Zvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zvinoratidza kuti mhuka hadzina kupusa sekufunga kwevanhu - havagone kunzwisisa zvikumbiro zviri nyore uye mirairo, asi zvakare kutaurirana zvizere, vachitaura manzwiro avo uye zvishuwo…
Yakagara pasi, yakakomberedzwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana uye maturusi, pygmy chimpanzee Kanzi inofunga kwekanguva, ipapo kamoto kekunzwisisa kunopinda mumaziso ake anodziya ebrown, anotora banga muruoko rwake rworuboshwe ndokutanga kuchekerera hanyanisi mumukombe. pamberi pake. Anoita zvose zvaanokumbirwa nevanotsvakurudza kuti aite muchiRungu, sezvingaitwa nemwana mudiki. Tsoko yacho inobva yaudzwa kuti: “sasa bhora nomunyu.” Inogona kunge isiri iyo inonyanya kubatsira hunyanzvi, asi Kanzi anonzwisisa zano uye anotanga kumwaya munyu pamahombekombe ane mavara bhora ari kumashure kwake.
Nenzira imwecheteyo, tsoko inozadzisa zvimwe zvikumbiro zvakawanda - kubva "kuisa sipo mumvura" kuenda "ndokumbira bvisa TV pano." Kanzi ine mazwi akawandisa - akaverengerwa ekupedzisira mazwi mazana matatu nemakumi masere nemana - uye haasi ese mazwi aya angori mazita nezviito zvakaita se "toyi" uye "mhanya". Anonzwisisawo mazwi anonzi nevatsvakurudzi "conceptual" - somuenzaniso, preposition "kubva" uye adverb "gare gare", uye anosiyanisa pakati pezvimiro zvegirama - semuenzaniso, nguva yakapfuura uye yemazuva ano.
Kanzi haakwanise kutaura chaizvo – kunyangwe aine izwi guru, ane dambudziko rekuburitsa mazwi. Asi paanenge achida kutaura chimwe chinhu kumasayendisiti, anongonongedzera kumazana ezviratidzo zvine mavara zviri pamapepa akaiswa laminated anomirira mashoko aatodzidza.
Kanzi, ane makore makumi maviri nemapfumbamwe, ari kudzidziswa Chirungu paGreat Ape Trust Research Center kuDes Moines, Iowa, USA. Pamusoro pake, 29 mamwe matsoko makuru anodzidza pamuzinda, uye kufambira mberi kwawo kunoita kuti tifunge nezvese zvataiziva nezvemhuka nehungwaru hwadzo.
Kanzi iri kure nechikonzero chega cheizvi. Munguva ichangopfuura, vatsvakurudzi vokuCanada vokuGlendon College (Toronto) vakati ma<em>orangutan anoshingaira kushandisa masaini kutaura nehama, uyewo nevanhu kutaura zvavanoda.
Chikwata chemasayendisiti chaitungamirirwa naDr. Anna Rasson chakadzidza zvinyorwa zvehupenyu hwe orangutan muIndonesian Borneo mumakore makumi maviri apfuura, vakawana tsanangudzo dzisingaverengeki dzemashandisiro anoita tsoko idzi. Saka, semuenzaniso, mumwe mukadzi anonzi City akatora tsvimbo ndokuratidza mumwe wake wepamunhu nzira yekutsemura kokonati - saka akati aida kutsemura kokonati nebanga.
Mhuka dzinowanzoshandisa gesticulation apo kuedza kwekutanga kuonana kwakakundikana. Vatsvakurudzi vanoti izvi zvinotsanangura kuti sei zviratidzo zvichinyanya kushandiswa panguva yekubatana nevanhu.
“Ndinowana murangariro wokuti mhuka idzi dzinofunga kuti tiri mapenzi nemhaka yokuti hatigoni kunzwisisa zvakajeka zvadzinoda kwatiri pakarepo, uye dzinotonzwa kusemeswa apo dzinofanira “kutsenga” chinhu chiri chose namasaini, anodaro Dr. Rasson.
Asi chingava chikonzero nei, zviri pachena kuti orangutan idzi dzine mano ekuziva ayo kusvika panguva iyoyo aionekwa seane kodzero dzevanhu chete.
Dr. Rasson anoti: “Kuita muviri kunobva pakutevedzera, uye kutevedzera pachakwo kunoreva kukwanisa kudzidza, kudzidza nokucherekedza, uye kwete nokungodzokorora zviito. Uyezve, zvinoratidza kuti orangutan vane hungwaru hwekusangotevedzera chete, asi kushandisa kutevedzera uku kune zvinangwa zvakakura.
Chokwadika, tinoramba tichionana nemhuka uye tinoshamisika pamusoro pemwero woungwaru hwadzo kubvira apo mhuka dzokutanga dzokupfuyiwa dzakaoneka. Time Magazine ichangobva kuburitsa chinyorwa chinoongorora mubvunzo wehuchenjeri hwemhuka muchiedza che data nyowani pamusoro pekubudirira kweKanzi nemamwe maapes makuru. Kunyanya, vanyori vechinyorwa vanonongedza kuti paGreat Ape Trust tsoko dzinosimudzwa kubva pakuzvarwa kuitira kuti kutaurirana uye mutauro zvive chikamu chakakosha chehupenyu hwavo.
Sezvo vabereki vanotora vana vavo vaduku kuti vambofamba-famba uye vachitaura navo pamusoro pechinhu chiri chose chiri kuitika pavari, kunyange zvazvo vana vacho vasati vanzwisisa chinhu chipi nechipi, masayendisiti anotaurawo nepwere dzechimpanzi.
Kanzi ndiye chimpanzi chekutanga kudzidza mutauro, kungofanana nevana vevanhu, nekungova munharaunda yemutauro. Uye zviri pachena kuti nzira iyi yokudzidza iri kubatsira machimpanzee kuti ataure nevanhu zviri nani—nekukurumidza, nemaitiro akaoma kunzwisisa kupfuura kare.
Mamwe e "mashoko" emachimps anoshamisa. Kana primatologist Sue Savage-Rumbauch anobvunza Kanzi "Wagadzirira kutamba here?" mushure mekumudzivisa kuwana bhora raanofarira kutamba naro, chimpanzi inonongedza zviratidzo zve "nguva yakareba" uye "yakagadzirira" mupfungwa yepedyo-yemunhu.
Kanzi paakatanga kupiwa kare (shizha) kuti aravire, akaona kuti zvaitora nguva yakareba kutsenga kupfuura lettuce, yaainge atojairana nayo, uye akanyora kare ne“duramazwi” rake se“slow lettuce.”
Imwe chimpanzi, Nyoto, yaifarira zvikuru kutsvoda nezviwitsi, yakawana nzira yekuzvikumbira nayo - akanongedza mazwi ekuti "inzwa" uye "tsvoda", "idya" uye "kutapira" nekudaro tinowana zvese zvataida. .
Pamwe chete, boka rezvimpanzi rakafunga nzira yekutsanangura mafashamo avakaona muIowa - vakanongedzera kune "hombe" uye "mvura". Kana zvasvika pakukumbira zvokudya zvavanofarira, pitsa, zvimpanzi zvinonongedza zviratidzo zvechingwa, chizi, uye matomatisi.
Kusvikira zvino, zvaitendwa kuti munhu chete ane mano echokwadi ekufunga kwakanaka, tsika, tsika uye mutauro. Asi Kanzi nemamwe machimpanzi akafanana naye ari kutimanikidza kuti tifungezve.
Imwe pfungwa isiriyo yakajairika ndeyokuti mhuka hadzitamburi sezvinoita vanhu. Idzo hadzisi nzira dzekuziva kana kufunga, uye saka havaitirwe kufunganya. Havana pfungwa yeramangwana uye kuziva nezvekufa kwavo pachavo.
Kunobva pfungwa iyi kunowanikwa muBhaibheri, makanyorwa kuti munhu anovimbiswa kutonga zvisikwa zvese, uye Rene Descartes muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX akawedzera kuti "havana kufunga." Imwe nzira kana imwe, mumakore achangopfuura, imwe pashure peimwe, nhema pamusoro pemano (kunyanya, kusakwanisa) kwemhuka dzakabviswa.
Taifunga kuti vanhu chete ndivo vaigona kushandisa maturusi, asi iye zvino tava kuziva kuti shiri, tsoko nedzimwe mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzinozvikwanisawo. Otters, semuenzaniso, anogona kutyora magomba emollusk pamatombo kuti awane nyama, asi uyu ndiwo muenzaniso wekare. Asi makunguwo, mhuri yeshiri dzinosanganisira makunguwo, magpie, uye jay, ane unyanzvi hunoshamisa pakushandisa maturusi akasiyana.
Panguva yekuedza, makungu aigadzira zvikorekedzo newaya kuti atore tswanda yezvokudya kubva pasi pepombi yepurasitiki. Gore rakapera, imwe nyanzvi yezvemhuka paYunivhesiti yeCambridge yakaona kuti rook yakafunga nzira yekusimudza chiyero chemvura muchirongo kuitira kuti isvike nekunwa - akakanda matombo. Zvinotonyanya kushamisa ndezvokuti shiri inoita seinoziva mutemo weArchimedes - pakutanga, yakaunganidza matombo makuru kuti mvura iwedzere nokukurumidza.
Isu tagara tichitenda kuti mwero wehungwaru wakanangana nehukuru hwehuropi. Mhuka dzemhondi dzinongova nehuropi hukuru - dzinenge 12 mapaundi, uye ma dolphin akakura kwazvo - anenge makirogiramu mana, anofananidzwa nehuropi hwemunhu (anenge 4 pounds). Isu tagara tichiziva kuti mhondi whale nema dolphin vane njere, asi kana tikaenzanisa reshiyo yehuropi huremu kune huwandu hwemuviri, zvino muvanhu reshiyo iyi yakakura kupfuura mumhuka idzi.
Asi tsvagiridzo inoramba ichimutsa mibvunzo mitsva pamusoro pechokwadi chepfungwa dzedu. Uropi hweEtruscan shrew hunorema magiramu 0,1 chete, asi maererano nehuremu hwemuviri wemhuka, hukuru kupfuura hwemunhu. Asi zvino tingatsanangura sei kuti makunguwo ndiwo ane hunyanzvi hwekushandisa pashiri dzose, kunyange zvazvo uropi hwawo huri hudiki?
Zvakawanda zvakawanwa nesayenzi zvinoratidza kuti tinorerutsa zvikuru mano enjere emhuka.
Taifunga kuti vanhu chete ndivo vanokwanisa kunzwira tsitsi nerupo, asi ongororo ichangobva kuitwa inoratidza kuti nzou dzinochema vakafa vadzo uye tsoko dzinoita mabasa erudo. Nzou dzinorara pedyo nechitunha chehama yadzo dzakafa dzichiratidza kusuruvara kukuru. Vanogona kugara pedyo nemuviri kwemazuva akawanda. vanoratidzawo kufarira kukuru - kunyange ruremekedzo - pavanowana mapfupa enzou, vachinyatsoaongorora, vachinyatsocherechedza dehenya nenyanga.
Mac Mauser, purofesa wepfungwa neanthropological biology paHarvard, anotaura kuti kunyange makonzo anogona kunzwirana tsitsi: “Apo gonzo rinenge richirwadziwa uye rotanga kugwinha-gwinha, mamwe makonzo anosvava pamwe chete naro.”
Muchidzidzo che2008, primatologist Frans de Waal weAtlanta Research Center akaratidza kuti capuchin tsoko dzine rupo.
Tsoko payakakumbirwa kuti isarudze pakati pezvimedu zveapuro zviviri, kana chidimbu cheapuro chimwe nechimwe chayo nemumwe wayo (munhu!), yakasarudza sarudzo yechipiri. Uye zvaive pachena kuti sarudzo yakadaro yetsoko inozivikanwa. Vatsvakurudzi vakakurudzira kuti zvichida tsoko dzinoita izvi nokuti dzinoona kufara kuri nyore kwekupa. Uye izvi zvinoenderana nechidzidzo chakaratidza kuti nzvimbo dze "mubairo" muuropi hwemunhu dzinoitwa kana munhu iyeye akapa chimwe chinhu mahara.
Uye zvino - kana tichiziva kuti tsoko dzinokwanisa kutaura nekutaura - zvinoratidzika kuti chipingamupinyi chekupedzisira pakati pevanhu nenyika yemhuka chiri kupera.
Vesainzi vanosvika pakugumisa kuti mhuka hadzigone kuita zvimwe zvinhu zviri nyore, kwete nekuti hadzigone, asi nekuti hadzina mukana wekuvandudza hunyanzvi uhu. Muenzaniso wakapfava. Imbwa dzinoziva zvazvinoreva kana ukanongedza chimwe chinhu, chakadai sekupa chikafu kana kuti mvura yabuda pasi. Vanonyatsonzwisisa zvinorehwa nechiito ichi: mumwe munhu ane ruzivo rwaanoda kugovera, uye iye zvino vanokwevera pfungwa dzako pairi kuti iwe uzivewo.
Zvichakadaro, "maapes makuru", pasinei nehuchenjeri hwavo hwepamusoro uye michindwe yeminwe mishanu, havaiti sevanokwanisa kushandisa chiito ichi - kunongedzera. Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vanoti izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti vana vetsoko havawanzobvumirwa kusiya amai vadzo. Vanopedza nguva yavo vakabatirira padumbu raamai vavo vachingofamba panzvimbo nenzvimbo.
Asi Kanzi, akakurira muutapwa, aiwanzotakurwa mumaoko evanhu, uye naizvozvo maoko ake pachake akaramba akasununguka kuti ataure. "Nenguva iyo Kanzi ava nemwedzi ye9, anenge atove achishingaira kushandisa zviratidzo zvekunongedza zvinhu zvakasiyana," anodaro Sue Savage-Rumbauch.
Saizvozvo, tsoko dzinoziva izwi reimwe manzwiro ari nyore kurinzwisisa (kunzwa). Fungidzira kuti munhu aizofanira kutsanangura kuti "kugutsikana" chii, kana pasina shoko rinokosha reiyi pfungwa.
Nyanzvi yepfungwa David Premack weUniversity of Pennsylvania akawana kuti kana zvimpanzi zvaidzidziswa zviratidzo zvemashoko okuti “zvakafanana” uye “zvakasiyana,” ipapo dzaibudirira zvikuru pabvunzo dzadzaifanira kunongedzera kuzvinhu zvakafanana kana kuti zvakasiyana.
Zvose izvi zvinotiudzei isu vanhu? Chokwadi ndechokuti kutsvakurudza nezveungwaru uye kuziva kwemhuka kuchangotanga. Asi zvatova pachena kuti tave mukusaziva zvachose kwenguva yakareba pamusoro pekuti marudzi mazhinji ane njere sei. Kutaura zvazviri, mienzaniso yemhuka dzakakurira muusungwa muukama hwepedyo nevanhu inotibatsira kunzwisisa zvinokwanisa kuitwa neuropi hwadzo. Uye sezvatinodzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pemifungo yavo, kune tariro yakawanda zvikuru yokuti ukama hune tsinhirano huchatangwa pakati porudzi rwomunhu nenyika yemhuka.
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