Chii chinonzi gestalt mune psychology uye nei kuchivhara?

Ndeipi nhungamiro yakakurumbira mune psychology Gestalt kurapwa? Nezve maitiro ake, mhedzisiro yezvisina kukwana gestalt muhukama uye mabhenefiti eakavharwa gestalt.

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Gestalt therapy inzira yefashoni yepfungwa, mavambo ayo akaonekwa muna 1912. Gestalt chaizvoizvo "fomu" kana "chimiro" muchiGermany. Pfungwa yacho pachayo yakaunzwa nemuzivi weAustria uye nyanzvi yezvepfungwa Christian von Ehrenfels muna 1890 muchinyorwa chake "Pamusoro Wemhando Yefomu". Mariri, akasimbisa kuti munhu haakwanisi kubata zvinhu zvenyama zvakananga: tinozviona nerubatsiro rwemanzwiro (kunyanya kuona) uye kunatsa mukuziva. 

Musayendisiti haana kupindira mukuvandudza dzidziso, uye pfungwa yeGestalt yakatorwa nevatatu vekuGermany vanoongorora psychologists - Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Keller naKurt Koffka. Vakadzidza zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemaonero evanhu uye vakazvibvunza mubvunzo: sei munhu achisarudza chimwe chinhu chaicho, "chake" kubva pane zvakasiyana-siyana zvezviitiko nemamiriro ezvinhu? Saka kwakazvarwa kutungamira kweGestalt psychology, iyo huru musimboti ndeyekutendeseka!

Pasinei nokuti munhu wose aifarira nzira itsva, nekuda kwemamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika, haina kukura. Vaviri vevakatanga psychologists, vechiJudha nemavambo, vakamanikidzwa kutama kubva kuGermany kuenda kuUnited States muna 1933. Panguva iyoyo, maitiro akatonga muAmerica (kudzidza uye kuchinja kwemaitiro evanhu nemhuka kuburikidza nekukurudzira: mibairo uye chirango. - Forbes Life), uye Gestalt psychology haina kudzika midzi.

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzakadzokera kune pfungwa yeGestalt - Frederick Perls (anozivikanwawo saFritz Perls), Paul Goodman naRalph Hefferlin. Muna 1957 vakaburitsa Gestalt Therapy, Arousal and Growth of the Human Personality. Iri basa guru rakaratidza kutanga kwekuvandudzwa chaiko kwegwara.

Ma gestalt anobva kupi?

Ngatidzokerei kuGestalt psychology. Yakaonekwa muna 1912, munguva apo nzira dzemazuva ano neuroscience dzakanga dzisipo. Saka, kuti unzwisise kuti chii chaizvo gestalt uye chii chimiro chayo, zvaigoneka chete conceptually. Kunyanguvezvo, dzidziso yeGestalt yakadzora chidzidzo chepfungwa muhafu yokutanga yezana ramakore rechi20.

Kubva mukupera kwema1950, nyanzvi yezveuropiyo David Hubel naThorsten Wiesel vakatanga kurekodha neuroni dzega dzega mune yekuona cortex yekatsi netsoko. Zvakazoitika kuti neuron yega yega inopindura zvakasimba kune imwe pfuma yemufananidzo: kona yekutenderera uye kutaridzika, kutungamira kwekufamba. Vanonzi "feature detectors": mitsara yemagetsi, edge detectors. Basa racho rakabudirira zvikuru, uye Hubel naWiesel vakapiwa Mubayiro weNobel nokuda kwavo. Gare gare, yatove mukuedza kwevanhu, ma neuron akawanikwa anopindura kune zvakanyanya kuomarara zvinokurudzira - zvinotarisa zviso uye kunyange zviso chaizvo (akakurumbira "Jennifer Aniston neuron").

Saka pfungwa yeGestalt yakatsiviwa nemaitiro ehuerarchical. Chinhu chipi nechipi isethi yezvimiro, chimwe nechimwe chine mutoro weboka rayo remaneuroni. Mupfungwa iyi, chifananidzo chose chakataurwa neGestaltists chingori kuita kwepamusoro-soro neurons.

Asi hazvisi zvese zvaive nyore. Miedzo ichangoburwa yakaratidza kuti tinowanzo kubata mufananidzo wacho kare kupfuura zvinhu zvega. Kana iwe ukaratidzwa mufananidzo wekutanga webhasikoro kwechidimbu chesekondi, ipapo iwe uchazivisa nechivimbo kuti wakaona bhasikoro, asi iwe haugone kutaura kana yaive nemapedhi. Mhedziso dzakataura nezvekuvapo kwe gestalt effect. Izvi zvakapesana nezano rekudonha kwema neurons kuona zviratidzo kubva kune zvakapusa kusvika kune zvakanyanya kuoma.

Semhinduro, dzidziso yereverse hierarchy yakasimuka - kana tikatarisa pane chimwe chinhu, maneurons ane mutoro wemufananidzo muhombe anoita nekukurumidza, uye iwo anoona iwo maficha anodhonzwa kumashure kwavo. Iyi nzira yaive padyo nepfungwa yeGestalt, asi ichisiya mibvunzo. Nedzidziso, kune zvisingaverengeki zvakawanda zvingasarudzwa zvezvinogona kuoneka pamberi pemeso edu. Panguva imwe cheteyo, uropi hunoratidzika kuva hunoziva pachine nguva mberi kuti ndedzipi neuroni dzokushandisa.

Izvi "zvichigere" ndiyo kiyi yekunzwisisa masaini. Isu tiri kutaura nezveimwe yeakanyanya kubudirira mazano mukunzwisisa basa rehuropi pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi20 ne21 - kufanotaura coding. Uropi haungooni uye kugadzirisa ruzivo kubva kunze. Pane zvakasiyana, anofanotaura zviri kuitika "kunze" uye obva aenzanisa kufanotaura nechokwadi. Kufembera ndipo apo neuron dzepamusoro dzinotumira masaini kune yakaderera nhanho neurons. Avo, zvakare, vanogamuchira zviratidzo kubva kunze, kubva kumanzwiro, uye kuvatumira "kumusoro", vachirondedzera kuti zvakafanotaurwa zvinosiyana sei kubva kune chokwadi.

Basa guru rehuropi nderokuderedza kukanganisa mukufanotaura chokwadi. Panguva iyo izvi zvinoitika, gestalt inoitika.

Gestalt chiitiko, kwete chinhu chakamira. Fungidzira kuti "yepamusoro" neurons inosangana ne "yepasi" neurons uye inobvumirana pane izvo chokwadi chiri munzvimbo yakapihwa panguva yakatarwa. Vabvumirana vakabva vakwazisana. Kukwazisana uku kunosvika mazana mashoma emamilliseconds kureba uye kuchava gestalt.

Uropi hahuzoshanduri fungidziro. Anogonawo kufuratira chokwadi. Rangarira Gestalt kurapwa uye zvinodiwa: vanogona kuvapo padanho rekutanga. Kare, kuziva chinhu kwaireva kuona chikara nenguva uye chisingadyiwe, kana kuwana chinodyiwa uye chisingafe nenzara. Muzviitiko zvose zviri zviviri, chinangwa ndechokuchinjira kuzvinoitika, kwete kuzvirondedzera noungwaru.

Iyo yekufembera modhi ndiyo yekubudirira modhi yeGestalt psychology

Kana iyo yekufanotaura modhi ikashanda, chipenyu chinogamuchira kusimbiswa kwakanaka. Nekudaro, pane maviri anogoneka mamiriro apo gestalt mhedzisiro inogona kuitika:

• Zvakafanotaurwa ndezvechokwadi - isu kamwe kamwe tine mufananidzo wakazara, pane "aha" mhedzisiro. Izvi zvinosimbiswa nekusunungurwa kwe dopamine. Kana iwe ukaziva chiso chaunoziva muboka revanhu kana pakupedzisira kunzwisisa zvausinganzwisise kwenguva yakareba - iyi ndiyo chaiyo "aha" mhedzisiro. Pairi pakavakirwa hunyanzvi hunogara huchityora zvatinotarisira.
• Kufanotaura kunoramba kwakafanana – isu, sokunge zvakadaro, tinongoona zvinhu zvokufungidzira, iwo matatu matatu. Panewo pfungwa mune izvi - uropi hahushandisi simba rakawedzerwa kugadzirisa muenzaniso wenyika. Izvi zvakaratidzwa mukuedza. Gestalt mhedzisiro yakabatana nekuderera kwechiitiko munzvimbo dzinoenderana dzeiyo cortex yekuona.

Mifananidzo inoratidza gestalt mhedzisiro, senge mamwe akawanda eptical illusions, shandisa makanika aya. Ivo vanoita sevanobira hurongwa hwedu hwekuona. Iyo "Rubin Vase" kana "Necker Cube" inomanikidza uropi kuti hugare huchigadzirisa fungidziro uye kumutsa nhevedzano ye "aha-effects". Kufungidzira katatu, mavhoriyamu, maonero, pane zvinopesana, akadzika midzi mukuona uye akashanda zvakanaka munguva yakapfuura zvokuti uropi hunoda kuvimba navo pane chokwadi.

Pfungwa yeGestalt inovhura hwindo muchimiro chemaonero edu. Kufambira mberi kwazvino mukutsvagisa kwehuropi kunoratidza kuti nyika kune mumwe nemumwe wedu imhando yekudzorwa kwekufungidzira. Hazvina kunyanya kukosha kana "mepu yenzvimbo" yedu yemukati inopindirana nenharaunda yechokwadi, kana ichitibvumira kugutsa zvido zvose. Kana isingabvumiri, uropi hunoita zvigadziriso zvinodiwa.

Sainzi Anil Seth anotaura nezve izvo zvinonzi "kutungamirwa kurongeka"

Gestalts inomuka pamuganhu wekubatana pakati pemuenzaniso wedu wenyika uye chokwadi. Vanobatsira kuona nyika mukuperera kwayo.

Gestalt therapy inotaurawo nezve maonero akabatanidzwa echokwadi uye muganho wekusangana nenyika. Asi kusiyana neGestalt psychology, haisi pamusoro pemaonero ehutatu kana kunyange zviso, asi pamusoro pezviitiko zvakaoma - maitiro, zvido uye matambudziko nekugutsikana kwavo. Nekuda kwekufambira mberi kwazvino mukutsvagisa huropi nemhando dzakaomarara dzemakomputa, tine kunzwisisa kuri nani kwechimiro che gestalt.

Pane mukana wekuti mune ramangwana rinoonekwa izvi zvichabatsira vanhu kugadzirisa matambudziko anonyanya kukosha kwavari uye kuvhara gestalts yekare.

Chii chinonzi gestalt

"Gestalt rudzi rwechimiro chakazara, chifananidzo chine zvikamu zvakawanda, zviratidzo, zvakabatanidzwa kuva chimiro chimwe," anodaro chiremba wepfungwa, gestalt therapist uye mudzidzisi Olga Lesnitskaya. Anotsanangura kuti muenzaniso mukuru we gestalt chidimbu chemimhanzi chinogona kuchinjwa mumakiyi akasiyana-siyana, izvo zvichaita kuti zvinyorwa zvose zvishanduke, asi iwe haungaregi kuzviziva - chimiro chose chicharamba chakafanana. Kana chidimbu chemimhanzi chichiridzwa, muteereri ane kunzwa kwekukwana, kuvimbika kwechimiro. Uye kana muimbi akapedzisa kuita kwake pane pekupedzisira, kazhinji inotonga chord, ipapo muteereri achava nekunzwa kusakwana, kumiswa uye kutarisira. "Uyu muenzaniso wegestalt isina kupera, isina kuvharwa," nyanzvi inosimbisa. 

Muenzaniso we gestalt isina kukwana ibasa iro munhu anga achigadzirira kwenguva yakareba, asi haana kushinga kubuda uye kuzviratidza.

Kana tikaendesa iyi dimikira remimhanzi kuhupenyu, zviitiko uye mamiriro ezvinhu anowanzo kunzi gestalts: akavharika gestalt anokonzera kunzwa kwekugutsikana, izvo zvinozosunungura kutarisisa uye simba kune nyowani; isina kuvharwa - ramba uchitora nzvimbo mupfungwa, kushandisa simba repfungwa. 

Nokudaro, chero nzira ipi zvayo isina kuitika, chido, chinangwa, chimwe chinhu chisina kuguma nenzira yaidiwa uye isina kukonzera chiitiko chinopindirana, chinonzi gestalt isina kuvharwa nenyanzvi dzepfungwa muGestalt technique. "Kana ruzivo rwacho rwakanga rwakasimba, zvino nekufamba kwenguva, dziviriro yepfungwa yemunhu inodzvinyirira uye inomumanikidza kunze, kuoma kwechiitiko chacho kunoderera, munhu wacho angasatomboyeuka mamiriro acho ezvinhu," anotsanangura kudaro Lesnitskaya. Muenzaniso we gestalt isina kupera ibasa iro munhu anga achigadzirira kwenguva yakareba, asi haana kushinga kubuda uye kuzviratidza. Kana hukama hwakakundikana hunogona kuva kana munhu akasarudza kutaura mazwi erudo. “Zvakare, semuenzaniso, kunogona kuve kushora vabereki kune chimwe chiitiko, icho chave kuita sechakanganwa, asi panguva iyoyo chave mavambo ekuwedzera nhambwe.

Zvose zvinoshamisa kupfuura zvikamu

Pane mufananidzo pamberi pako. Kana iwe usina matambudziko etsinga kana skrini, unoona bhasikoro. Ibhasikoro sechinhu chose, uye kwete zvikamu zvaro zvakasiyana. Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzinoti uropi hunowanzo gadzira mufananidzo wakazara -

Gestalt

.

Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, boka rekuedza kwepfungwa dzepfungwa - Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler naKurt Koffka - vakadzidza maitiro ekuona kwevanhu. Vaifarira kuti isu tinokwanisa sei kuona zvakaringana nyika ino inoita seisina kugadzikana, inosimudzira uye isingafungidzike. Mhedzisiro yebasa ravo yaive nzira nyowani - Gestalt psychology.

"Gestalt" inoshandura kubva kuGerman se "fomu" kana "mufananidzo". MuchiRussia zvinonzwika zvakanyanya se "kutendeseka". Tinonzwa, toti, rwiyo chaizvo serwiyo, uye kwete seti yeruzha rwakasiyana. Iyi nheyo-inonzi holism-yakakosha kuGestalt psychology. Sekunyora kwakaita Kurt Koffka, iyo yese yakagadzirwa nemaonero edu akasiyana zvakanyanya pane huwandu hwezvikamu zvayo. Kwete chete zvakawanda, asi qualitatively zvakasiyana.

Kubva pahuwandu hwezviratidzo, maonero edu anotsanangura imwe mufananidzo, uye imwe yese inova kwayo kumashure. Zvechokwadi wakasangana ne "Rubin Vase" - muenzaniso wekare wekutenderera nhamba.

Iyo Rubin vase chiratidzo chekare chenhamba dzinotenderera dzinoshandiswa muGestalt psychology.

Mariri iwe unogona kuona kana vase kana mbiri mbiri, asi kwete ese ari maviri panguva imwe chete. Iyo nhamba uye kumashure zvinopinda muhukama kune mumwe nemumwe uye zvinopa mukana kune chitsva chivakwa.

Gestalt mufananidzo wakazara watino "bata" kubva munzvimbo yese yakatenderedza.

"Chifananidzo nevhu" haisiriyo yega nheyo yemafungiro evanhu iyo Gestalt psychologists yakatsanangura.

Gestalt nheyo

• Kufanana:zvinhu zvehukuru hwakafanana, ruvara, chimiro, chimiro zvinonzwisiswa pamwechete.
• Kuswedera pedyo:Tinounganidza zvinhu zviri pedyo nemumwe.
• Kuvhara:tinoedza kupedzisa kudhirowa kuitira kuti itore chimiro chayo chakazara
• Adjacency: iyozvakakwana kuti zvinhu zvive pedyo nenguva kana muchadenga kuti isu tizvione semufananidzo wose.

Gestalt nheyo dzinoshanda zvakanaka, semuenzaniso, mukugadzira. Kana peji rewebhu kana

application haina kuiswa zvakanaka — mafonti asina kunaka anosarudzwa, zvinhu zvakaiswa zvisizvo kana kuiswa mumapoka zvisizvo - iwe uchanzwa kuti pane chakashata pano, kunyangwe iwe usiri nyanzvi yekugadzira. Somuenzaniso, semundima ino.

Chii chaunoda kuziva nezveGestalts

• Gestalt mufananidzo wakazara wakagadzirwa nemaonero edu.Mufananidzo, chiso chemunhu, mutinhimira kana pfungwa isingaoneki, tinoona pakarepo uye zvachose.
• Gestalt psychology pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 yakatsanangura zvakawanda zvemaonero edu.Semuenzaniso, tinoronga sei zvinhu zvakafanana kune chimwe nechimwe kana kuti zvakangobatana. Nhasi, mitemo iyi inoshandiswa zvakasimba mukugadzira uye unyanzvi.
• Muzana ramakore rechi21, iyo pfungwa ye gestalt iri kukwezva zvakare kufarira, panguva ino mumamiriro ekutsvaga kwehuropi.Gestalt mupfungwa yakafara inoratidza kuti uropi hunogadzira sei modhi yenyika. Kuburikidza neural feedback circuits, uropi hunogara huchienzanisa fungidziro nezvokwadi. Kuvandudzwa kwemuenzaniso wezvokwadi kunobereka gestalt. Nekuda kweizvi, isu tinoona nyika seimwe uye yakazara, uye kwete sechaotic seti yekukurudzira.
• Gestalt therapy zvakare ndeye maonero akazara epasirese uye kusangana nenharaunda.Chete pano hatisi kutaura nezve neural circuits, asi nezve psyche, maitiro uye zvinodiwa. Iyo psyche yemunhu inovavarira kuvimbika, kuenzanisa, asi nekuda kweizvi inogara ichida kugutsa zvinodiwa uye kusangana nenharaunda. Kana chido (chero chinhu kubva pakuenda kuchimbuzi kusvika pakuita chirongwa chemakore akawanda) chinogutsikana, gestalt inonzi yakavharwa.

Zvinorevei kuvhara gestalt

"Zvakakosha kwatiri kuti chifananidzo chizere, chakakwana," anodaro psychopractitioner, Gestalt therapist Maria Kryukova. “Semuenzaniso, mufananidzo une mativi matatu asina makona, kana izwi rakanyorwa pasina mavhawero, isu ticharamba tichiona sese uye tonzwisisa izvo munyori aifunga, tozviunza kumufananidzo wakakwana. Isu "tinopedza" zvisipo. Iyi ndiyo musimboti wekuzara, inonziwo holism, iri pakati peGestalt psychology.

Ndicho chikonzero nei tichinzwa mumhanzi semutinhimira, uye kwete seti yetinhingi, tinoona mufananidzo wacho wose, uye kwete seti yemavara uye zvinhu. Maererano neGestalt nzira, kuitira kuti maonero ave "akarurama", zvakakosha kuipedzisa, kuipedzisa, kuwana nzvimbo yepuzzle isipo uye kuwana chirabwe pachacho. Dzimwe nguva kuvhara gestalt kwakakosha. “Fungidzira mamiriro ezvinhu apo une nyota zvikuru. Uye girazi remvura ndiyo yaunoda ikozvino, - anopa muenzaniso wekukosha kwekuvhara gestalts yaKryukov. - Iwe uchatsvaga iyi girazi remvura, panguva imwe chete uchifungidzira mufananidzo waunoda pamushini - girazi kana bhodhoro, inotonhorera kana inodziya, ine chidimbu chendimu kana chatova chero, pakupedzisira, kana chete mvura. Uye kana pamberi pako paine tafura, yakatakurwa nendiro dzaunofarira, maziso ako acharamba achitsvaga mvura. Zvokudya hazvigutse kudiwa kwemvura. Asi kana iwe ukanwa chido chichagutswa, iyo gestalt ichanzi yakakwana, yakakwana. Chido chekunwa chinorasikirwa nekukosha kwayo. Uye chido chitsva chichamuka.

Majesu asina kukwana muhukama

Sezvinowanzoitika, gestals isina kuvharwa inoitikawo muhukama hwemunhu. Imwe yemuenzaniso wakajeka wechiitiko ichi chiitiko chekuparadzana kana kurasikirwa nemunhu, kana chimwe chinhu chinoramba chisina kujeka, chisingatauriki. "Uye zvino zvakaoma kuti munhu arege mufananidzo wemudiwa wake, kuti ararame pakurambana," anotsanangura kudaro Lesnitskaya. "Anodzokorora mamiriro ekuparadzana kakawanda, achitora mazwi aasina kutaura, kutarisisa kwake nesimba zvakabatikana nekuita uku." Maererano nenyanzvi yezvepfungwa, muchiitiko chekurasikirwa, kana mudiwa akafa, kuchema kwenguva refu kwegore nehafu kusvika kumakore maviri inzira yakajairika inotora nguva. Asi kana kuchema kukatora makore mashanu, manomwe, gumi, tinogona kutaura nezve kutenderera kusingapedzi kwekurasikirwa, nezvekubatikana pairi. “Kuvhara gestalt kunonetsa, nekuti munhu anenge asisipo, asi mashoko aanoda kutaura aripo.

Pakuparadzana nemudiwa, munhu anogona zvakare kutaura nezvekubatikana uye gestalt isina kuvharwa, kana makore achipfuura, uye munhu akaramba achirangarira uye achinzwa manzwiro ekare, pfuura nemusarudzo dzekuparadzana dzakatoitika, kana mamiriro ekutangazve. hukama. "Kuparadzana nemumwe munhu pakati pemutsara, pasina kuguma kwehukama, kuderera - zvose izvi zvinogona kugara nesu kwehupenyu hwedu hwose, kunamatira mundangariro dzedu uye kuva ronda rekubuda ropa," anodaro psychopractitioners.

Kazhinji kacho kune mazamu asina kukwana muukama hwevabereki nemwana

Gestalt isina kuvharwa muhukama hwemhuri inogona kuva, semuenzaniso, kunonoka uye kusina kuzadzikiswa chido chekuva nevana, Lesnitskaya anopa mumwe muenzaniso. Apo, somuenzaniso, mumwe mukwanyina asati agadzirira kana kuti asingadi kuva navana, uye mumwe anobvumirana nazvo, kunyange zvazvo kwaari, chaizvoizvo, zvinokosha kuva mubereki. Ipapo uyo akaita zvibvumirano, kakawanda anosangana nekutsamwa, kutsamwa uye kusava nechokwadi pamusoro pekukosha kwehukama uye kururamisa kwechisarudzo chake. 

Kazhinji kacho kune mazamu asina kukwana muukama hwevabereki nemwana. “Mamiriro ezvinhu anomuka umo munhu mukuru asingakwanisi kuwana mutauro wakafanana nevabereki vake chaizvoizvo nemhaka yezvisina kukwana zvakakwana,” anodaro Kryukova. “Zvinoitika kuti pane imwe nguva mumunhu mukuru, manzwiro ehasha nepfundepfunde anongoerekana awedzera, anonzwa mamwe mafungiro asina kunaka maari maererano nevabereki vake,” anowedzera kudaro Lesnitskaya. — Somuenzaniso, apo mutengi akanga ari mwana, vabereki vake havana kuuya kuzomushanyira nokuda kweZuva Revabereki pamusasa, kana kuti kamwe chete ivo vasina kumutora kukireshi. Uye zvino iye, atova munhu mukuru, anonzwa kutsamwa uye kunyange kutsamwa. Kunyange zvakadaro, zvingaita sokuti mamiriro acho ezvinhu akaitika kare kare. 

Gestalt Isina Kupedzwa: Muenzaniso uye Kufurira

Funga, uchishandisa muenzaniso wehukama, chii chinonzi gestalt isina kukwana. Kuparadzana, kunoitika pakutanga kweumwe wevadyidzani, nguva dzose kunokonzeresa kuita kwechisimba kubva kune yechipiri. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, kuparadzana kwakadaro kunowira munhu asingatarisiri uye sokunge adonhedzwa pasi, zvichivamanikidza kuti vagare vachifunga zvakaitika, kudzokera kune zvakapfuura uye kuongorora chakashata. Self-flagellation inogona kugara kwenguva yakareba uye inoshanduka kuita yekuora mwoyo.

Ichi chi gestalt isina kukwana muhukama , sezvo mukwanyina akasiiwa akaita zvirongwa zvenguva yemberi, izvo zvakaparara pakarepo, kwete nokuda kwake.

Nokukurumidza iyi gestalt yakavharwa, nokukurumidza munhu achakwanisa kudzokera kuhupenyu hwakazara uye kutanga kuvaka hukama hutsva pasina kukanganisa kwakashata kwekare.

Chero gestalt inovavarira kupera kwayo, saka, nekufamba kwenguva, inozviita inonzwa kuburikidza nekusaziva kwedu. Mamiriro asina kukwana anobata simba repfungwa remunhu, uye naizvozvo kudzora zviito zvake.

Izvi zvinoitika sezvinotevera : mumamiriro ezvinhu matsva, munhu anotanga kuita maererano nemaitiro ekare, achidzokorora dambudziko rekare. Anonyanya kuipa ndeaya akapfuma mupfungwa, asina kuvharwa gestalt anosara mushure mekurambana.

Sei mazamu asina kuvharwa ane ngozi?

Nyanzvi dzinotaura nezvengozi yezvisina kuvharwa gestalt. “Ngatitii munhu akabatwa nehasha, asi haana kuzvidzora kana kuita zvivindi zvekuratidza hasha idzi zvakakwana uye akanangana. Ndakatadza kuzvidzivirira, kuzvidzivirira, kuratidza manzwiro akasimba,” anodaro Kryukova. - Somugumisiro, chido chekutaura chicharamba chisina kugutsikana, uye gestalt icharamba isina kukwana. Manzwiro ehasha asina kurarama kusvika kumagumo, kutora maitiro akavanzika uye anonyengera, achatambudza munhu. Kutsamwiswa kuchagara mukati make, iyo inoramba ichikumbira kubuda, munhu anotarisa mamiriro ezvinhu (kana kunyange kuvatsamwisa) kuti aratidze utsinye, psychopractitioner anotsanangura. "Uye, zvichida, acharatidza utsinye kune vanhu vasina zvachose chokuita neizvi," anowedzera Kryukova uye anopa muenzaniso unopesana - "encapsulation" yemanzwiro mukati make, apo munhu ane gestalt yakazaruka anonzwisisa kuti vanhu vari pedyo. havana mhosva yechinhu chipi zvacho, uye havadi kuzvibvisa pavari. Asi "chikafu chemumagaba" chakadaro chinopisa munhu kubva mukati. Uyezve, kuramba uye kuramba kwenguva refu kwemamwe manzwiro avo, zvishuvo uye hukama, pakupedzisira, zvinotungamirira kune neurosis.

Hazvisi zvishoma zvinokuvadza migumisiro yezvisina kukwana gestalt muhukama hwemunhu. “Kana vakaroorana vakatadza kutaura, kukurukura, kutsvaka nzira dzokuzadzisa nadzo zvinodiwa nomunhu wose, kupfimbana uye kupfuurira kune zvitsva, zvino nokufamba kwenguva, kunzwa kwokusagutsikana, kusava netariro, kusava nerevo, kusanzwika—uye naizvozvo kunzwa kwokusabetsera kwavo vamene. - kuunganidza, "anodaro gestalt therapist Lesnitskaya. Anotsanangura kuti kune mumwe munhu izvi zvinoreva kupera kwehukama - munhu anozviendesa kure obva kwavari. Kune vamwe, panogona kunge paine akati wandei mamiriro ekukura: semuenzaniso, kuvepo kwemuviri, asi kubviswa kwemanzwiro, pamwe nekuwedzera kwezvirwere zvepfungwa. Chimwe chiitiko kukakavara kunomuka kunze kwebhuruu nekuda kwekurwadziwa kwakawanda, hondo dzemhuri, kuvhurika kana kubata kwehasha, nezvimwe.

Gestalt isina kukwana ichakanganisa munhu, hutano hwake, hupenyu hwehupenyu. Panogona kuva neuroses, matambudziko nehope, kuisa pfungwa. "Asi chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti maitiro asina kukwana ane njodzi - haatenderi kufambira mberi," anopfupisa Kryukova.

Nzira yekuvhara gestalt

"Nhau dzakanaka ndedzekuti kuvhara gestalt hazvidikanwi nenyanzvi," anodaro Lesnitskaya, asi anowedzera kuti zvinogona kuitwa zvakanyatsonaka nenyanzvi, nokuti kana gestalt isati yavharwa, saka chimwe chinhu chakanga chisina kukwana kupedzisa. . “Semuenzaniso, hunyanzvi, kugona, zviwanikwa, rutsigiro. Kazhinji chii chaishaikwa chiri munzvimbo yebofu remunhu. Uye ndiyo nyanzvi inogona kuona izvi uye kubatsira kudzoreredza kujeka, "anotsanangura kudaro nyanzvi yepfungwa.

Kubudirira kwe gestalts haisi nyaya inokurumidza, inoda mamwe masimba, ruzivo uye kuda, asi chigumisiro chakakosha.

Saka, unovhara sei gestalt iwe pachako? Imwe yemaitiro ndeye "chigaro chisina chinhu". Kana pane manzwiro asina kutaurirwa kune mumwe munhu - amai, baba, mukoma, waimbova shamwari, mukuru, hama dzakabva - zvino vanogona kushandiswa nerubatsiro rwemaitiro aya. Sarudza nguva nenzvimbo pasina munhu anogona kukuvhiringidza, isa zvigaro zviviri zvakatarisana chinhambwe chimwe nehafu kusvika pamamita maviri, gara pane chimwe chazvo uye fungidzira kuti munhu agere pakatarisana newe waunoda kutaura. chimwe chinhu. Kana wagadzirira, tanga kutaura chero chaunacho: unogona kuridza mhere, kutuka, kuchema, kubvunza mibvunzo. Zvadaro gara pachigaro chake uye fungidzira iwe uri mubasa remunhu uyu, pindura zvinorehwa nemibvunzo. Mushure maizvozvi, dzokera pachigaro chako uye uve iwe zvakare, teerera kune izvo interlocutor akati kwauri uye umupindure. Pamwe, 

"Iyi nzira inogona kutungamirira kukuvhara gestalt yekare, kana inogona kuva danho rokutanga kupinda mu psychotherapy - imwe neimwe nyaya ndeyega, zvakakosha kuziva izvi," Lesnitskaya anotaura nezvemaitiro. "Kana zviitiko zvinoshungurudza zvakanyanya zvikauya, ndingakurudzira kuonana nachiremba weGestalt uye ndirambe ndichishanda nerubatsiro rwenyanzvi."

Maererano naKryukova, kukura kwegestalt haisi nyaya inokurumidza, inoda mamwe masimba, ruzivo uye chido, asi chigumisiro chakakosha. "Kushanda ne gestalts kunoparadza automatisms, ndiko kuti, tsika yekuita mune imwe nzira mumamiriro ezvinhu emhando imwe chete, pasina kufunga kuti chii, sei uye nei uri kuita. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kufunga kwako kunoshanduka, unotanga kuzvibata zvakasiyana uye kunzwa zvakasiyana, "nyanzvi inopfupikisa.

Gestalt therapy: chii ichocho, ndiani anochida

Chinangwa cheGestalt therapy : kudzidzisa munhu kuti azvizive semunhu akazara, kunzwa zvishuwo zvake, zvaanoda, zvemuviri uye zvepfungwa maitiro mumuviri.

Kune akawanda basic gestalt therapy matekiniki izvo zvinobatsira kuvhara mamiriro ekare anokanganisa hupenyu hwezuva nezuva mune zvazvino.

Pfungwa yakakosha muGestalt therapy ndeye kuziva . Uku hakusi kungoziva iwe pachako uye zvaunoda, asiwo nyika yakakupoteredza. Iri izwi rakabatana neinonzi "pano uye ikozvino" nzira, iyo inokubvumira kurega zvichemo zvekare, kwete kuenderana nezvido zvemumwe munhu, asi kuti uve iwe pachako.

Zvakare, kuziva kunounza munhu kune mutoro, iyo zvakare chikamu chakakosha chekurapa. Munhu anotora mutoro anoziva kuti upenyu hunoumbwa pahwaro hwezvisarudzo zvake nezviito. Kushanda kuburikidza nekunyunyuta kwakadzika, pamwe chete nemamiriro ezvinhu akanga asina mhedziso yavo inonzwisisika, kunobatsira kuenda nenzira yekuziva uye mutoro.

Zvekutarisira kubva kuGestalt Therapist

Murapi weGestalt anosarudza optics kuitira kuti ugone kutarisana nemamiriro ezvinhu uye utarise kubva kune imwe kona. Pamwe chete munoongorora zvinobuda muchadenga-kwete chete manzwiro emutengi, asi maitiro emurapi.

Zvakare, murapi weGestalt anogona uye anofanira kugovera mhinduro yake kunyaya yacho. Izvi ndezvekuita kuti uzive manzwiro anotaurwa zviri nani.

Iwe unovhara gestalts?