Vanhu havafanire kuyambuka mimwe miganhu, kuti vasauye kunjodzi yezvakatipoteredza, iyo ichava tyisidziro huru yekuvapo kwevanhu panyika.
Vatsvakurudzi vanoti kune marudzi maviri emiganhu yakadai. University of Minnesota anoongorora zvakatipoteredza, Jonathan Foley, anoti mumwe muganho wakadaro ndewekugumisira kana chimwe chinhu chakashata chikaitika. Mune chimwe chiitiko, idzi chinjo dzapashoma napashoma, idzo, zvisinei, dzinopfuura mwero wakagadzwa munhau yavanhu.
Heino miganho minomwe yakadaro iyo parizvino iri pasi pehurukuro inoshanda:
Ozone mu stratosphere
Iyo ozone layer yePasi inogona kusvika kune iyo vanhu vanogona kuwana tan mumaminitsi kana masayendisiti nevatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika vasingashande pamwe chete kudzora kuburitswa kwemakemikari anopedza ozone. Iyo Montreal Protocol muna 1989 yakarambidza chlorofluorocarbons, nekudaro ichiponesa Antarctica kubva kune fungidziro yegomba reozone risingaperi.
Vezvemamiriro ekunze vanotenda kuti iyo yakakosha ichava kuderedzwa kwe5% mune iyo ozone zviri mu stratosphere (yepamusoro denga remuchadenga) kubva pamwero we1964-1980.
Mario Molina, mukuru weCentre for Strategic Studies in Energy and Environmental Protection muMexico City, anotenda kuti kupera kwe60% ye ozone pasi rose kungave njodzi, asi kurasikirwa munharaunda ye5% kunokuvadza hutano hwevanhu uye nharaunda. .
Kushandiswa kwepasi
Parizvino, vezvemamiriro ekunze vanoisa muganho we15% pakushandiswa kwevhu rekurima neindasitiri, izvo zvinopa mhuka nemiti mukana wekuchengetedza huwandu hwavo.
Muganhu wakadaro unonzi "pfungwa inonzwisisika", asiwo nguva isati yakwana. Steve Bass, mukuru kuInternational Institute for Environment and Development muLondon, akati nhamba iyi haigone kugutsa vanogadzira mitemo. Kuhuwandu hwevanhu, kushandiswa kwevhu kunobatsira zvakanyanya.
Zvirambidzo pamaitiro ekushandisa zvakanyanya ivhu ndezvechokwadi, Bass akadaro. Zvakakosha kuvandudza nzira dzekurima dzekurima. Nhoroondo dzezvakaitika kare dzakatotungamirira mukuparara kwevhu uye dutu remhepo.
Kumwa mvura
Mvura yakachena chinhu chinokosha muupenyu, asi vanhu vanoshandisa yakawanda kwazvo pakurima. Foley nevamwe vake vakakurudzira kuti kubviswa kwemvura munzizi, madhamu, madhamu epasi pevhu hakufanirwe kupfuura 4000 cubic kilometers pagore - iyi ingangoita huwandu hweLake Michigan. Parizvino, nhamba iyi 2600 cubic kilometers gore negore.
Kurima kwakasimba mune imwe nharaunda kungapedza mvura zhinji yakachena, nepo kune imwe nzvimbo yenyika yakapfuma mumvura, pangave pasina zvokurima zvachose. Saka zvirambidzo pakushandiswa kwemvura yakachena zvinofanira kusiyana munzvimbo nenzvimbo. Asi iyo pfungwa chaiyo ye "miganhu yemapuraneti" inofanira kunge iri yekutanga.
gungwa acidification
Mwero wakakwira wecarbon dioxide unogona kuderedza zvicherwa zvinodiwa necoral reef nezvimwe zvipenyu zvemugungwa. Ecologists inotsanangura muganho weoxidation nekutarisa aragonite, iyo mineral building block yecoral reefs, iyo inofanirwa kunge iri 80% yeavhareji pre-industrial.
Nhamba yacho inobva pamigumisiro kubva kuongororo yerabhoritari yakaratidza kuti kuderera kwearagonite kunononoka kukura kwecoral reef, akadaro Peter Brewer, nyanzvi yemakemikari yegungwa paMonterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. Humwe hupenyu hwemugungwa huchakwanisa kurarama pasi pemazinga earagonite, asi kuwedzera kweasidhi yegungwa kunogona kuuraya mazhinji ezvipenyu zvinogara zvakatenderedza matombo.
Kurasikirwa kwezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana
Nhasi, marudzi ari kufa pamwero we10 kusvika ku100 pamirioni pagore. Parizvino, vezvakatipoteredza vanoti: kuparara kwezvipenyu hakufaniri kudarika chikumbaridzo chemarudzi gumi pamiriyoni pagore. Mwero wezvino wekutsakatika unopfuura zvakajeka.
Dambudziko chete nderekutevera mhuka, akadaro Christian Samper, mutungamiriri weSmithsonian National Museum of Natural History muWashington. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya kune zvipembenene uye dzakawanda marine invertebrates.
Samper akakurudzira kupatsanura mwero wekutsakatika kuita nhanho dzekutyisidzira kweboka rega rega. Nokudaro, nhoroondo yekushanduka-shanduka kwematavi akasiyana-siyana emuti wehupenyu ichatorwa.
Kutenderera kwe nitrogen uye phosphorus
Nitrogen ndiyo inonyanya kukosha, zviri mukati mazvo zvinotarisa huwandu hwezvirimwa nezvirimwa paNyika. Phosphorus inodyisa zvirimwa nemhuka. Kuganhurira nhamba yezvinhu izvi kunogona kutungamirira kungozi yokutsakatika kwemarudzi.
Ecologists vanotenda kuti vanhu havafanire kuwedzera zvinopfuura 25% kune nitrogen inouya pasi kubva mumhepo. Asi zvirambidzo izvi zvakazove zvechimbichimbi. William Schlesinger, purezidhendi weMillbrook Institute for Ecosystem Research, akacherechedza kuti mabhakitiriya evhu anogona kushandura nitrogen mwero, saka kutenderera kwawo hakufaniri kukanganiswa nevanhu. Phosphorus chinhu chisina kugadzikana, uye matura ayo anogona kupera mukati memakore mazana maviri.
Nepo vanhu vachiedza kuchengeta zvikumbaridzo izvi, asi kugadzirwa kunokuvadza kunowanzo kuunganidza kukanganisa kwayo, akadaro.
Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze
Masayendisiti mazhinji uye vezvematongerwo enyika vanotora zvikamu mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu pamiriyoni imwe senzira yenguva refu yekutarirwa kwemuchadenga carbon dioxide. Huwandu uhu hunobva pafungidziro yekuti kuidarika kunoguma nekudziya kwe350 degrees Celsius.
Zvisinei, nhamba iyi yakapokana sezvo iyi nhanho inogona kuva nengozi mune ramangwana. Zvinozivikanwa kuti 15-20% ye CO2 emissions inoramba iri mumhepo nekusingaperi. Nechekare munguva yedu, anopfuura 1 thiriyoni matani eCO2 akabudiswa uye vanhu vatove pakati pemuganhu wakakosha, kunze kwekuti kudziya kwepasi kuchabuda mukutonga.