Kudzidza kwemaitiro mu ethology kunoitwa pahwaro hwemaitiro-simba maitiro. Zvikamu zvakakosha zve ethology ndezvi:
- morphology yemaitiro - tsananguro uye kuongororwa kwezvinhu zvemaitiro (zvimiro uye mafambiro);
- ongororo yekushanda - kuongororwa kwekunze uye mukati memaitiro ekuita;
- kuenzanisa zvidzidzo - evolutionary genetic analysis of behavior [Deryagina, Butovskaya, 1992, p. 6].
Mukati megadziriro yemaitiro ehurongwa, maitiro anotsanangurwa sehurongwa hwezvikamu zvakabatana izvo zvinopa kubatanidzwa kwakakwana kwemhinduro yemuviri paunosangana nemamiriro ezvinhu; inzira inoitika mune imwe nhambo yenguva [Deryagina, Butovskaya 1992, p.7]. Izvo zvikamu zvehurongwa ndezve "kunze" maitiro emota emuviri anoitika mukupindura shanduko yenharaunda. Chinhu chekutsvagisa ethological ndeyese maitiro echisikirwo ehunhu uye ayo akabatana neakareba maitiro ekudzidza (tsika dzemagariro, basa rekushandisa, dzisiri dzetsika nzira dzekutaurirana).
Kuongorora kwemazuva ano kwemaitiro kunobva pane zvinotevera: 1) hierarchy; 2) simba; 3) quantitative accounting; 4) nzira yakarongeka, tichifunga kuti maitiro ehutano anonyatsobatana.
Maitiro akarongwa zvine mutsindo (Tinbergen, 1942). Muchirongwa chemaitiro, saka, mazinga akasiyana ekubatanidza anosiyaniswa:
- yekutanga mota zviito;
- chimiro uye kufamba;
- kutevedzana kwezvimiro zvakabatana uye mafambiro;
- ensembles inomiririrwa nematambudziko emaketani ekuita;
- functional spheres are complexes of ensembles yakabatana nemhando chaiyo yekuita [Panov, 1978].
Chinhu chepakati chemaitiro ekuzvibata ndiko kusangana kwakarongeka kwezvikamu zvaro kuti zvizadzise chinangwa chekupedzisira. Hukama hunopihwa kuburikidza nemaketani ekuchinja pakati pezvinhu uye hunogona kutariswa seyakatarwa ethological nzira yekushanda kweiyo system [Deryagina, Butovskaya, 1992, p. pfumbamwe].
Mafungiro ekutanga uye nzira dzehutsika hwevanhu dzakakweretwa kubva kumhuka, asi dzakagadziridzwa kuratidza yakasarudzika chinzvimbo chemunhu pakati pedzimwe nhengo dzemhuka. Chinhu chakakosha che ethology, mukusiyana neanthropology yetsika, iko kushandiswa kwemaitiro ekuona kwakananga kusiri vatori vechikamu (kunyangwe nzira dzekuona dzevatori vechikamu dzinoshandiswawo). Kucherechedzwa kunorongwa nenzira yekuti anocherekedzwa haafungire nezvazvo, kana kuti haana ruzivo nezvechinangwa chezvicherechedzo. Chinhu chechinyakare chekudzidza cheethologists maitiro ari mumunhu semhando. Ethology yemunhu inobhadhara zvakanyanya kuwongororo yekuratidzwa kwepasirese kwemaitiro asiri ekutaura. Chikamu chechipiri chekutsvakurudza ndechekuongorora kwemaitiro emagariro evanhu (kushungurudza, kusava nehanya nevamwe, kutonga kwevanhu, maitiro evabereki).
Mubvunzo unonakidza uri pamusoro pemiganhu yekusiyana kwemunhu uye tsika dzemaitiro. Kucherechedzwa kwemaitiro kunogonawo kuitwa murabhoritari. Asi munyaya iyi, kunyanya pane zvose, tiri kutaura nezvekushandiswa kwe ethology (kushandiswa kwemaitiro ethological mu psychiatry, mu psychotherapy, kana kuedza kuedza kweimwe pfungwa). [Samokhvalov et al., 1990; Cashdan, 1998; Grummer et al, 1998].
Kana pakutanga ethology yevanhu yaitarisa pamibvunzo pamusoro pekuti sei uye kusvika papi zviito zvevanhu uye zviito zvakarongwa, izvo zvakakonzera kushorwa kwephylogenetic adaptation kune maitiro ekudzidza kwega, ikozvino kutariswa kunobhadharwa pakudzidza kwemaitiro emaitiro mutsika dzakasiyana (uye. subcultures), kuongororwa kwemaitiro ekuumbwa kwemaitiro mukuita kwekukura kwemunhu. Nekudaro, padanho razvino, iyi sainzi inodzidzira kwete chete maitiro ane phylogenetic mavambo, asi zvakare inofunga kuti maitiro epasirese anogona kushandurwa sei mukati metsika. Mamiriro ekupedzisira aya akabatsira mukukura kwekudyidzana kwepedyo pakati penyanzvi dzezvemagariro nevanyori venhoroondo dzehunyanzvi, vagadziri vezvivakwa, vanyori venhoroondo, vezvemagariro evanhu, uye nyanzvi dzepfungwa. Nekuda kwekubatana kwakadaro, zvakaratidzwa kuti yakasarudzika ethological data inogona kuwanikwa kuburikidza nekuongorora kwakadzama kwezvinhu zvenhoroondo: nhoroondo, epics, nhoroondo, zvinyorwa, kudhinda, kupenda, kuvaka, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvehunyanzvi [Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1989 ; Dunbar et al, 1; Dunbar and Spoors 1995].
Matanho ekunetsana kwevanhu
Muchidzidzo chemazuva ano, zvinoonekwa sezviri pachena kuti maitiro emunhu mumwe nemumwe mumhuka dzevanhu uye vanhu zvakanyanya zvinoenderana nemagariro (Hinde, 1990). Pesvedzero yemagariro yakaoma. Naizvozvo, R. Hinde [Hinde, 1987] akaronga kusiyanisa nhanho dzakati wandei dzemagariro akaomarara. Pamusoro pemunhu, nhanho yekudyidzana kwevanhu, hukama, nhanho yeboka uye nhanho yenharaunda inosiyaniswa. Matanho ese ane pesvedzero inowirirana pane mumwe nemumwe uye anokura pasi pesimba rinogara riripo remamiriro ekunze uye tsika. Zvinofanira kunzwisiswa zvakajeka kuti maitiro ekushanda kwemaitiro pane imwe nzvimbo yakaoma yemagariro evanhu haigoni kuderedzwa kusvika kuhuwandu hwekuratidzwa kwemaitiro panzvimbo yakaderera yesangano [Hinde, 1987]. Imwe imwe pfungwa yekuwedzera inodiwa kuti utsanangure chiitiko chehunhu padanho rega rega. Nokudaro, kushamwaridzana kwehasha pakati pevana vehama kunoongororwa maererano nekukurudzira kwekukurumidza kunokonzera maitiro aya, nepo hukasha hwehukama pakati pevana vehama hunogona kuonekwa kubva pakuona pfungwa ye "kukwikwidzana kwehama".
Maitiro emunhu muhurongwa hwemaitiro aya anoonekwa semhedzisiro yekudyidzana kwake nedzimwe nhengo dzeboka. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mumwe nemumwe wevanodyidzana ane mamwe mazano pamusoro pezvingangoitika maitiro emumwe wake mumamiriro ezvinhu aya. Munhu anogamuchira zvinomiririrwa zvakakodzera pamusana pezvakaitika kare zvekutaurirana nevamwe vamiririri vemarudzi ayo. Kuonana kwevanhu vaviri vasina kujairana, avo vane utsinye hwakajeka muzvarirwo, kazhinji kazhinji vanoganhurirwa kunhevedzano bedzi yekuratidzira. Kukurukurirana kwakadaro kwakakwana kuti mumwe wevabatsiri abvume kukundwa uye kuratidza kuzviisa pasi. Kana vanhu chaivo vakadyidzana kakawanda, saka humwe hukama hunomuka pakati pavo, hunoitwa vachipesana neyakajairwa yekusangana kwevanhu. Nzvimbo yemagariro evanhu nemhuka imhando yegoko rinotenderedza vanhu uye rinoshandura kukanganisa kwenzvimbo yepanyama pavari. Kugarisana mumhuka kunogona kuonekwa sekuenderana kwepasi rose kune zvakatipoteredza. Kunyanya kuoma uye kuchinjika kwesangano remagariro, rinowedzera basa rarinoita mukudzivirira vanhu verudzi rwakapihwa. Ipurasitiki yesangano remagariro evanhu inogona kushanda sechigadziro chekutanga chemadzitateguru edu ane chimpanzi uye bonobos, izvo zvakapa zvinodiwa zvekutanga zvehominization [Butovskaya naFainberg, 1993].
Dambudziko rinonyanya kukosha remazuva ano ethology ndiko kutsvaga kwezvikonzero nei magariro emagariro emhuka nevanhu achigara akarongeka, uye kazhinji zvinoenderana neiyo hierarchical musimboti. Basa chairo repfungwa yekutonga mukunzwisisa kukosha kwekubatana kwevanhu munharaunda inogara ichikurukurwa [Bernstein, 1981]. Mambure ehukama pakati pevanhu anotsanangurwa mumhuka nevanhu maererano nehukama uye hukama hwekuberekana, masisitimu ekutonga, uye kusarudzwa kwemunhu. Vanogona kupindirana (somuenzaniso, chinzvimbo, hama, uye hukama hwekubereka), asi vanogonawo kuvapo vakazvimiririra (semuenzaniso, mambure ehukama hwevechiri kuyaruka mumhuri uye kuchikoro nevezera munzanga yemazuva ano yevanhu).
Zvechokwadi, kufanana kwakananga kunofanira kushandiswa nekuchenjerera kwose mukuenzanisa kuongorora maitiro emhuka nevanhu, nokuti mazinga ose ehutano hwemagariro evanhu anokanganisa. Mhando dzakawanda dzekuita kwevanhu dzakananga uye dzinofananidzira muzvisikwa, izvo zvinogona kunzwisiswa chete nekuva neruzivo rwemagariro emunhu akapiwa uye maitiro ehutano hwemagariro evanhu [Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1989]. social organisation ndiko kubatanidza nzira dzekuongorora nekutsanangura hunhu hwemaprimates, kusanganisira vanhu, izvo zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kuongorora zvine hungwaru maparamendi ekufanana nekusiyana. R. Hind's scheme inobvumira kubvisa kusanzwisisana kukuru pakati pevamiririri vezvinyorwa zvehupenyu nemagariro evanhu maererano nemikana yekuenzanisa kuongororwa kwemaitiro evanhu nemhuka uye kufanotaura kuti ndeapi mazinga esangano munhu anogona kutarisa kufanana kwechokwadi.