Bhuku "Introduction to Psychology". Vanyori - RL Atkinson, RS Atkinson, EE Smith, DJ Boehm, S. Nolen-Hoeksema. Pasi pemukuru wehupepeti weVP Zinchenko. 15th international edition, St. Petersburg, Prime Eurosign, 2007.
Chinyorwa kubva muchitsauko 14. Kushushikana, kubata uye hutano
Yakanyorwa naShelley Taylor, University of California
Kuva netariro kusiri kwechokwadi kwakaipa kuutano hwako here? Pakutanga kuona, zvinoratidzika kuti zvinofanira kukuvadza. Mushure mezvose, kana vanhu vachitenda kuti havakwanisi kutarisana nezvinetso kubva pakuora kwezino kusvika kuhosha yemwoyo, izvozvo hazvifaniri kuva chipingamupinyi kumararamiro ane utano here? Uchapupu hwakakwana hunoratidza kuti vanhu vakawanda vane tariro isiri iyoyi nezvoutano hwavo. Asi pasinei zvapo nokuti chii, tariro isiri yechokwadi inoratidzika kuva yakanaka nokuda kwoutano hwako.
Funga nezvemiitiro ine utano yakadai sokusunga mabhandi echigaro, kurovedza muviri, uye kusasvuta kana kunwa doro. Panzvimbo pokunetesa miitiro yakadaro, seizvo munhu angafunga, tarisiro isiri yechokwadi inogona chaizvoizvo kutungamirira kumararamire ane utano. Aspinwall naBrunhart (1996) vakawana kuti vanhu vane tarisiro inetarisiro pamusoro pehutano hwavo chaizvoizvo vakanyanya kukoshesa ruzivo pamusoro pengozi inobvira yemunhu oga kuupenyu hwavo kupfuura vanhu vasina tariro. Sezviri pachena, ikoku imhaka yokuti vanoda kudzivisa idzi ngozi. Vanhu vanogona kunge vaine tarisiro nezvehutano hwavo chaizvo nekuti vane hutano hutsika pane vanopessism (Armor Si Taylor, 1998).
Zvichida humbowo hunonyatso gwinyisa hwekubatsira kwehutano hwetarisiro isingaite hunobva muzvidzidzo zvakaitwa pangochani dzine HIV. Imwe ongororo yakaitwa yakaratidza kuti varume vane tarisiro yakanyanyisa pamusoro pekukwanisa kwavo kuzvidzivirira kubva kuAIDS (somuenzaniso, vachitenda kuti miviri yavo inogona kubvisa utachiona) vane mukana wakakura wekurarama hupenyu hune hutano kupfuura varume vasina tariro (Taylor et al., 1992). Reed, Kemeny, Taylor, Wang, and Visscher (1994) vakawana kuti varume vane AIDS vakanga vasingafungi vachitenda mugumisiro une tariro, kusiyana nekuve vechokwadi, vakawana kuwedzera kwemwedzi 9 kwehupenyu. Muchidzidzo chakafanana, Richard Schulz (Schulz et al., 1994) akawana kuti varwere vegomarara vasina tariro vanofa pamberi pevarwere vane tariro.
Vane tariro vanoita sevachapora nekukurumidza. Leedham, Meyerowitz, Muirhead & Frist (1995) vakawana kuti tarisiro yetarisiro pakati pevarwere vemoyo inotapurirana inosanganiswa nemafungiro ari nani, hupenyu hwepamusoro, uye kugadzirisa kwechirwere. Migumisiro yakafanana yakaunzwa naScheier nevamwe vake (Scheier et al., 1989), avo vakadzidza kuchinjika kwevarwere mushure mekuvhiyiwa kwecoronary bypass. Chii chinotsanangura migumisiro yakadaro?
Tarisiro inobatanidzwa nemaitiro akanaka ekugadzirisa uye maitiro ane hutano. Optimists vanhu vanoshingaira vanoedza kugadzirisa matambudziko pane kuadzivisa (Scheier & Carver, 1992). Mukuwedzera, vane tariro vanobudirira zvikuru muhukama hwevanhu, uye naizvozvo zviri nyore kwavari kuwana rubatsiro kubva kuvanhu. Rutsigiro urwu runobatsira kuderedza mukana wekurwara uye kukurudzira kupora. Vane tariro vanogona kushandisa zviwanikwa izvi kubata nekushushikana uye kurwara.
Masayendisiti zvino anonzwisisa kuti tarisiro inogona kugadzira kana kubatana nemamiriro emuviri anobatsira hutano kana kupora nekukurumidza. Susan Segerstrom nevamwe vaaishanda navo (Segerstrom, Taylor, Kemeny & Fahey, 1998) vakadzidza boka revadzidzi vezvemitemo vaive pasi pekunetsekana kwakanyanya mudzidzo mukati memesita yavo yekutanga muchikoro chemutemo. Vakaona kuti vadzidzi vane tarisiro vaive nechimiro cheimmunological icho chainyanya kurwisa chirwere uye kutapukira. Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakaratidza mhedzisiro yakafanana (Bower, Kemeny, Taylor & Fahey, 1998).
Nei vamwe vanhu vachifunga kuti kuva netariro kwakaipa pautano? Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vanopomera tariro isiri yechokwadi manyuko engozi youtano pasina ufakazi. Somuenzaniso, nepo vasvuti vachiratidzika kuva vanorerutsa ngozi yavo yokuva nekenza yemapapu, hapana ufakazi hwokuti tariro isiri yechokwadi inovasunda kushandisa fodya kana kuti inotsanangura kupfuurira kwavo kusvuta. Zvechokwadi, vanosvuta vanonyatsoziva kuti vari pangozi yezvinetso zvemapapu kupfuura vasiri kusvuta.
Izvi zvinoreva here kuti kuva netariro kusiri kwechokwadi nguva dzose kwakanakira utano hwako kana kuti kwakanakira vanhu vose? Seymour Epstein uye vaanoshanda navo (Epstein & Meier, 1989) vanonongedza kuti vazhinji vane tarisiro ndivo "vanovaka tarisiro" vari kushingaira kuedza kuchengetedza hutano hwavo nekuchengeteka. Asi vamwe vane tarisiro ndivo "vasina tariro" vanotenda kuti zvese zvinozvigadzirisa pasina kuita chero chinhu chinoshanda kwavari. Kana vamwe vane tariro vari panjodzi nokuda kwetsika dzavo dzisina kunaka, vangangove ndevevekupedzisira vemapoka maviri aya.
Usati warasa tariro isingaoneki semamiriro ezvinhu anopofumadza vanhu kunjodzi chaidzo dzatinotarisana nadzo, funga nezvebetsero dzayo: inoita kuti vanhu vafare, vave noutano hwakanaka, uye, kana vachirwara, inovandudza mikana yavo yokupora.
Ngozi dzeTarisiro Isiri Yechokwadi
Iwe unowedzera kana kushoma kudoro kupfuura vamwe vanhu here? Zvakadini nemikana yako yokubatira hosha inopfuudzwa muvatano kana kuti kuva nehosha yemwoyo? Havasi vanhu vazhinji vanobvunzwa mibvunzo iyi vanobvuma kuve nepamusoro-avhareji muzana yenjodzi. Kazhinji, 50-70% yevakaongororwa vanoti vari pasi pengozi yepakati, imwe 30-50% vanoti vari paavhareji njodzi, uye vasingasviki gumi muzana vanoti vari pamusoro peavhareji njodzi. Ona →
Chapter 15
Muchitsauko chino tichatarisa nyaya dzevamwe vanhu vane hosha dzepfungwa dzakakomba, totarisa nezvevarwere vamwe navamwe vanorarama mararamiro anoparadza hunhu hwavo. Ona →