Chii chinonzi manhamba

Muchinyorwa chino, tichaona kuti ndedzipi nhamba dzinonzwisisika, kuti tingadzienzanisa sei kune imwe neimwe, uye zvakare kuti ndeapi mavhisi arithmetic anogona kuitwa navo (kuwedzera, kubvisa, kuwanda, kupatsanura uye exponentiation). Tichaperekedza zvinyorwa zvedzidziso nemienzaniso inoshanda kuti tinzwisise zviri nani.

Tsanangudzo yenhamba inonzwisisika

Zvine musoro inhamba inogona kumiririrwa se. Iyo seti yenhamba dzinonzwisisika ine yakakosha notation - Q.

Mitemo yekuenzanisa nhamba dzinonzwisisika:

1. Chero nhamba yerational nhamba yakakura kudarika zero. Inoratidzwa ne "chikuru kupfuura" chiratidzo chakakosha ">".

   Semuyenzaniso: 5>0, 12>0, 144>0, 2098>0, zvichingodaro.

2. Chero nhamba yerational number ishoma pane zero. Zvinoratidzwa nechiratidzo "chishoma pane". "<".

   Semuyenzaniso: -3<0, -22<0, -164<0, -3042<0 zvichingodaro.

3. Panhamba mbiri dzakanaka dzinonzwisisika, iyo ine kukosha kwakazara yakakura ndiyo yakakura.

   Semuyenzaniso: 10>4, 132>26, 1216<1516 uye т.д.

4. Panhamba mbiri dzisina kunaka, hombe ndiyo ine ukoshi hudiki hwakakwana.

   Semuyenzaniso: -3>-20, -14>-202, -54<-10 uye т.д.

Arithmetic mashandiro ane rational manhamba

Kuwedzera

1. Kuti uwane huwandu hwenhamba dzine mutsindo dzine zviratidzo zvakafanana, ingodzibatanidza, woisa chikwangwani chadzo pamberi pezvabuda.

Semuyenzaniso:

• 5 + 2 = + (5 + 2) = +7 = 7
• 13 + 8 + 4 = + (13 + 8 + 4) = +25 = 25
• -9 + (-11) = – (9 + 11) =-20
• -14 + (-53) + (-3) = – (14 + 53 + 3) =-70

Cherechedza: Kana pasina chiratidzo pamberi penhamba, zvinoreva "+“, kureva kuti zviri positive. Zvakare mumhedzisiro "kuwedzera" inogona kudzikiswa.

2. Kuti tiwane hwerengedzo yenhamba dzine mufungo dzine zviratidzo zvakasiyana, tinowedzera kunhamba ine modulus hombe avo vane chiratidzo chinopindirana nayo, tobvisa nhamba dzine zviratidzo zvakapesana (tinotora hunhu hwakakwana). Zvadaro, zvisati zvaitika, tinoisa chiratidzo chenhamba yatakabvisa zvose.

Semuyenzaniso:

• -6 + 4 = – (6 – 4) =-2
• 15 + (-11) = + (15 – 11) = +4 = 4
• -21 + 15 + 2 + (-4) = – (21 + 4 – 15 – 2) =-8
• 17 + (-6) + 10 + (-2) = + (17 + 10 – 6 – 2) = 19

Kubvisa

Kuti tiwane mutsauko pakati penhamba mbiri dzakarongeka, tinowedzera nhamba inopesana kune iri kubviswa.

Semuyenzaniso:

• 9 – 4 = 9 + (-4) = 5
• 3 – 7 = 3 + (-7) = – (7 – 3) =-4

Kana paine akati wandei ma subtrahends, saka tanga wawedzera nhamba dzese dzakanaka, ipapo dzese dzisina kunaka (kusanganisira iyo yakaderedzwa). Nokudaro, tinowana nhamba mbiri dzinonzwisisika, mutsauko watinowana uchishandisa algorithm iri pamusoro.

Semuyenzaniso:

• 12 – 5 – 3 = 12 - (5 + 3) = 4
• 22 – 16 – 9 = 22 - (16 + 9) = 22 - 25 = – (25 – 22) =-3

Kuwedzera

Kuti uwane chigadzirwa chenhamba mbiri dzinonzwisisika, ingo wedzera mamodule avo, wozoisa pamberi pemhedzisiro:

• chiratidzo "+"kana zvose zviri zviviri zvine chiratidzo chimwe chete;
• chiratidzo "-"kana zvinhu zvine zviratidzo zvakasiyana.

Semuyenzaniso:

• 3 7 = 21
• -15 4 = -60

Kana pane zvinhu zvinopfuura zviviri, zvino:

1. Kana nhamba dzose dziri positive, zvino chigumisiro chichasainwa. "kuwedzera".
2. Kana paine nhamba dzakanaka nedzisina kunaka, saka tinoverenga nhamba dzekupedzisira:
   • an even number ndiwo mhedzisiro yacho "zvimwe";
   • odd nhamba - mhedzisiro ne “bvisa”.

Semuyenzaniso:

• 5 (-4) 3 (-8) = 480
• 15 (-1) (-3) (-10) 12 = -5400

Division

Sezviri munyaya yekuwedzera, tinoita chiito nemamodules enhamba, zvino tinoisa chiratidzo chakakodzera, tichifunga nezvemitemo inotsanangurwa mundima iri pamusoro.

Semuyenzaniso:

• 12:4 = 3
• 48 : (-6) = -8
• 50 : (-2) : (-5) = 5
• 128 : (-4) : (-8) : (-1) = -4

Exponentiation

Kukwidza nhamba inonzwisisika a в n zvakangofanana nekuwanza nhamba iyi yega nth nhamba dzenguva. Zviperengo zvakadaro a ⁿ.

Izvo:

• Chero simba renhamba inokwana rinounza nhamba yakanaka.
• An even power of a negative number is positive, odd power is negative.

Semuyenzaniso:

• 2⁶ = 2 2 2 2 2 2 = 64
• -3⁴ = (-3) · (-3) · (-3) · (-3) = 81
• -6³ = (-6) · (-6) · (-6) = -216