Chigunwe (kubva kune chekare cheFrench arteil, kubva kuLatin articulus, zvichireva kuti chibatanidza chidiki) kuwedzera kwetsoka.

nzvimbo. Zvigunwe zvishanu muhuwandu patsoka imwe neimwe, uye zvakaverengerwa kubva kuchiso chepakati kusvika kune chemberi:

• chigunwe chekutanga, chinonzi hallux kana chigunwe chikuru;
• chigunwe chechipiri, chinonzi secundus kana depasus;
• chigunwe chechitatu, chinonzi tertius kana centrus;
• chigunwe chechina, chinonzi chechina kana kuti pre-externus;
• chigunwe chechishanu, chinonzi quintus kana exterius, uye kazhinji chigunwe chidiki.

marangwanda. Chigunwe chimwe nechimwe chine phalanges matatu, kunze kwechigunwe chekutanga chine maviri chete. Nheyo dze phalanges dzinotaura ne metatarsus (1).

Musculature. Kupindira kunyanya muzvigunwe, mhasuru dzetsoka dzakakamurwa kuita zvidimbu zvina (1):

• Iro 1st layer inoumbwa neabductor muscle yechigunwe chikuru, flexor digitorum brevis muscle uye abductor muscle yechigunwe chiduku.
• Iro 2nd layer inoumbwa nemakumbo emakumbo, iyo accessory flexor muscle yezvigunwe zvekupedzisira zve4 pamwe chete nematoni ehurefu hurefu hwezvigunwe zvezvigunwe.
• Iyo 3rd layer inoumbwa ne flexor digitorum brevis uye adductor hallucis brevis muscles, pamwe chete ne flexor digitorum brevis muscle.
• Iyo 4th layer ine misumbu yeadductor yezvigunwe, kunze kweabductor tsandanyama yechigunwe chikuru chiri muchikamu chekutanga.

Vascularization uye innervation. Iwo 1st uye 2nd tsandanyama akaturikidzana anoumba yepamusoro neuro-vascular ndege. Iyo 3rd uye 4th misumbu mitsetse inoumba yakadzika neuro-vascular ndege (1).

Protective casing. Zvigunwe zvakakomberedzwa neganda uye zvine zvipikiri panzvimbo dzazvo dzepamusoro.

Kutsigira uremu hwemuviri. Rimwe remabasa ezvigunwe nderekutsigira uremu hwemuviri. (2)

Yakasimba uye ine simba yetsoka. Chimiro chezvigunwe chinobatsira kuchengetedza tsigiro yemuviri, kuenzanisa, uye kuitawo mafambiro akasiyana siyana anosanganisira kufambiswa kwemuviri kana uchifamba. (2) (3)

Zvinetso zvakasiyana zvinogona kubuda muzvigunwe. Zvikonzero zvavo zvakasiyana-siyana asi zvinogona kuve nechekuita nedeformation, malformation, trauma, kutapukirwa, kuzvimba, kana kutoita chirwere chinopera simba. Aya matambudziko anogona kuratidzwa kunyanya nekurwadziwa kwetsoka.

Kuputsika kwe phalanges. Iyo phalanges yezvigunwe inogona kuputsika. (4)

Anomali. Tsoka nezvigunwe zvinogona kuremara. Semuyenzaniso, hallux valgus is congenital malformation inoita kuti chigunwe chikuru chiende kunze. Nzvimbo yepakati inozvimba uye inova nyoro, kunyange kurwadza (5).

Maladies eiyo os. Yakasiyana pathologies inogona kukanganisa mapfupa uye kugadzirisa maitiro avo. Osteoporosis ndechimwe chezvirwere zvakajairika. Inosanganisira kurasikirwa kwemapfupa emapfupa ayo anowanzowanikwa muvanhu vanopfuura makore 60. Inosimbisa kushaya simba kwemapfupa uye inosimudzira mabhiri.

Kurwara. Zvigunwe zvinogona kuwana zvirwere, kusanganisira fungi uye mavhairasi.

• Rutsoka rwomutambi. Rutsoka rweAthlete chirwere chefungal chiri muganda rezvigunwe.
• Onychomycosis. Iyi pathology, inonziwo nail fungus, inoenderana nehutachiona hwefungal muzvipikiri. Zvipikiri zvinonyanya kubatwa zvigunwe zvihombe nezvidiki zvigunwe (6).
• Plantar warts. Zvichiitika kunyanya muzvigunwe, zvinoumba chirwere chetachiona chinotungamirira kumaronda muganda.

Rheumatism. Rheumatism inosanganisira zvirwere zvose zvinobata majoini, kunyanya zvigunwe. Imwe mhando yearthritis, gout inowanzoitika mumajoini echigunwe chikuru.

Kurapwa. Zvichienderana nehutachiona hunoonekwa, marapirwo akasiyana anogona kurongerwa kudzora kana kusimbisa mapfupa emapfupa, kuderedza marwadzo uye kuzvimba. Muchiitiko chehutachiona, anti-infective inogona kurongerwa senge antifungals.

Kuvhiya kurapa. Zvichienderana nechirwere chetachiona, kuvhiyiwa kunogona kuitwa. Muchiitiko chekuputsika, kuiswa kwepini, screw-retained plate kana yekunze fixator inogona kudiwa.

Orthopedic kurapwa. Muchiitiko chekuputsika, plaster cast inogona kuitwa.

Kuongorora kwepanyama. Kuongororwa kunotanga nekucherechedza zvigunwe uye kuongororwa kwezviratidzo zvinoonekwa nemurwere.

Chiremba imaging bvunzo. Kuongororwa kwekliniki kunowanzowedzerwa nekuongorora kwekurapa kwekufungidzira zvakadai se-X-ray, CT scan, MRI, scintigraphy kana kunyange bone densitometry kuti iongorore mapfupa emapfupa.

Kuongorora kwechiremba. Kuti uone mamwe ma pathologies, kuongororwa kweropa kana weti kunogona kuitwa senge, semuenzaniso, kuyerwa kwe phosphorus kana calcium. Muchiitiko chechirwere chefungal, sampuli inogona kutorwa kuti isimbise kuongororwa.

Chimiro uye kuronga kwezvigunwe. Matauriro akasiyana anowanzoshandiswa kutsanangura chimiro uye kuronga kwezvigunwe. Izwi rekuti "rutsoka rweEgipita" rinoenderana netsoka dzine zvigunwe zvekudzikira kubva kune hombe kusvika kudiki. Izwi rokuti "tsoka yechiGiriki" rinotsanangura tsoka dzine chigunwe chechipiri chakareba kupfuura mamwe. Izwi rekuti “square foot” rinoshandiswa kana zvigunwe zvese zvakaenzana kureba.