Simba rakakwirira remasvingo ekare eChina rakapiwa nemupunga muto, uyo vavaki vakawedzera kune lime mortar. Musanganiswa une carbohydrate amylopectin inogona kunge yaive yekutanga organic-inorganic composite zvinhu.
Composite zvinhu, kana macomposites - akawanda-chikamu chakasimba zvinhu zvinokutendera iwe kuti ubatanidze zvinobatsira zvivakwa zvezvikamu zvazvo, zvakatove zvakakosha kune zvivakwa zvenharaunda dzevanhu. Iyo peculiarity yemakompositi ndeyekuti inosanganisa inosimbisa zvinhu izvo zvinopa anodiwa emakanika maitiro echinhu, uye binder matrix inovimbisa kushanda kwakabatana kwezvinhu zvekusimbisa. Composite zvinhu zvinoshandiswa mukuvaka (yakasimbiswa kongiri) uye mukati memoto injini (majasi pane friction surfaces uye pistons), mundege uye astronautics, mukugadzirwa kwezvombo uye tsvimbo.
Asi macomposites ane makore mangani uye akakurumidza sei kushanda? Chinhu chekutanga chinouya mupfungwa zvidhinha zvekare zvakagadzirwa nevhu, asi zvakasanganiswa neshanga (inongori "bonding matrix"), yakashandiswa muEgypt yekare.
Zvisinei, kunyange zvazvo magadzirirwo aya akanga ari nani pane mamwe mazuva ano asina kuumbwa, akanga achiri asina kukwana uye saka akararama kwenguva pfupi. Nekudaro, mhuri ye "makombi ekare" haina kuganhurirwa kune izvi. Masayendisiti echiChinese akakwanisa kuona kuti chakavanzika chedhaka rekare, iro rinosimbisa kusimba kweGreat Wall yeChina kupokana nekumanikidzwa kwemazana emakore, zvakare iri mumunda wezvinhu zvinosanganiswa zvesainzi.
Unyanzvi hwekare hwaidhura zvikuru, asi hunobudirira.
Doka raigadzirwa nemupunga unotapira, chikafu chemazuva ano cheAsia. Boka rapurofesa wemakemikari emuviri Bingjiang Zhang akawana kuti vavaki vakashandisa dhaka rinonamira rakagadzirwa nemupunga makore 1,5 apfuura. Kuti uite izvi, muto wemupunga wakavhenganiswa neyakajairwa zvigadzirwa zvekugadzirisa - slaked lime (calcium hydroxide), inowanikwa necalcining limestone (calcium carbonate) pahupamhi hwepamusoro, inoteverwa nekuputika kunokonzera calcium oxide (quicklime) nemvura.
Zvichida dhaka remupunga rakanga riri rekutanga pasi rose rakaumbwa zvinhu zvakaumbwa zvakabatanidza organic uye inorganic components.
Yakanga yakasimba uye isinganayi kunaya kupfuura dhaka reraimu yakajairwa uye yakanga iri budiriro hurusa yeruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu panguva yayo. Yakashandiswa chete pakuvaka zvivako zvakakosha: makuva, pagodas uye masvingo eguta, mamwe ayo akapona kusvika nhasi uye akadzivisa kudengenyeka kwenyika kwakawanda kwakasimba uye kuedza kuparadza nemabulldozers emazuva ano.
Masayendisiti akakwanisa kuwana "chinhu chinoshanda" chemupunga wemupunga. Yakazove amylopectin, polysaccharide ine matavi maketani eglucose mamorekuru, chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zve starch.
"Ongororo yekuongorora yakaratidza kuti dhaka mune yekare masonry ndeye organic-inorganic composite zvinhu. Kuumbwa kwacho kwakatemwa ne thermogravimetric differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction, Fourier inoshandura infrared spectroscopy uye scanning electron microscopy. Zvakatarwa kuti amylopectin inoumba microstructure yemusanganiswa ine inorganic component, iyo inopa yakakosha zvivakwa zvemhinduro, "anodaro vaongorori veChinese mune chimwe chinyorwa.
MuEurope, ivo vanocherekedza, kubvira panguva yavaRoma vekare, huruva yegomo rinoputika yakashandiswa kuwedzera simba kudhaka. Nokudaro, vakawana kugadzikana kwemhinduro kumvura - haina kuparara mairi, asi, pane zvinopesana, yakaomeswa chete. Iyi tekinoroji yakapararira muEurope nekuMadokero kweAsia, asi haina kushandiswa muChina, nekuti kwaingove kwaisave nekwaidiwa zvinhu zvakasikwa. Naizvozvo, vavaki veChinese vakabuda mumamiriro ezvinhu nekugadzira organic mupunga-based supplement.
Mukuwedzera kune kukosha kwezvakaitika kare, kuwanikwa kunokoshawo mumashoko anoshanda. Kugadzirira kwehuwandu hwekuedzwa kwedhaka kwakaratidza kuti inoramba iri nzira inoshanda yekudzoreredza kwezvivakwa zvekare, uko kunowanzodikanwa kutsiva iyo yekubatanidza zvinhu muzvidhinha kana masonry.