu!
Paiva nemakakatanwa pamusoro Leo Tolstoy. Muna Gumiguru-November 1914, VO inonokora mashoko chinyorwa kubva kuOdessky Listok yomusi waNovember 7, “kupa,” sokutaura kunoita chinyorwa chemupepeti wenhau, “mufananidzo wakakodzera wezvinoitika zvepanguva imwe cheteyo zvine chokuita naLeo Tolstoy akaenda”:
“Zvino Tolstoy ari kure nesu kupfuura kare, asingasvikike uye akanaka zvikuru; iye akawedzera muviri, atova ngano munguva yakaoma yechisimba, ropa uye misodzi. <...> Nguva yasvika yekuramba zvakaipa, nguva yasvika yekuti bakatwa rigadzirise nyaya, kuti simba rive mutongi mukuru. Nguva yasvika, pamazuva ekare, vaporofita vakatiza mumipata, vakabatwa nekutya, kunzvimbo dzakakwirira, kuti vatsvake mukunyarara kwemakomo kuti vagutse kusuwa kwavo kusinganzvengeki <...> Pakuchema kwa chisimba, pakupenya kwemoto, mufananidzo wemutakuri wezvokwadi wakanyunguduka ndokuva chiroto. Nyika inenge yasiiwa yega. "Ini handigoni kunyarara" haizonzwiki zvakare uye murairo wekuti "Usauraya" - hatizonzwi. Rufu runopemberera mutambo warwo, kukunda kunopenga kwezvakaipa kunopfuurira. Inzwi remuporofita harinzwiki.
Zvinoita sezvisinganzwisisiki kuti Ilya Lvovich, mwanakomana waTolstoy, mubvunzurudzo yaakapiwa naye panzvimbo yemitambo, akaona zvichiita kuti ataure kuti baba vake havazotauri chero chinhu pamusoro pehondo yemazuva ano, sezvaaifunga kuti haana kutaura chero chinhu pamusoro pehondo. Hondo yeRussia-Japan munguva yake. VO yakaramba chirevo ichi nekunongedza kune akati wandei zvinyorwa naTolstoy muna 1904 na1905 izvo zvakashora hondo, pamwe netsamba dzake. Iyo censorship, yakayambuka mune chinyorwa neEO Dymshits nzvimbo dzese dzaive nezvemafungiro aLN Tolstoy kuhondo, nokudaro zvisina kunanga akasimbisa chokwadi chemagazini. Kazhinji, munguva yehondo, magazini ezvinomera akasangana nekupindirwa kwakawanda kubva mukuongororwa: chinyorwa chechina cheVO cha1915 chakatorwa muhofisi yekupepeta pachayo, zvinyorwa zvitatu zvechishanu zvakarambidzwa, kusanganisira chinyorwa chaSP Poltavsky chakanzi "Vegetarian uye. social” .
MuRussia, kufamba kwezvinomera kwainyanya kutungamirirwa nemafungiro etsika, sezvinoratidzwa nemagwaro akawanda ataurwa pamusoro apa. Iyi nhungamiro yesangano reRussia yakanga isiri shoma nekuda kwesimba guru iro chiremera chaTolstoy chaive nacho pakudya kwezvinomera kweRussia. Kuzvidemba kwaiwanzonzwika kuti pakati pezvinomera zveRussia, vavariro dzehutsanana dzakadzokera kumashure, dzichipa chirevo chekuti "Usauraya" uye zvikonzero zvetsika uye zvemagariro, izvo zvakapa vegetarianism mumvuri wechitendero nezvematongerwo enyika uye nokudaro zvichitadzisa kupararira kwayo. Zvakakwana munyaya iyi kuyeuka zvakataurwa naAI Voeikov (VII. 1), Jenny Schultz (VII. 2: Moscow) kana VP Voitsekhovsky (VI. 7). Kune rumwe rutivi, hukuru hwechikamu chetsika, chido chepfungwa dzekusika nharaunda ine rugare yakachengetedza Russian vegetarianism kubva kune chauvinist maitiro ayo aive panguva iyoyo hunhu, kunyanya, veGerman vegetarians (chaizvo, vamiriri vavo vepamutemo) kazhinji. mamiriro ekusimuka kwemauto eGermany-patriotic. Vegetarian veRussia vakatora chikamu mukuderedza urombo, asi havana kuona hondo semukana wekusimudzira kudya kwezvinomera.
Zvichakadaro, muGermany, kutanga kwehondo kwakapa mupepeti wemagazini inonzi Vegetarische Warte, Dr. Selss weBaden-Baden, nguva yokuti azivise munyaya inoti “War of the Nations” (“Volkerkrieg”) yaAugust 15, 1914, XNUMX. kuti vaoni nevaroti chete vatende “murugare rusingaperi”, vachiedza kutendeutsira vamwe kukutenda uku. Isu tiri, iye akanyora (uye kusvikira kutambanuko yakadini iyoyi yakanga yakatemerwa kuitika!), “panguva yapamberi pezvinoitika zvichasiya chiratidzo chakadzama munhau yenyika. Enderera mberi! Dai "kuda kukunda", iyo, maererano nemashoko anopisa aKaiser wedu, anogara mumasquires edu, anogara mune vamwe vanhu vose, chido chekukunda pamusoro pekuora uku uye zvose zvinopfupisa hupenyu, izvo zvakagara mukati medu. miganhu! Vanhu vanokunda kukunda uku, vanhu vakadai vachamuka kuhupenyu hwezvinomera, uye izvi zvichaitwa nechikonzero chedu chemuriwo, chisina chimwe chinangwa kunze kwekuomesa vanhu [! – PB], chikonzero chevanhu. “Nemufaro wakajeka,” akanyora kudaro Zelss, “ndakaverenga mashoko anobva kuchamhembe, kubva kumaodzanyemba uye kubva kumabvazuva kubva kune vanodya miriwo vanofarira, ndichiita basa rechiuto nomufaro uye nokudada. “Zivo isimba,” naizvozvo rumwe ruzivo rwedu rwezvinomera, rusina vanhu vomunyika yedu, runofanira kuitwa kuti ruwanikwe kuruzhinji” [Kutsveyamisa mashoko kunotangira pano ndekwepakutanga]. Kupfuurirazve, Dr. Selss anopa zano kuganhurira kuchengeta mhuka dzinopambadza uye kurega zvokudya zvakawandisa. “Gutsikana nekudya katatu pazuva, uye kunyangwe kudya kaviri pazuva, kwaunonzwa <…> nzara chaiyo. Idya zvishoma nezvishoma; nyatsotsenga [cf. Zano raG. Fletcher! —PB]. Deredza kunwa doro zvakarongeka uye zvishoma nezvishoma <…> Munguva dzakaoma, tinoda misoro yakajeka <…> Pasi nefodya inonetesa! Tinoda simba redu kuti tiite zvakanakisisa.”
Muchinyorwa chaNdira cheVegetarische Warte cha1915, muchinyorwa chinoti "Vegetarianism neHondo", mumwe muKristu Behring akakurudzira kushandisa hondo kukwezva ruzhinji rweGerman kune izwi revanodya zvirimwa: "Tinofanira kuhwina rimwe simba rezvematongerwo enyika revanodya zvirimwa." Kuti azadzise chinangwa ichi, anokurudzira "Military Statistics yeVegetarianism": "1. Vangani vanodya miriwo kana vanozviti shamwari dzeiyi nzira yehupenyu (vangani vavo vari nhengo dzinoshingaira) vanotora rutivi mukurwisana; vangani vavo vari voluntary orderlies uye vamwe vanozvipira? Vangani vavo vari vakuru? 2. Vangani vanodya miriwo uye ndevapi vanodya miriwo vakawana mibairo yemauto? Inofanira kunyangarika, Bering anovimbisa, majekiseni anosungirwa: "Kwatiri, isu tinozvidza chero kuzvidza kweropa redu reGermanic nemirwi yezvitunha zvemhuka uye purulent slurry, sezvavanozvidza denda kana zvivi, pfungwa yekumanikidza majekiseni inoita seisingatsungirike ... ". Zvakangodaro, mukuwedzera kune verbiage yakadaro, muna Chikunguru 1915 magazini Vegetarische Warte yakabudisa mushumo naSP Poltavsky "Pane maonero enyika yezvinomera?", Yakaverengwa naye kuMoscow Congress ye1913, uye munaNovember 1915 - chinyorwa naT von. Galetsky "The Vegetarian Movement muRussia", iyo yakabudiswa pano mu facsimile (kurwara No. 33).
Pamusana pemutemo wemauto, mabhuku eRussia emiti yemiti akatanga kuoneka zvisingawanzoitiki: somuenzaniso, zvaifungidzirwa kuti muna 1915 VV yaizobudisa zvinyorwa zvitanhatu chete panzvimbo yemakumi maviri (somugumisiro, gumi nematanhatu akanga asina kudhindwa); uye muna 1916 magazini yacho yakarega kubudiswa zvachose.
VO yakaguma kuvapo pashure pokubudiswa kwechinyorwa chaMay 1915, pasinei zvapo nevimbiso yavapepeti yokubudisa chinyorwa chinotevera muna August. Kare muna December 1914, I. Perper akazivisa vaverengi nezvekutamiswa kunouya kwevashandi vekunyora kwemagazini kuMoscow, sezvo Moscow iri pakati pesangano rezvinomera uye vashandi vanonyanya kukosha vemagazini vanogara ikoko. Mukufarira kugariswa patsva, pamwe, chokwadi chekuti VV yakatanga kuburitswa muKyiv ...
Musi waChikunguru 29, 1915, pachiitiko chegore rekutanga rekutanga kwehondo, musangano mukuru wevateveri vaTolstoy wakaitwa mukamuri yekudyira yemiti yeMoscow muGazetny Lane (munguva dzeSoviet - Ogaryov Street), nehurukuro uye nhetembo. kuverenga. Pamusangano uyu, PI Biryukov akashuma nezvemamiriro ezvinhu panguva iyoyo muSwitzerland - kubva muna 1912 (uye kusvika 1920) aigara muOnex, musha uri pedyo neGeneva. Maererano naye, nyika yakanga ichifashukira nevapoteri: vadzivisi chaivo vehondo, vapoteri nevasori. Mukuwedzera kwaari, II Gorbunov-Posadov, VG Chertkov uye IM Tregubov vakataurawo.
Kubva Kubvumbi 18 kusvika Kubvumbi 22, 1916, PI Biryukov akatungamira "Vegetarian Social Congress" kuMonte Verita (Ascona), yekutanga yezvinomera congress yakaitirwa muSwitzerland. Dare reCongress raisanganisira, kunyanya, Ida Hoffmann naG. Edenkofen, vatori vechikamu vakabva kuRussia, France, Switzerland, Germany, Holland, England neHungary. "Mukutarisana nekutyisa kwehondo iripo" ("en presence des horreurs de la guerre actuelle"), kongiresi yakasarudza kutsvaga nzanga yekusimudzira "social and supranational vegetarianism" (mamwe manyuko anoshandisa izwi rekuti "nyika. ”), chigaro chaifanira kunge chiri muAscona. "Social" vegetarianism yaifanira kutevera misimboti yehutsika uye kuvaka hupenyu hwemagariro pahwaro hwekubatana kwakabatana (kugadzira uye kushandiswa). PI Biryukov akavhura kongiresi nekutaura muchiFrench; haana kungoratidza kukura kwezvinomera muRussia kubvira 1885 (“Le mouvement vegetarien en Russie”), asi akataurawo zvinogutsa achifarira kubatwa zvine hunhu kwevaranda (“domestiques”). Pakati pevatori vechikamu mumusangano waiva, pakati pevamwe, muvambi anozivikanwa we "free economy" ("Freiwirtschaftslehre") Silvio Gesell, pamwe chete nevamiririri veGenevan Esperantists. Congress yakafunga kunyorera kubvumidzwa kwesangano idzva kuInternational Vegetarian Union, iyo yakasangana muHague. P. Biryukov akasarudzwa sachigaro wesangano idzva, G. Edenkofen naI. Hoffmann vaiva nhengo dzebhodhi. Zvakaoma kufunga nezvemigumisiro inoshanda yekongiresi iyi, P. Biryukov akati: “Zvichida iduku kwazvo.” Panyaya iyi, angangodaro akanga akarurama.
Munguva yose yehondo, nhamba yevashanyi kumakantini ezvinomera muRussia yakasimuka ikadonha. MuMoscow, nhamba yemiti yemiti, tisingaverengi canteens yega, yakakura kusvika ina; muna 1914, sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, ndiro 643 dzakagoverwa mazviri, tisingaverengi dziya dzakapiwa pasina muripo; hondo yakatora vashanyi 000 muhafu yechipiri yegore .... Vegetarian sosaiti vakatora chikamu muzviitiko zverudo, vakagadzirira mibhedha yezvipatara zvemauto uye vakapa macanteen horo dzekusona mucheka. Kandini yakachipa yemuriwo yemuriwo muKyiv, yekubatsira nzvimbo inochengeterwa muchiuto, yakadyisa mhuri dzinenge makumi mana zuva nezuva. Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, BB yakashuma nezvechipatara chemabhiza. Zvinyorwa kubva kune dzimwe nyika hazvina kukweretwa kubva kuGermany, asi kunyanya kubva kuChirungu vegetarian press. Saka, semuenzaniso, muVV (40) hurukuro yakabudiswa nasachigaro weManchester Vegetarian Society pamusoro pezvinangwa zvezvinomera, umo mukurukuri akanyevera pamusoro pedzidziso uye panguva imwechete pamusoro pechido chekunyora kune vamwe maitiro avanofanira kuita. kurarama uye chii chokudya; dzakazobuda paive nechinyorwa chechirungu chaitaura nezvemabhiza munhandare yehondo. Kazhinji, nhamba yenhengo dzemasangano ezvinomera yakaderera: muOdessa, somuenzaniso, kubva ku000 kusvika ku110; mukuwedzera, mishumo mishoma uye mishoma yakaverengwa.
Apo muna Ndira 1917, mushure mekuzorora kwegore rose, Vegetarian Herald yakatanga kuoneka zvakare, ikozvino yakabudiswa neKyiv Military District pasi pekupepetwa kwaOlga Prokhasko, mukukwazisa "Kune Vaverengi" munhu anogona kuverenga:
"Zviitiko zvakaoma zviri kuitika kuRussia, izvo zvakanganisa hupenyu hwese, hazvigone asi kukanganisa bhizinesi redu diki. <...> Asi ikozvino mazuva anofamba, mumwe angati makore anopfuura - vanhu vanojaira kune zvose zvinotyisa, uye chiedza chezvakanaka zvezvinomera zvishoma nezvishoma chinotanga kukwezva vanhu vaneta zvakare. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, kushaikwa kwenyama kwakamanikidza munhu wese kuti atendeuke maziso ake kune iyo hupenyu husingadi ropa. Makantini ezvinomera zvino azara mumaguta ese, mabhuku ekubika miriwo ese atengeswa.
Peji yokutanga yemagazini inotevera ine mubvunzo wokuti: “Kudya miriwo chii? Iye zvino neramangwana rake”; inotaura kuti shoko rokuti "vegetarianism" ikozvino rinowanikwa kwose kwose, kuti muguta guru, semuenzaniso, muKyiv, canteens yezvinomera iri kwose kwose, asi kuti, pasinei nemacanteens aya, masangano ezvinomera, zvinomera zvinongove zvisingazivikanwi kuvanhu, kure kure. zvisina kujeka.
Chimurenga chaFebruary chakagamuchirwawo nokuyemura vanodya miriwo: “Masuo akajeka orusununguko runopenya akatizarukira, uko vanhu vokuRussia vakaneta vave vachiuya kwavari kwenguva refu!” Zvose zvaifanira kutsungirira "pachedu nemunhu wose muRussia gendarmerie, apo kubva pauduku yunifomu yebhuruu haina kubvumira kufema" haifaniri kuva chikonzero chekutsiva: hapana nzvimbo yaro, yakanyora Vegetarian Bulletin. Pamusoro pazvo, paive nezvikumbiro zvekutangwa kwemakominisi evanodya zvirimwa; kubviswa kwechirango cherufu kwaipembererwa - masangano ezvinomera eRussia, akanyora Naftal Bekerman, iye zvino akamirira danho rinotevera - "kugumisa kuuraya kwose uye kubviswa kwechirango cherufu kumhuka." Vegetarian Herald vakabvumirana zvizere nenyaya yekuti ma proletarians akaratidzira rugare uye kwe8-awa yekushanda zuva, uye Kiev Military District yakagadzira chirongwa chekudzikisa zuva rekushanda kwevazhinji vakadzi vechidiki nevasikana vanoshanda mumacanteens eruzhinji kubva ku9-13. maawa kusvika maawa 8 . Zvakare, Poltava Military District yakada (ona pamusoro p. yy) kumwe kurerutswa muzvokudya uye kurambwa kwekunyanyisa muzvokudya, kwakatangwa kutevera muenzaniso wemamwe macanteens.
Muparidzi weVegetarian Vestnik, Olga Prokhasko, akadana vezvinomera uye nzanga dzezvinomera kuti vatore chikamu chakaomarara mukuvakwa kweRussia - "Vegetarian vanovhura nzvimbo yakakura yebasa kuti vashande mukugumisa kwakazara kwehondo mune ramangwana." Chinyorwa chechipfumbamwe cha1917 chakatevera, chinotanga nokushevedzera kwokushatirwa: “Chirango chorufu chakatangwazve muRussia!” (kurwara. 34 yy). Zvisinei, munyaya ino panewo mushumo pamusoro penheyo musi waJune 27 muMoscow we“Society of True Freedom (mukurangarira Leo Tolstoy)”; iyi nzanga itsva, iyo yakakurumidza nhamba kubva ku750 kusvika kune 1000 nhengo, yakanga iri muchivako cheMoscow Military District pa12 Gazetny Lane. Mukuwedzera, iyo VV yakagadziridzwa yakakurukura nyaya dzakajairika dzinokosha munyika yose nhasi, dzakadai se: kudya hupombwe ( cream) kana chepfu maererano nekupenda kwemakamuri kunokonzerwa nependi yemafuta ine turpentine uye lead.
Iyo "counter-revolutionary rangano" yaGeneral Kornilov yakashorwa nevapepeti veVegetarian Herald. Muchinyorwa chazvino chemagazini (December 1917) chinyorwa chepurogiramu chaOlga Prohasko “The Present Moment and Vegetarianism” chakabudiswa. Munyori wenyaya yacho, mutsigiri wesoshalizimu yechiKristu, akataura izvi pamusoro peChimurenga chaOctober: “Nzanga dzose dzinongwarira dzinodya miriwo uye dzinodya miriwo dzose dzinofanira kuziva chiri nguva yazvino pamaonero evanodya miriwo.” Havasi vese vanodya miriwo maKristu, vanodya miriwo kunze kwechitendero; asi nzira yemuKristu akadzama zvechokwadi haigoni kunzvenga kusadya zvirimwa. Maererano nedzidziso yechiKristu, upenyu chipo chinobva kuna Mwari, uye hapana mumwe kunze kwaMwari akasununguka kuzviita. Ndiko kusaka mafungiro emuKristu neanodya miriwo kunguva ino akafanana. Dzimwe nguva kune, vanoti, mhedziso dzetariro: dare remauto muKyiv, raruramisa mukuru mukuru nevepasi vasina kuenda kuhondo, nokudaro vakaziva kodzero yemunhu yekusununguka kuramba chisungo chekuuraya vanhu. “Zvinonzwisa urombo kuti nzanga dzinodya miriwo hadzitarisi zvakakwana zviitiko chaizvo.” Munyaya yake-yakaitika, ine musoro unoti "Mamwe Mazwi Mashoma", Olga Prokhasko akaratidza kutsamwa pamusoro pekuti mauto (uye kwete maBolshevik, akanga akagara panguva iyoyo mumuzinda!) vakanga vajaira kuungana mumapoka kuti vakurukure zviitiko, uye izvi pashure pezuva rimwe chete vaSoviet veVashandi neVatevedzeri veVarwi vasati vaziva simba revaSoviet ndokuzivisa kuti vaitsigira Petrograd Soviet. “Asi hapana aiziva kuti vaizozviita sei, saka takaungana kuti tiite musangano, takanga tine nyaya dzakakosha kuupenyu hwenharaunda yedu dzaida kugadziriswa. Gakava rinopisa uye kamwe kamwe, zvisingatarisirwi, sekunge nepamahwindo edu ... kupfura! ...
Iyi, yechigumi neimwe, chinyorwa chemagazini iyi ndiyo yaive yekupedzisira. Vapepeti vakazivisa kuti Kiev Military District yakarasikirwa zvakanyanya kubva pakuburitswa kweVV. “Mumamiriro ezvinhu chete,” vanonyora kudaro vapepeti vemagazini yacho, “kana vanhu vedu vane pfungwa dzakafanana muRussia yose vaizova netsitsi zvikuru nokuda kwokusimudzirwa kwemifungo yedu, zvaizoita kuti tibudise nhau dzipi nedzipi dzapanhambo nenhambo.”
Nekudaro, iyo Moscow Vegetarian Society munguva kubva muna Gumiguru Revolution kusvika pakupera kwe20s. yakaramba iripo, uye pamwe nayo dzimwe sosaiti dzemuno dzinodya miriwo. GMIR archive muSt. Petersburg ine zvinyorwa zvenhoroondo yeMoscow Military District kubva muna 1909 kusvika muna 1930. Pakati pavo, kunyanya, mushumo wemusangano wegore negore wenhengo waMay 7, 1918. Pamusangano uyu, Vladimir Vladimirovich. Chertkov (mwanakomana waVG Chertkova) akakurudzira kuKanzuru yeMoscow Military District kuti igadzire chirongwa chekugadzirisazve macanteens evanhu vose. Nechekare kubva pakutanga kwa1917, pakati pevashandi veCanteens neDare reMoscow Military District, "kusanzwisisana uye kunyange kurwisana kwakatanga kumuka, kwakanga kusati kwavapo." Izvi zvakakonzerwa, kwete zvishoma, nenyaya yokuti vashandi vemakantini vakabatana mu "Union of Mutual Aid of Waiters", iyo inonzi yakavakurudzira nemafungiro akaipa pamusoro pehutungamiri hweSosaiti. Mamiriro ehupfumi emacanteens akawedzera kukanganiswa nenyaya yekuti Allied Association of Consumer Societies yeMoscow yakaramba kupa macanteens emiriwo ane zvigadzirwa zvinodiwa, uye City Food Committee, kune rumwe rutivi, yakapa kuramba kumwe chete, ichidudza chokwadi chekuti maviri. canteens MVO-va ” haanzi akakurumbira. Pamusangano wacho, kuzvidemba kwakaratidzirwa zvakare kuti vanodya miriwo vakanga vachiregeredza “rutivi rwepfungwa rwenhau yacho.” Nhamba yenhengo dzeMoscow Military District muna 1918 yaiva 238 vanhu, iyo 107 yakashanda (kusanganisira II Perper, mudzimai wake EI Kaplan, KS Shokhor-Trotsky, IM Tregubov) , 124 vakwikwidzi uye 6 nhengo dzinokudzwa.
Pakati pemamwe magwaro, iyo GMIR ine sketch yemushumo waPI Biryukov (1920) wenhoroondo yeRussian vegetarianism kubvira 1896, ine musoro unoti "Nzira Yakafambiswa" uye inofukidza makumi maviri nematanhatu mapoinzi. Biryukov, akanga achangodzoka kubva kuSwitzerland, akabva atora nzvimbo yemukuru wedhipatimendi rezvinyorwa zveMoscow Museum yaLeo Tolstoy (akatamira kuCanada pakati pemakore ekuma26). Mushumo wacho unoguma nechikumbiro chokuti: “Kwamuri, mauto echiduku, ndinoita chikumbiro chaicho chomwoyo wose uye chomwoyo wose. Isu vanhu vakuru tinofa. Nokuda kwezviri nani kana kuti zvakaipa, mukuwirirana namasimba masimba edu asina simba, takatakura murazvo mhenyu uye hatina kuudzima. Zvitore kubva kwatiri kuti tienderere mberi nekuzvipinza mumurazvo une simba weChokwadi, Rudo uye Rusununguko "...
Kudzvinyirirwa kwevaTolstoyan nemasekete akasiyana-siyana neBolsheviks, uye panguva imwechete "yakarongeka" vegetarianism, yakatanga munguva yeHondo Yenyika. Muna 1921, mapoka akatambudzwa ne tsarism, kunyanya kusati kwamukira 1905, akasangana pa "First All-Russian Congress yeSectarian Agricultural and Productive Associations." § 1 yechisarudzo chekongiresi yaiti: “Isu, boka renhengo dzeAll-Russian Congress of Sectarian Agricultural Communities, Communes and Artels, vanodya miriwo nemhosva, tinoona kuponda kwete vanhu chete, asiwo mhuka chivi chisingagamuchiriki. pamberi paMwari uye musashandise nyama yekuuraya chikafu, uye nekudaro takamiririra vese veVegetarian sekisheni, tinokumbira People's Commissariat of Agriculture kuti isadaidze kunyoreswa kwenyama kubva kune vanodya miriwo, zvinopesana nehana dzavo uye zvavanotenda. Chisarudzo, chakasainwa nevatori vechikamu 11, kusanganisira KS Shokhor-Trotsky naVG Chertkov, yakagamuchirwa pamwe chete nekongiresi.
Vladimir Bonch-Bruyevich (1873-1955), nyanzvi yeBolshevik Party pamasekete, akataura maonero ake pamusoro pekongiresi iyi uye nezvezvisarudzo zvakagamuchirwa nayo mumushumo we "The Crooked Mirror of Sectarianism", iyo yakakurumidza kubudiswa mupepanhau. . Kunyanya, akataura zvinoshamisa pamusoro pekubvumirana uku, achitaura kuti haasi mapoka ose anomiririrwa pamusangano anozviona sevarimi vemiti: Molokans neBaptists, somuenzaniso, vanodya nyama. Kutaura kwake kwairatidza kutungamira kwehurongwa hweBolshevik. Chinhu chechirongwa ichi ndechekuedza kupatsanura masekete, kunyanya maTolstoyan, kuita mapoka anofambira mberi uye anopindura: mumashoko aBonch-Bruyevich, "bakatwa rakapinza uye risina tsitsi rekumukira rakagadzira kupatsanurana" pakati pevaTolstoyan zvakare. Bonch-Bruevich akati KS Shokhor-Trotsky naVG Chertkov kune vakapindura, iye akati IM Tregubov naPI Biryukov kune veTolstoyan, pedyo nevanhu - kana, sezvavakadana naSofia Andreevna, kune "rima", zvichikonzera kutsamwa mune izvi. Zvinonzi "mukadzi ane manyawi, ane masimba masimba, anodada nekodzero dzake" .... Pamusoro pezvo, Bonch-Bruevich akashora zvakanyanya zvakataurwa neCongress of Sectarian Agricultural Associations vachipokana nemutongo werufu, basa rechiuto repasi rose uye chirongwa chakabatana chezvikoro zvevashandi zveSoviet. Chinyorwa chake chakakurumidza kumutsa nhaurirano dzekushushikana muKantini yemuriwo yeMoscow muGazetny Lane.
Misangano yevhiki nevhiki yevaTolstoyan pachivako cheMoscow Military District yaiongororwa. Sergei Mikhailovich Popov (1887-1932), uyo akambonyorerana naTolstoy, pana March 16, 1923, akaudza muzivi Petr Petrovich Nikolaev (1873-1928), aigara muNice kubvira 1905 kuti: “Vamiririri vezviremera vanoita sevashori. uye dzimwe nguva vanoratidza kupikisa kwavo zvakasimba. Saka, semuenzaniso, pahurukuro yangu yekupedzisira, pakanga paine makamuri evana maviri, pamwe chete nevakuru, mushure mekupera kwekurukurirano, vamiriri vaviri vezviremera vakauya kwandiri, pamberi pemunhu wese, ndokubvunza kuti: une mvumo yekukurukura?" “Aiwa,” ndakapindura kudaro, “maererano nezvandinodavira, vanhu vose ihama, uye naizvozvo ndinoramba chiremera chose uye handikumbire mvumo yokuitisa kurukurirano.” “Ndipe magwaro ako,” vanodaro <…> “Wasungwa,” vanodaro, uye vachibudisa zvivhorovhoro vachizvininira pandiri nemashoko okuti: “Tinokurayira kuti utitevere.”
Musi waApril 20, 1924, mukuvakwa kweMoscow Vegetarian Society, Scientific Council yeTolstoy Museum uye Council of the Moscow Military District yakaita mhemberero yakavharwa yemakore makumi matanhatu ekuyeukwa kwe60 Gorbunov-Posadov uye yemakore makumi mana ekunyora kwake. chiitiko semukuru wePosrednik imba yekutsikisa.
Mazuva mashomanene gare gare, pana April 28, 1924, chikumbiro chakaendeswa kuzviremera zveSoviet kuti chibvumirwe cheDraft Charter yeMoscow Vegetarian Society. LN Tolstoy - yakavambwa muna 1909! - nechiratidzo chekuti vese gumi vanonyorera havasi vebato. Zvose pasi pe tsarism uye pasi peSoviets - uye sezviri pachena pasi paPutin zvakare (cf. pazasi p. yy) - machata emasangano ese eruzhinji aifanira kuwana mvumo yepamutemo kubva kuvakuru. Pakati pezvinyorwa zvekuchengetwa kweMoscow Military District pane chinyorwa chetsamba yaAugust 13 wegore rimwe chete, yakanyorerwa Lev Borisovich Kamenev (1883-1936), uyo panguva iyoyo (uye kusvika 1926) aiva nhengo ye Politburo uye mukuru wekomiti yepamusoro yeMoscow City Council, pamwe nemutevedzeri wasachigaro weCouncil of People's Commissars. Munyori wetsamba yacho anonyunyuta kuti charter yeMoscow Military District haisati yatenderwa: “Uyezve, maererano nemashoko andinawo, nyaya yokuibvumira inoita seinogadziriswa mune zvakaipa. Panoita kunge pane kusanzwisisana kuri kuitika pano. Sosaiti dzeVegetarian dziripo mumaguta akati wandei - nei sangano rakafanana risingavepo muMoscow? Chiitiko chesosaiti chakazaruka chose, chinoitika mudenderedzwa rakaganhurirwa remitezo yayo, uye kana chakambozivikanwa sechisingadiwi, chingadaro, mukuwedzera kubumbiro rakatenderwa, kudzvinyirirwa nedzimwe nzira. Chokwadi, O-vo haana kumbobvira aita basa rezvematongerwo enyika. Kubva kudivi rino, yakazvikurudzira zvizere mukati mekurarama kwayo kwemakore gumi nemashanu. Ndinovimba zvikuru, mudiwa Lev Borisovich, kuti uchawana zvichibvira kubvisa kusanzwisisana kwamuka uye kundipa rubatsiro munyaya iyi. Ndingakutendai kana mukataura maonero enyu patsamba yangu iyi. Zvisinei, kuedza kwakadaro kwokutanga kuonana nezviremera zvikuru hakuna kuunza muuyo waidiwa.
Tichifunga nezvezviyereso zvezviremera zveSoviet, Tolstoyan vegetarian vakatanga kudhinda muchivande magazini ane mwero netaipi kana rotaprint pakati pemakore makumi maviri. Saka, muna 20 (tichitarisa kufambidzana kwemukati: "nguva ichangopfuura, maererano nerufu rwaLenin") "sechinyorwa" chine nguva yakawanda yevhiki mbiri, chinyorwa chinonzi Common Case chakabudiswa. Literary-social and vegetarian magazine yakapepetwa naY. Neapolitansky. Magazini iyi yaizova “inzwi rinorarama revanhu vanodya miriwo.” Vapepeti vemagazini yacho vakatsoropodza zvakasimba kudivi rimwe chete rokuumbwa kweKanzuru yeMoscow Vegetarian Society, vachida kuti paumbwe “Coalition Council” umo mapoka ose ane simba zvikuru eSosaiti aizomiririrwa; zano rakadaro chete, sekureva kwemupepeti, rinogona kuve nemvumo kune VOSE vanodya miriwo. NezveDare riripo, kutya kwakaratidzwa kuti nekupinda kwevanhu vatsva mukugadzirwa kwayo, "kutungamirira" kwemutemo waro kunogona kuchinja; uyezve, zvakasimbiswa kuti Kanzuru iyi inotungamirwa ne "vanoremekedzwa veterans veTolstoy", avo vachangobva "kufambirana nezana ramakore" uye vanotora mukana wese kuratidza pachena tsitsi dzavo kune hutsva hwehurumende (maererano nemunyori, "Tolstoy-statesmen"); vechidiki vanopikisa-vanopikisa mumatare anotonga evanodya miriwo vanonyatsomiririrwa. Y. Neapolitansky anoshora hutungamiriri hwevanhu nekusaita basa uye ushingi: "Chaizvo zvakapesana nekumhanya kwehupenyu hweMoscow, saka kushinga uye kutyisa, vanodya miriwo vakawana rugare kubvira 1925, vakaronga "chigaro chinyoro". <...> Kune mifananidzo yakawanda mucanteen yeVegetarian Island kupfuura muSosaiti pachayo” (p. 1922 yy). Zviripachena, kunyangwe munguva dzeSoviet, chirwere chekare chekufamba kwezvinomera hachina kukundwa: kupatsanurwa, kupatsanurwa kuita mapoka akawanda uye kusakwanisa kusvika pakubvumirana.
Musi waKurume 25, 1926, musangano wevatangi veDunhu reMasoja reMoscow wakaitwa muMoscow, umo vabatanidzi venguva refu vaTolstoy vakatora chikamu: VG Chertkov, PI Biryukov, uye II Gorbunov-Posadov. VG Chertkov akaverenga chirevo pamusoro pekugadzwa kwesangano idzva, rainzi "Moscow Vegetarian Society", uye panguva imwechete gwaro rekunyora. Zvisinei, pamusangano wakatevera waMay 6, chisarudzo chaifanira kuitwa: “Nemhaka yokukundikana kugamuchira tsinhiro kubva kumadhipatimendi anobatanidzwa, bumbiro remitemo rinofanira kumbomiswa nokuda kwokurangarirwa.” Pasinei nemamiriro ezvinhu aripo iye zvino, mishumo yakanga ichiri kuverengwa. Saka, mudhayari yenhaurirano dzeMoscow Military District kubva muna Ndira 1, 1915 kusvika Kukadzi 19, 1929, pane mishumo (iyo yakapindwa nevanhu 12 kusvika ku286) pamisoro yakadai sekuti "Hupenyu Hwemweya hwaLN Tolstoy. " (N N. Gusev), "The Doukhobors muCanada" (PI Biryukov), "Tolstoy naErtel" (NN Apostolov), "The Vegetarian Movement muRussia" (IO Perper), "The Tolstoy Movement muBulgaria" (II Gorbunov-Posadov), "Gothic" (Prof. AI Anisimov), "Tolstoy uye Mimhanzi" (AB Goldenweiser) nevamwe. Muhafu yechipiri ya1925 chete, 35 inoshuma.
Kubva pamaminetsi emisangano yeKanzuru yeMoscow Military District kubva muna 1927 kusvika muna 1929, zviri pachena kuti nzanga yakaedza kurwisana nemutemo wezviremera, izvo zvakanga zvichiwedzera kurambidza mabasa ayo, asi pakupedzisira zvakanga zvichiri kumanikidzwa. kukundikana. Sezviri pachena, pasati papfuura 1923, imwe "Artel "Vegetarian Nutrition" yakabvuta imba huru yekudyira yeMVO-va, pasina kubhadhara mari yakafanira yerendi, zvekushandisa, nezvimwewo, kunyangwe zvitambi uye kunyoreswa kweMVO-va. yakaramba ichishandiswa. Pamusangano weKanzuru yeMoscow Military District musi waApril 13, 1927, “chisimba chinopfuurira” cheArtel mukurwisana neSosaiti chakataurwa. “Kana Artel akatendera mutongo weBhodi rayo kuramba uchigara munzvimbo yeMoscow Military District, Dare reSosaiti rinoyambira kuti harione sezvingabvira kuita chero chibvumirano naArtel panyaya iyi.” Misangano yenguva dzose yeKanzuru yakapindwa nemitezo yayo 15 kusvika ku20, kubatanidza vamwe vasonganiri vapedyo vaTolstoy—VG Chertkov, II Gorbunov-Posadov, naNN Gusev. Gumiguru 12, 1927 Kanzuru yeMoscow Military District, mukurangarira zana rinouya rekuzvarwa kwaLN Tolstoy, "tichifunga nezve kuswedera kwedzidziso yeMoscow Military District kuhupenyu hwaLN Tolstoy, uye zvakare mukuona. yeLN kutora chikamu mune dzidzo <...> O-va muna 1909 ″, akasarudza kupa zita raLN Tolstoy kuMoscow Military District uye kuendesa ichi chikumbiro kuti chibvumirwe nemusangano mukuru wenhengo dzeO-va. Uye musi waJanuary 18, 1928, zvakasarudzwa kugadzirira kuunganidza "Maitiro akaita LN Tolstoy kwandiri" uye kuraira II Gorbunov-Posadov, I. Perper naNS Troshin kunyora chikumbiro chemakwikwi enyaya "Tolstoy uye Vegetarianism ". Mukuwedzera, I. Perper akarayirwa kuti anyore kumakambani ekunze kuti agadzirire firimu rezvinomera [kushambadzira]. Pana July 2 wegore rimwe chetero, gwaro remibvunzo yokunyorwa rakabvumirwa kuti rigovererwe kumitezo yeSosaiti, uye kwakasarudzwa kuita Vhiki yeTolstoy muMoscow. Zvechokwadi, muna September 1928, Dunhu reMasoja reMoscow rakaronga musangano wemazuva akawanda, apo mazana eTolstoyan akasvika muMoscow achibva kumativi ose enyika. Musangano wacho wakatariswa nezviremera zveSoviet; zvadaro, chakava chikonzero chekusungwa kwenhengo dzeYouth Circle, pamwe nekurambidzwa kwekupedzisira kwemagazini aTolstoy - tsamba yemwedzi yeMoscow Military District.
Pakuvamba kwa1929 mamiriro ezvinhu akawedzera zvikuru. Kubva muna Ndira 23, 1929, zvakasarudzwa kutumira VV Chertkov naIO Perper ku7th International Vegetarian Congress muSteinshönau (Czechoslovakia), asi kare muna Kukadzi 3, VV va kutyisidzirwa "nekuda kwekuramba kweMUNI [the Moscow Real Estate Administration] kumutsiridza chibvumirano chekurenda." Mushure maizvozvi, nhume dzakatosarudzwa "zvekukurukurirana nevepamusoro-soro yeSoviet uye mapato eParty maererano nenzvimbo yeO-va"; yaisanganisira: VG Chertkov, "sachigaro anokudzwa weMoscow Military District", pamwe naII Gorbunov-Posadov, NN Gusev, IK Roche, VV Chertkov naVV Shershenev. Pana February 12, 1929, pamusangano wechimbichimbi weKanzuru yeMoscow Military District, nhume dzakaudza nhengo dzeDare racho kuti “mafungiro aMOUNI okupa nzvimbo yacho akanga akavakirwa pachisarudzo chezviremera zvikuru” uye kunonoka. nekuti kuendeswa kwenzvimbo kwaisazobvumidzwa. Mukuwedzera, zvakataurwa kuti All-Russian Central Executive Committee [iyo VV Mayakovsky akatanga kupopotedzana muna 1924 munhetembo yakakurumbira "Jubilee" yakatsaurirwa kuna AS Pushkin] yakagamuchira chisarudzo pamusoro pekuendeswa kwezvivako zveMoscow Military District. kune anti-alcohol O. Yese-Russian Central Executive Committee haina kunzwisisa nezve kuvharwa kweMoscow Military District.
Zuva rakatevera racho, February 13, 1929, pamusangano weKanzuru yeRuwa rweMauto reMoscow, kwakasarudzwa kugadza musangano mukuru wechimbichimbi wemitezo yeMoscow Military District nokuda kwoMuvhuro, February 18, na7:30 manheru kuti vakurukure. mamirire ezvinhu aripo iye zvino pamusoro pokunyimwa kwenzvimbo yeO -va uye kudikanwa kwokuichenesa panosvika February 20. Pamusangano mumwe chetewo, musangano mukuru wakakumbirwa kubvumidza kupinda muO-mumitezo yakazara yavanhu 18, uye vakwikwidzi. - 9. Musangano unotevera weKanzuru (31 iripo) wakaitwa musi waFebruary 20: VG Chertkov aifanira kutaura pamusoro pechinyorwa chaakagamuchira kubva kuprotocol yePresidium yeAll-Russian Central Executive Committee kubva 2/2–29; Nhamba 95, iyo inotaura nezveMoscow Military District se "yekare" O-ve, mushure mokunge VG Chertkov akarayirwa kuti ajekese pachake mubvunzo wechinzvimbo cheO-va muAll-Russian Central Executive Committee. Mukuwedzera, kuguma kweraibhurari yeMoscow Military District yakasarudzwa: kuitira kuti ishandiswe zvakanakisisa, zvakasarudzwa kuti iendese kune hutori huzere hwechigaro chekuremekedza cheO-va, VG Chertkov; Musi waKukadzi 27, Kanzuru yakafunga "kufunga nezveBhuku Kiosk rakabviswa kubva 26 / II - p. , uye pana March 9, chisarudzo chakaitwa: “Fungisisa nezveMoto Wevana weChitsuwa wakavharwa kubva pana March 15 gore rino. G." Pamusangano weKanzuru munaKurume 31, 1929, zvakashumwa kuti canteen yeSosaiti yakabviswa, iyo yakaitika munaKurume 17, 1929.
The GMIR (f. 34 op. 1/88. No. 1) inochengeta gwaro rine musoro unoti “Charter of the Moscow Vegetative Society yakatumidzwa zita reAlN Tolstoy. Papeji yemusoro pane chiratidzo cheMunyori weKanzuru yeMoscow Military District: “22/5-1928 <…> yeNo. 1640 charter of the general. yakatumirwa kune secretaryariat <…> yePresidium yeAll-Russian Central Executive Committee. Nechimiro che<...> 15-IV [1929] No. 11220/71, Sosaiti yakaziviswa kuti kunyoreswa kwechata kwakarambwa uye kuti <...> kumisa mibato yose kubva kwavari. MVO”. Iyi kurongeka kweAll-Russian Central Executive Committee yakaratidzwa mu "Attitude of AOMGIK-a kubva 15-1929 p. [11220131] Nhamba 18 ichitaura kuti kunyoreswa kwegwaro reO-va neMoscow Gubernia Executive Committee kwakarambwa, nei AOMGIK inokurudzira kumisa mabasa ose panzvimbo yeO-va. Musi waApril 1883, Kanzuru yeMoscow Military District, maererano ne "chikumbiro" cheAOMGIK kumisa mabasa eO-va, vakasarudza kutumira kuratidzira nechikumbiro pamusoro pechikumbiro ichi kuDare rePeople's Commissars. RSFSR. Kudhirowa kwechinyorwa kwakapihwa kuna IK Roche naVG Chertkov (Chertkov mumwechete uyo LN Tolstoy akanyorera tsamba dzakawanda kwazvo pakati pa1910 na5 zvekuti vanogadzira makumi mapfumbamwe ebhuku rezvidzidzo remavhoriyamu makumi matatu neshanu ...). Kanzuru yakasarudzawo kukumbira Tolstoy Museum, nekuona kuvharwa kweO-va, kuti igamuchire zvinhu zvayo zvese mudura remu museum (kurwara. 90 yy) - mukuru wemuseum panguva iyoyo aive NN Gusev. … Iyo Tolstoy Museum, kune yayo, yakazoendesa magwaro aya kuLeningrad Museum yeNhoroondo yeChitendero uye Atheism, yakavambwa muna 35 - yanhasi GMIR.
Maminiti Nhamba 7 eRuwa rweMasoja rweMoscow omusi waMay 18, 1929 anoti: “Fungai nyaya dzose dzokumiswa kweO-va dzakapedzwa.”
Mamwe mabasa esangano aifanira kumiswa, kusanganisira kugovera hectographed "Tsamba kubva kushamwari dzaTolstoy". Wed mavara einotevera tapureta kopi:
“Shamwari inodiwa, tinokuzivisa kuti Tsamba dzeShamwari dzaTolstoy dzakamiswa nekuda kwezvikonzero zvatisingakwanisi. Nhamba yekupedzisira yeTsamba yaive Nha. 1929 ye7 Gumiguru, asi isu tinoda mari, sezvo vazhinji veshamwari dzedu vakazviwana vari mujeri, uye zvakare mukuona kwekuwedzera kwetsamba, iyo inotsiva iyo yakamiswa Tsamba kubva kushamwari dzaTolstoy, kunyangwe uye inoda nguva yakawanda uye mari yekutumira.
Musi waOctober 28, shamwari dzedu dzakawanda dzeMoscow dzakasungwa uye dzakaendeswa kujeri reButyrka, iro 2, IK Rosha naNP Chernyaev, vakasunungurwa mavhiki matatu gare gare pabheti, uye 4 shamwari - IP Basutin (munyori weVG Chertkov), Sorokin. , IM, Pushkov, VV, Neapolitan, Yerney vakaendeswa kuSolovki kwemakore mashanu. Pamwe chete navo, shamwari yedu AI Grigoriev, uyo akanga ambosungwa kare, akadzingwa nokuda kwegore re5. Kusungwa kweshamwari dzedu nevanhu vane pfungwa dzakafanana kwakaitikawo kune dzimwe nzvimbo muRussia.
Ndira 18 p. Zvakasarudzwa nevakuru venzvimbo kuti vaparadzire nharaunda chete pedyo neMoscow yemafungiro akafanana Leo Tolstoy, Upenyu uye Basa. Zvakasarudzwa kuti vana veCommunards vabude muzvikoro zvedzidzo, uye Dare reCommunards rakatongwa.
Neuta hweushamwari panzvimbo yaV. Chertkov. Ndiudze kana wakagamuchira Tsamba kubva kushamwari dzeTolstoy Nha.
Mumakumi maviri mumaguta makuru, canteens yezvinomera yakaramba iripo kwekutanga - izvi, kunyanya, zvinoratidzwa neinoveli I. Ilf naE. Petrov "Vane Gumi Nembiri Vachigaro". Kare munaSeptember 1928, Vasya Shershenev, sachigaro weNew Yerusalim-Tolstoy commune (kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweMoscow), akapiwa kuti atungamirire Vegetarian Canteen muMoscow munguva yechando. Akasarudzwawo sachigaro weMoscow Vegetarian Society uye saka aiwanzoita nzendo kubva kunharaunda ye "New Yerusalim-Tolstoy" kuenda kuMoscow. Nekudaro, kutenderedza 1930, makomisheni nemakorasi akatumidzwa zita. LN Tolstoy vakagariswa patsva nechisimba; kubvira 1931, commune yakaonekwa munharaunda yeKuznetsk, ine nhengo 500. Mataundi aya aiwanzoita mabasa ekurima ane pundutso; semuenzaniso, iyo commune "Hupenyu neBasa" pedyo neNovokuznetsk, kuWestern Siberia, pa54 madhigirii latitude, yakaunza kurimwa kwemastrawberries vachishandisa greenhouses uye hothouse mibhedha (kurwara. , muriwo unodiwa zvakanyanya. Zvisinei, muna 36-1935. commune yakavharwa, vazhinji venhengo dzayo vakasungwa.
Kutambudzwa uko vaTolstoyan nemamwe mapoka (kusanganisira vaMalevan, Dukhobors neMolokan) vakaiswa mazviri muutongi hweSoviet kunorondedzerwa zvakadzama naMark Popovsky mubhuku rinonzi Russian Men Tell. Vateveri vaLeo Tolstoy muSoviet Union 1918-1977, yakabudiswa muna 1983 muLondon. Izwi rokuti "vegetarianism" muM. Popovsky, rinofanira kutaurwa, rinowanikwa nguva nenguva, zvichibva pakuti chivakwa cheMoscow Military District kusvika 1929 ndiyo inonyanya kukosha yemusangano wevateveri vaTolstoy.
Kubatanidzwa kweSoviet system pakupera kwema1920 kwakagumisa kuedza kwezvinomera uye mararamiro asiri echinyakare. Ichokwadi, kuedza kwakasiyana kuponesa kudya kwezvinomera kwainge kuchiri kuitwa - mhedzisiro yavo yaive kudzikiswa kwepfungwa yekudya zvirimwa kune zvinovaka muviri mupfungwa yakamanikana, nekuramba kwakanyanya kwechitendero uye tsika. Saka, semuenzaniso, Leningrad Vegetarian Society ikozvino yakatumidzwa zita rokuti "Leningrad Scientific and Hygienic Vegetarian Society", iyo, kutanga muna 1927 (ona pamusoro, peji 110-112 yy), yakatanga kubudisa Diet Hygiene yemwedzi miviri yemwedzi miviri (kurwara). 37y). Mutsamba yaJuly 6, 1927, nzanga yeLeningrad yakatendeukira kuKanzuru yeMoscow Military District, iyo yakapfuuridzira tsika dzaTolstoy, nechikumbiro chokupa mhinduro pamagazini itsva.
Pazuva rekurangarira Leo Tolstoy muna 1928, bhuku reChikafu Hutsanana rakaburitsa zvinyorwa zvichigashira chokwadi chekuti sainzi nehutsanana hwakakunda mukurwira pakati pechitendero nehunhu hwezvinomera uye zvesainzi nehutsanana vegetarianism. Asi kunyange mafambisirwo akadaro haana kubatsira: muna 1930 shoko rokuti “muriwo” rakanyangarika kubva pamusoro wemagazini.
Ichokwadi chokuti zvinhu zvose zvingave zvakashanduka zvakasiyana zvinoratidzwa nemuenzaniso weBulgaria. Nechekare panguva yeupenyu hwaTolstoy, dzidziso dzake dzakaparadzirwa zvakanyanya pano (ona p. 78 pamusoro pamusoro pemapinduriro akakonzerwa nekudhindwa kweChinhanho Chekutanga). Muhafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechi1926, Tolstoyism yakabudirira muBulgaria. VaTolstoyan vokuBulgaria vaiva nemapepanhau avo, magazini, dzimba dzokudhindisa nezvitoro zvemabhuku, izvo zvainyanya kusimudzira mabhuku eTolstoyan. Sangano rinodya miriwo rakaumbwawo, riine nhamba huru yenhengo uye, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, riine network yemacanteens, ayo akashandawo senzvimbo yemishumo nemisangano. Muna 400, musangano wevaBulgarian vegetarians wakaitwa, umo 1913 vanhu vakatora chikamu (ngatiyeuke kuti nhamba yevatori vechikamu mumusangano weMoscow muna 200 yakasvika 9 chete). Mugore rimwe chetero, nharaunda yekurima yeTolstoy yakaumbwa, iyo, kunyange mushure meSeptember 1944, 40, zuva rakatanga kutonga maKomonisiti, yakaramba ichiremekedzwa nehurumende, sezvo yaionekwa sepurazi rakanakisisa rekushandira pamwe munyika. . “Bato reBulgarian Tolstoyan raisanganisira nhengo dzaro nhatu dzeBulgaria Academy of Sciences, maartist maviri anozivikanwa, mapurofesa akati wandei emayunivhesiti uye vadetembi vasere, vanyori vemitambo nevanyori. Yakanga ichizivikanwa zvakanyanya sechinhu chakakosha mukusimudza mwero wetsika netsika wehupenyu hwemunhu uye hwemagariro evaBulgaria uye yakaramba iripo mumamiriro erusununguko rwakati kusvika pakupera kwema1949. Muna Kukadzi 1950, nzvimbo yepakati yeSofia Vegetarian Society yakavharwa ikashandurwa kuita kirabhu yevakuru. Muna Ndira 3846, Bulgarian Vegetarian Society, iyo panguva iyoyo yaive nenhengo makumi matanhatu neina mumasangano makumi manomwe emunharaunda, yakapera.