Ndiani anogona kubatsirwa necognitive therapy?

Kuzvidya mwoyo uye kushushikana, kusagadzikana kwekudya uye phobias, vaviri uye matambudziko ekutaurirana - rondedzero yemibvunzo iyo cognitive-behavioral therapy inoita kuti ipindure inoramba ichikura gore negore.

Izvi zvinoreva here kuti psychology yakawana "kiyi kune ese magonhi", mushonga wezvirwere zvese? Kana kuti zvakanakira nzira iyi yekurapa zvakati kuwedzeredzwa here? Ngatiedzei kuzvinzwisisa.

Dzosa pfungwa

Kutanga kwaiva nemaitiro. Iri ndiro zita resainzi yemaitiro (saka zita rechipiri rekuziva-behavioral therapy - cognitive-behavioral, kana CBT kwenguva pfupi). Nyanzvi yepfungwa yekuAmerica John Watson ndiye akatanga kusimudza banner yehunhu pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX.

Dzidziso yake yaiva mhinduro kuEurope kufarira neFreudian psychoanalysis. Kuzvarwa kwe psychoanalysis kwakabatana nenguva yekusava netariro, decadent moods uye tarisiro yekuguma kwenyika. Izvi zvakaratidzwa mudzidziso dzaFreud, uyo akapikisa kuti chitubu chezvinetso zvedu zvikuru chiri kunze kwepfungwa - mukusaziva, uye naizvozvo zvakaoma zvikuru kurarama nazvo.

Maitiro ekuAmerica, pane kudaro, akafunga kumwe kurerutsa, kuita hutano uye tariro. John Watson aitenda kuti chinotariswa chinofanira kunge chiri pahunhu hwevanhu, pamabatiro atinoita kune zvekunze zvinokurudzira. Uye - kushanda pakuvandudza maitiro aya chaiwo.

Zvisinei, nzira iyi yakabudirira kwete muAmerica chete. Mumwe wemadzibaba ekuzvibata ndiye chiremba wefiziyori wekuRussia Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, uyo akagamuchira Mubairo weNobel patsvakiridzo yake uye akadzidza mafungiro kusvika 1936.

Nenguva isipi zvakava pachena kuti mukutsvaka kwayo kurerukirwa, hunhu hwakanga hwarasa mwana kunze nemvura yekugeza—chaizvoizvo, kuita kuti munhu aite zvinhu zvose uye kubhuroka ndangariro saizvozvo. Uye pfungwa dzesainzi dzakaenda kune rimwe divi.

Mumakore ekuma1950 nema1960, nyanzvi dzepfungwa Albert Ellis naAaron Beck "vakadzorera psyche panzvimbo yayo", vachinyatsoratidza kuti pakati pekukurudzira kwekunze uye maitiro kune iyo pane chiitiko chakakosha zvikuru - chaizvoizvo, munhu pachake anoita. Kana kuti, pfungwa dzake.

Kana psychoanalysis inoisa mavambo ematambudziko makuru mukusaziva, zvisingasviki kwatiri, ipapo Beck naEllis vakakurudzira kuti tiri kutaura nezve "cognitions" zvisiri izvo - kukanganisa kwekuziva. Kuwana izvo, kunyangwe zvisiri nyore, zviri nyore pane kupinda mukati merima rakadzika rekusaziva.

Basa raAaron Beck naAlbert Ellis rinoonekwa sehwaro hweCBT nhasi.

Kukanganisa kwekuziva

Kukanganisa kwekuziva kunogona kuve kwakasiyana. Mumwe muenzaniso wakapfava muitiro wokuona chiitiko chipi nechipi sechine chokuita newe pachako. Toti shefu vanga vakafinyama nhasi vakukwazisa nemazino avo. "Anondivenga uye pamwe ave kuda kundidzinga basa" ndiwo maitiro akajairika munyaya iyi. Asi kwete hazvo chokwadi.

Hatifungi nezvemamiriro ezvinhu atisingazivi. Ko kana mwana wasabhuku achirwara? Kana akanetsana nemukadzi wake? Kana kuti achangobva kutsoropodzwa pamusangano nevashavi? Zvisinei, hazvibviri, hongu, kusabvisa mukana wekuti mukuru ane chimwe chinhu chaanopesana newe.

Asi kunyange munyaya iyi, kudzokorora "Chii chinotyisa, zvinhu zvose zvaenda" zvakare kukanganisa kwekuziva. Zvinonyanya kubatsira kuzvibvunza kana iwe uchigona kushandura chimwe chinhu mumamiriro ezvinhu uye kuti ndezvipi zvikomborero zvingave nekusiya basa rako razvino.

Uyu muenzaniso unoratidza zvakajeka "chiyero" cheCBT, iyo isingatsvaki kunzwisisa chakavanzika chaiitika kuseri kwegonhi rekamuri yekurara yevabereki vedu, asi inobatsira kunzwisisa mamiriro chaiwo.

Uye nzira iyi yakave yakanyatsoshanda: "Hapana rudzi rumwe rwekurapa kwepfungwa rine humbowo hwesainzi hwakadaro," inosimbisa psychotherapist Yakov Kochetkov.

Ari kureva chidzidzo chemuongorori wepfungwa Stefan Hofmann achisimbisa kushanda kwemaitiro eCBT.¹: kuongorora kukuru kwezvinyorwa zve269, chimwe nechimwe chazvo, zvakare, chine kuongorora kwemazana ezvinyorwa.

Mutengo Wekubudirira

"Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy uye psychoanalysis zvinowanzoonekwa senzvimbo mbiri huru dzemazuva ano psychotherapy. Saka, muGermany, kuti uwane chitupa chehurumende chenyanzvi yezvepfungwa ine kodzero yekubhadhara kuburikidza neinishuwarenzi mari yedhesiki, zvinodikanwa kuve nekudzidziswa kwekutanga mune imwe yacho.

Gestalt therapy, psychodrama, systemic mhuri kurapwa, kunyangwe mukurumbira wavo, vachiri kungozivikanwa semhando dzekuwedzera nyanzvi, "nyanzvi dzepfungwa Alla Kholmogorova naNatalia Garanyan chinyorwa.². Munenge nyika dzese dzakabudirira, kune veinishuwarenzi, psychotherapeutic rubatsiro uye cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy zvinenge zvakafanana.

Kune makambani einishuwarenzi, nharo huru dzakapupurirwa nesainzi kushanda, kuwanda kwekushandisa uye ipfupi nguva yekurapa.

Nyaya inonakidza yakabatana nemamiriro ekupedzisira. Aaron Beck akati paakatanga kudzidzira CBT, akapotsa aparara. Sechivanhu, psychotherapy yakagara kwenguva yakareba, asi mushure mezvikamu zvishomanana, vatengi vakawanda vakaudza Aaron Beck kuti matambudziko avo akabudirira kugadziriswa, uye naizvozvo havaoni chikonzero chekuwedzera basa. Mihoro yemurapi wepfungwa yakadzikira zvakanyanya.

Nzira yekushandisa

Nguva yekosi yeCBT inogona kusiyana. "Inoshandiswa zvose munguva pfupi (15-20 masangano mukurapa zvirwere zvekuzvidya mwoyo) uye munguva refu (makore 1-2 munyaya yehutano hwehutano)," Alla Kholmogorova naNatalya Garanyan vanotaura.

Asi paavhareji, izvi zvishoma pane, semuenzaniso, kosi yekirasi psychoanalysis. Izvo zvinogona kunzwisiswa kwete chete sekuwedzera, asiwo seminus.

CBT inowanzopomerwa basa repamusoro-soro, kufananidza piritsi remarwadzo rinoderedza zviratidzo pasina kukanganisa zvinokonzera chirwere. "Kurapa kwemazuva ano kwekuziva kunotanga nezviratidzo," anotsanangura kudaro Yakov Kochetkov. “Asi kushanda nekutenda kwakadzama kunoitawo basa guru.

Isu hatingofungi kuti zvinotora makore akawanda kushanda navo. Kosi yakajairika ndeye 15-20 misangano, kwete mavhiki maviri. Uye inenge hafu yekosi iri kushanda nezviratidzo, uye hafu iri kushanda nezvikonzero. Mukuwedzera, kushanda nezviratidzo kunobatawo zvitendero zvakadzika.

Iri basa, nenzira, rinosanganisira kwete chete nhaurirano nemurapi, asiwo nzira yekuratidzira. Iri mune inodzorwa maitiro kune mutengi yezvinhu chaizvo izvo zvinoshanda sechikonzero chematambudziko.

Semuenzaniso, kana munhu achitya nzvimbo dzakakwirira, ipapo panguva yekurapa achafanira kukwira mhanza yeimba yepamusoro-soro kanopfuura kamwe. Kutanga, pamwe chete nemurapi, uye ipapo akazvimiririra, uye nguva imwe neimwe kusvika pauriri hwepamusoro.

Imwe ngano inoita seinobva pazita chairo rekurapa: chero richishanda nekuziva, ipapo murapi murairidzi anonzwisisa asingaratidzi tsitsi uye haakwanise kunzwisisa zvine chekuita nehukama hwemunhu.

Ichi hachisi chokwadi. Kurapa kwekuziva kwevakaroora, semuenzaniso, kuGermany kunozivikanwa sehunoshanda zvekuti ine chinzvimbo chechirongwa chehurumende.

Nzira dzakawanda mune imwe

"CBT haisi yepasi rose, haibvisi kana kutsiva dzimwe nzira dzekurapa kwepfungwa," anodaro Yakov Kochetkov. "Asi, anoshandisa zvakawanikwa nedzimwe nzira, nguva yega yega achisimbisa kushanda kwadzo kuburikidza nekutsvaga kwesainzi."

CBT haisi imwe, asi mishonga yakawanda. Uye rinenge dambudziko rega rega nhasi rine nzira dzayo dzeCBT. Semuenzaniso, schema therapy yakagadzirirwa kukanganiswa kwehunhu. "Iye zvino CBT inoshandiswa zvinobudirira munyaya dzepfungwa uye bipolar disorders," anoenderera mberi Yakov Kochetkov.

- Kune mazano akakweretwa kubva ku psychodynamic therapy. Uye munguva pfupi yapfuura, The Lancet yakabudisa nyaya pamusoro pekushandiswa kweCBT kune varwere vane schizophrenia vakaramba kutora mishonga. Uye kunyange munyaya iyi, nzira iyi inopa migumisiro yakanaka.

Zvose izvi hazvirevi kuti CBT yakapedzisira yazvisimbisa seNo. 1 psychotherapy. Ane vatsoropodzi vakawanda. Nekudaro, kana iwe uchida kuzorora nekukurumidza mune imwe mamiriro, saka 9 kubva kune gumi nyanzvi dziri munyika dzekuMadokero dzinokurudzira kubata cognitive-behavioral psychotherapist.

¹ S. Hofmann et al. "Kubudirira kweCognitive Behavioral Therapy: Ongororo yeMeta-kuongorora." Kuburitswa kwepamhepo mujenari Cognitive Therapy uye Tsvagiridzo kubva 31.07.2012.

² A. Kholmogorova, N. Garanyan «Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy» (muunganidzwa «Nzira huru dzemazuva ano psychotherapy», Kogito-center, 2000).