Arapaima: tsananguro yehove ine mufananidzo, inodya chii, inorarama kwenguva yakareba sei

Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinofunga kuti hove yearapaima ishamwari yechokwadi yemadinosaurs ayo akapona kusvika nhasi. Zvinotendwa kuti hazvina kushanduka zvachose mukati memakore 135 miriyoni apfuura. Iyi hove inoshamisa inogara munzizi nemadziva eSouth America munzvimbo ye equatorial. Zvinotendwa zvakare kuti iyi ndiyo imwe yehove huru dzemvura yakachena pasi rose, sezvo ingori yakaderera zvishoma muhukuru kune mamwe marudzi ebeluga.

Arapaima hove: tsananguro

Arapaima ndeyemhuri yeAravan uye inomiririra kurongeka kweAravan. Hove huru iyi inowanikwa munzvimbo dzinopisa chete, uko kunodziya zvakakwana. Mukuwedzera kune chokwadi chokuti hove iyi inonyanya kupisa, chisikwa ichi chipenyu chinosiyaniswa nehuwandu hwezvinhu zvakasiyana. Zita resainzi ndiArapaima gigas.

Kuonekwa

Uyu mumiririri mukuru wenzizi dzinopisa nemadziva anokwanisa kukura kusvika mamita maviri pakureba, asi kune marudzi ega anokura kusvika mamita matatu pakureba. Kunyange zvazvo ruzivo rusina kusimbiswa, asi, maererano nevakaona, kune vanhu vanosvika mamita mashanu kureba, uye zvichida kupfuura. Muenzaniso wakabatwa wairema anenge 2 kg. Muviri wearapaima wakarebesa uye wakasimba kuswedera pedyo nemusoro, uku uchinge wakatsetseka zvishoma pamativi. Musoro wacho mudiki, asi wakareba.

Chimiro chedehenya remusoro chakakora kubva kumusoro, nepo maziso ari padyo nechepazasi pemuzzle, uye muromo mudiki unowanikwa padyo nepamusoro. Arapaima ine muswe wakasimba, uyo unobatsira hove kuti isvetuke kubva mumvura apo mhuka inenge ichidzingirira mhuka yayo. Muviri wakafukidzwa pamusoro pechiso chese nemakero ane-multi-layered, ayo akakura muhukuru, izvo zvinogadzira kusununguka kunonzwika pamuviri. Musoro wechikara unodzivirirwa nemabhonzo mahwendefa muchimiro chechimiro chakasiyana.

Chokwadi chinofadza! Zviyero zvearapaima zvakasimba zvekuti zvine simba rakapetwa kakati wandei kupfuura mapfupa emapfupa. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, hove dzinowanikwa nyore mumvura yemvura pamwe chete nepiranhas, iyo isingatyi kumurwisa.

Mapectoral fins ehove akaiswa pasi, anenge munzvimbo yedumbu. Iyo anal fin uye dorsal fin zvakati kureba uye zviri pedyo necaudal fin. Kurongeka kwakadai kwezvimbi kunobvumira hove dzinenge dzatove nesimba uye dzakasimba kuti dzifambe nekukasira mukoramu yemvura, dzichibata chero chingangobatwa.

Iyo yekumberi chikamu chemuviri inosiyaniswa neyemuorivhi-brown tint uye bluish tint, iyo zvishoma nezvishoma inoshanduka kuita tsvuku tsvuku munzvimbo yezvimbi zvisina kupetwa, uye inowana rima dzvuku padanho remuswe. Muchiitiko ichi, muswe, sezvakaita, wakagadzirirwa nemuganhu wakasviba wakafara. Gill zvivharo zvinogonawo kuva neruvara rutsvuku. Iyi mhuka yakagadziridzwa zvakanyanya pabonde dimorphism: varume vanosiyaniswa neakawanda anotiza uye ane ruvara rwemavara, asi izvi zvinowanzoitika kune vanhu vakuru vakakura pabonde. Vechidiki vane dzinenge dzakafanana uye dzinotyisa, zvisinei nekuti murume kana mukadzi.

Maitiro, mararamiro

Arapaima inotungamirira mararamiro ebhenthic, asi mukugadzirisa kwekuvhima inogona kukwira kusvika kumatunhu epamusoro emvura. Sezvo ichi chiri chikara chihombe, chinoda simba rakawanda. Panyaya iyi, zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti arapaima inogara ichifamba, ichitsvaga zvokudya zvayo. Chikara chinoshanda chisingavhimi kubva pakahwanda. Kana arapaima ichitevera mhuka yayo, inogona kusvetuka kubva mumvura kusvika pakureba kwayo, kana kutokwira. Nekuda kwemukana uyu, anogona kuvhima kwete hove chete, asiwo mhuka neshiri dziri mukati mekusvika kune chikara.

Mashoko anonakidza! Iyo pharynx uye dundira rekushambira rechikara zvinobayiwa nehuwandu hukuru hwetsinga dzeropa, dzakaita semasero muchimiro. Ichi chimiro chinofananidzwa nekugadzirwa kwemapapu tishu.

Panyaya iyi, tinogona kufunga zvakachengeteka kuti arapaima ine imwe nhengo yekufema, iyo inonyanya kukosha mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma ehupenyu. Nemamwe mashoko, chikara ichi chinogonawo kufema mweya. Nekuda kwechiitiko ichi, hove dzinorarama nyore nguva yekuoma.

Sezvo mutemo, miviri yemvura inowanzova duku munzvimbo dzinopisa, semugumisiro wekusanaya kwemvura kunotsiva nguva yekunaya, uye zvakanyanya. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, arapaima inochera muvhu nyoro kana jecha, asi mushure mechinguva inooneka pamusoro kumedza mweya mutsva. Sezvo mutemo, huro dzakadaro dzinoperekedzwa neruzha rukuru runosvika makumi kana kunyange mazana emamita, kana kwete makiromita.

Kazhinji chikara ichi chinochengetwa muutapwa, nepo hove inokura mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro kusvika kune imwe nehafu mamita, kwete. Nomuzvarirwo, arapaima haigoni kutorwa sechishongo, uye kunyanya, hove ye aquarium, kunyange kune vanoda vanotarisana nematambudziko akawanda.

Arapaima inowanzoonekwa mumazoo kana aquariums, kunyange kuichengeta mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro hakusi nyore, nokuti inotora nzvimbo yakawanda, uye inofanirwa kuchengetedza kutonhora pamwero wakagadzikana wehove. Ihove iyi ine thermophilic chaiyo uye hainzwe kugadzikana kunyangwe tembiricha ikadonha pasi peiyo optimum, nemadhigirii akati wandei. Uye zvakadaro, vamwe vanoita zvemumvura vanochengeta ichi chikara chakasiyana, segarwe, asi chisina maoko nemakumbo.

Arapaima anorarama kwenguva yakareba sei

Kusvika iye zvino, hapana ruzivo rwakavimbika pamusoro penguva yakareba sei iyo arapaima inogara munzvimbo yakasikwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, inozivikanwa kuti zvisikwa izvi zvakasiyana-siyana zvinogona kugara kwenguva yakareba sei munzvimbo yakagadzirwa. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akanaka, hove dzinokwanisa kurarama kusvika kumakore makumi maviri. Kubva pane data rakadaro, zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti mumamiriro ezvinhu echisikigo vanogona kurarama kwenguva yakareba, uye zvichida kwenguva refu. Sezvo mutemo, mumamiriro ezvinhu ekugadzira, vagari vemo vanorarama zvishoma.

dzinogara zvisikwa

Ichi chisikwa chipenyu chakasarudzika chinogara mubani reAmazon. Mukuwedzera, iyo arapaima yakaendeswa kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzemvura dzeThailand neMalaysia.

Nokuda kwehupenyu hwavo, hove inosarudza rwizi shure kwemvura, pamwe chete nemakungwa, umo miti yakawanda yemvura inokura. Inogonawo kuwanikwa mumadhamu emvura, ane tembiricha yemvura inosvika +28 degrees, kana kutopfuura.

Zvinonakidza kuziva! Munguva yekunaya kwemwaka, arapaima inoonekwa mumasango ane mafashamo. Mvura painopera, inodzokera kunzizi nemadziva.

dhayeti

Arapaima chikara chinopisa, hwaro hwechikafu chiri hove dzehukuru hwakakodzera. Panguva imwecheteyo, chikara hachizopotsa mukana wacho kuitira kuti chisarwisa shiri dzinoputika kana mhuka duku dzakagara pamapazi emiti kana zvimwe zvinomera.

Kana vari vechidiki vearapaima, ivo havana kushomeka uye havanyatso verengeka mukudya. Vanorwisa chisikwa chipi nechipi chipenyu chiri mumunda wavo wechiono, kunyange nyoka duku.

Chokwadi chinofadza! Iyo arapaima ine dhishi inofarira, muchimiro chehama yayo iri kure aravana, iyo inomiririrawo kuungana kwevaArabhu.

Muzviitiko apo chikara ichi chinochengetwa mumamiriro ezvinhu ekugadzira, chinopiwa chikafu chakasiyana-siyana chemhuka. Arapaima, sekutonga, inovhima ichifamba, saka hove diki dzinogara dzichipinzwa mu aquarium. Kune vanhu vakuru, kudya kumwe chete pazuva kwakakwana, uye vechidiki vanofanira kudya kanenge katatu pazuva. Kana chikara ichi chisina kudyiswa panguva yakakodzera, saka chinokwanisa kurwisa hama dzayo.

Kubereka uye vana

Mushure mekunge vasvika makore mashanu nekureba kweinenge mita imwe nehafu, vakadzi vakagadzirira kubereka vana. Kuberekesa kunoitika muna February kana March. Mukadzi anokandira mazai mukuora mwoyo kunoitwa pasi pechidziva mberi, asi pasi panofanira kuva nejecha. Asati atanga kubereka, anodzokera kunzvimbo yakagadzirirwa, inova kuora mwoyo kubva pakukura kubva pa50 kusvika ku80 cm, pamwe chete nemurume. Hadzi inokandira mazai mahombe, uye mukono unoaberekesa. Mushure memazuva mashoma, fry inooneka kubva mazai. Nguva yose iyi, kubva panguva yokubereka, vabereki vanochengeta dendere. Mukono unogara uri pedyo uye unodyisa fry. Hadzi iri pedyo zvakare, inotuhwina kure isingapfuuri makumi maviri emamita.

Zvinonakidza kuziva! Mushure mekuberekwa, fry inogara iri pedyo nemurume. Pedyo nemeso echirume kune maglands akakosha anoburitsa chinhu chichena chakakosha icho fry inodya. Mukuwedzera, chinhu chacho chinobudisa kunhuhwirira kwakajeka kunochengeta fry pedyo nevarume.

Iyo fry inokurumidza kuwedzera uremu uye inokura, ichiwedzera pamwedzi kusvika 5 cm kureba uye kusvika ku100 gramu muhuremu. Mushure mevhiki, unogona kuona kuti fry zvikara, sezvo ivo vanotanga kuzviwanira chikafu chavo pachavo. Padanho rekutanga rekukura kwavo, kudya kwavo kunosanganisira zooplankton uye madiki invertebrates. Sezvavanokura, vechidiki vanotanga kudzingirira hove diki uye zvimwe zvekudya zvemhuka.

Pasinei nezvinhu zvakadaro, vabereki vanoramba vachicherechedza vana vavo kwemwedzi mitatu. Maererano nemasayendisiti, chokwadi ichi chinokonzerwa nekuti vechidiki panguva iyi havana nguva yekunzwisisa kuti vanokwanisa kufema mweya wemuchadenga, uye basa revabereki nderekuvadzidzisa mukana uyu.

Vavengi vezvakasikwa vearapaima

Nekuda kwechimiro chemuviri, iyo arapaima haina chaiwo vavengi. Sezvo vanhu, kunyange vadiki, vane zvikero zvakakura uye zvakavimbika, kunyange mapiranha haakwanise kuruma mazviri. Pane humbowo hwekuti makarwe anokwanisa kurwisa chikara ichi. Asi tichifunga kuti iyo arapaima inosiyaniswa nesimba rayo uye nekumhanya kwekufamba, saka mapere, kazhinji, anogona kubata chete anorwara uye asingashande, pamwe nevanhu vasina hanya.

Uye zvakadaro, chikara ichi chine muvengi mukuru - uyu munhu anofunga zvishoma nezveramangwana, asi anorarama kwezuva rimwe chete.

Kuredza kukosha

MaIndia anogara muAmazon akararama kwemazana emakore nenyama yearapaima. Vagari vomuSouth America vakadana hove iyi kuti “hove dzvuku” nokuti nyama yayo yakanga ine ruvara rutsvuku-orenji, pamwe chete nemavara akafanana pamuviri wehove.

Zvinonakidza kuziva! Vagari vomuAmazon vave vachibata hove iyi kwemazana emakore akawanda vachishandisa imwe nzira. Kutanga, vakaronda mhuka yavo nekugomera kwehunhu apo hove dzakasimuka pamusoro pemvura kuti dzifemere mweya. Panguva imwecheteyo, nzvimbo iyo hove inokwira kumusoro inooneka kure kure. Pashure pacho, vaigona kuuraya mhuka iyi nembira kana kuibata nemambure.

Nyama yeArapaima inoonekwa seinonaka uye inovaka muviri, nepo kunyange mapfupa ayo ari kushandiswa nhasi nevanoziva nezvemishonga yechivanhu yeIndia. Mukuwedzera, mapfupa anoshandiswa kugadzira zvinhu zveimba, uye zviyero zvinoshandiswa kugadzira mafaira ezvipikiri. Zvese zvigadzirwa izvi zviri kudiwa zvakanyanya pakati pevashanyi vekunze. Nyama yehove yakakosha, saka ine mutengo wakakwira mumisika yeSouth America. Nekuda kweizvi, pane kurambidzwa kwepamutemo kubata iyi yakasarudzika mhuka, izvo zvinoita kuti isanyanya kukosha uye inodiwa mukombe, kunyanya kune veko vanoredza.

Kuwanda kwevanhu uye mamiriro emarudzi

Mumakore zana apfuura, huwandu hwearapaima hwakadzikira zvakanyanya nekuda kwekuredza kusingadzoreki uye kwakarongeka, kunyanya nemambure. Sezvo mutemo, kuvhima kukuru kwaiitwa kune vanhu vakuru, sezvo saizi yaive yakakosha. Nekuda kwekuita kwakashata kwakadai kwevanhu mumadhamu eAmazon, zvakaoma kuona vanhu vachikura kusvika pamamita maviri pakureba, kana kutopfuura. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzemvura, kubata arapaima kunorambidzwa zvachose, kunyangwe zvirambidzo izvi zvisingateererwe nevagari venzvimbo iyi nevanovhima zvisiri pamutemo, kunyangwe maIndia asingarambidzwe kubata hove idzi kuti vazvidye. Uye izvi zvose zvinokonzerwa nekuti mhuka iyi ine nyama yakakosha. Kana arapaima yakabatwa nemaIndia, semadzitateguru avo kwemazana emakore akawanda, saka hapaizove nezvinetso, asi zviito zvevanovhima zvisiri izvo zvinokonzera kukanganisa kwakakomba kune nhamba yehove iyi yakasiyana.

Uye zvakadaro, ramangwana rehove iyi yakasarudzika yakafarira vamwe varimi vekuBrazil vaida kuchengetedza nhamba yearapaima. Vakagadzira nzira uye vakagamuchira mvumo kubva kuhurumende yekuberekesa mhuka iyi munzvimbo yakagadzirwa. Mushure meizvozvo, vakakwanisa kubata vanhu vashoma munzvimbo yechisikigo, uye vakavaendesa kunzvimbo dzakagadzirwa nemaoko. Nekuda kweizvozvo, chinangwa chakagadzirirwa kugutsa musika nenyama yemhando iyi, yakakura mukutapwa, izvo zvinofanirwa kutungamira mukuderera kwehuwandu hwekubatwa kwearapaima mumamiriro echisikigo.

Ruzivo rwakakosha! Parizvino, hapana chaiyo data pamusoro pehuwandu hwemhando iyi, uye hapana zvakare data yekuti iri kuderera zvachose, izvo zvinokanganisa maitiro ekuita sarudzo. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti hove dzinogara munzvimbo dzakaoma-kusvika muAmazon. Panyaya iyi, rudzi urwu rwakapiwa chimiro che "Insufficient information".

Arapaima, kune rumwe rutivi, inoshamisa, uye kune rumwe rutivi, chisikwa chinoshamisa, chinomiririra nguva ye dinosaurs. Zvirinani ndizvo zvinofungwa nemasayendisiti. Tichifunga nezvechokwadi, chikara ichi chomunzvimbo dzinopisa chapasi chinogara mubani reAmazon hachina vavengi chaivo. Zvinoita sekuti huwandu hwechikara ichi chakasarudzika hunofanira kuenda pachiyero uye munhu anofanirwa kutora matanho ekugadzirisa iyi nhamba pane imwe nhanho nekuita zvakarongwa hove. Mufananidzo wacho wakanyatsopesana uye munhu anofanira kutora matanho ekuchengetedza nhamba yehove iyi. Naizvozvo, zvinodikanwa kuberekesa chikara ichi mukutapwa. Kuti kuedza uku kuchabudirira sei, nguva chete ndiyo ichataura.

In mhedziso

IAmazon inzvimbo inoshamisa papasi redu uye haisati yanyatsoongororwa kusvika parizvino. Uye izvi zvese zviri kukonzerwa nekuti idzi inzvimbo dzinonetsa kusvika, kunyange hazvo dzisingamise vavhimi nenzira ipi zvayo. Ichi chinhu chinosiya zvakakosha pakudzidza kwemarudzi akawanda, kusanganisira arapaima. Kusangana nehofori dzemusikirwo muchikamu ichi chechadenga chinhu chinowanzoitika. Zvinoenderana nevabati vehove vemo, pakanga paine vanhu vanosvika 5 metres kureba, kunyangwe munguva yedu izvi zvisingawanzo. Muna 1978, imwe muenzaniso yakabatwa muRio Negro, inenge mamita 2,5 kureba uye inorema anenge 150 kilogram.

Kwemazana emakore, nyama yearapaima ndiyo yave ichinyanya kudya. Kutanga muma1960, kuparadza kukuru kwezvipenyu kwakatanga: vanhu vakuru vakaurayiwa neharpoons, uye zviduku zvakabatwa mumambure. Zvisinei nekurambidzwa zviri pamutemo, chikara ichi chiri kuramba chichibatwa nevabati vehove nevanovhima zvisiri pamutemo. Uye izvi hazvishamisi, sezvo 1 kg yenyama yearapaima pamusika wepasi inodhura kupfuura muhoro wepamwedzi wevabati vehove veko. Mukuwedzera, kuravira kwenyama yearapaima kunogona chete kukwikwidzana nekuravira kwesalmon. Zvinhu izvi zvinoshanda sechikonzero chinosunda vanhu kutyora mutemo.