Uropi (kubva kuLatin cerebellum, diminutive of cerebrum) ndiyo nhengo yakaoma kwazvo mumuviri wemunhu. Chigaro chemifungo yedu, manzwiro edu uye tenzi wekufamba kwedu (kunze kwekurangarira), ndicho chinhu chakakosha chetsinga system.

Uropi ndehweencephalon, iyo inosanganisirawo diencephalon, brainstem uye cerebellum.

Huropi hunogara mubhokisi re cranial iro rinoidzivirira kubva pakuvhundutswa. Iyo zvakare yakakomberedzwa nematatu ekudzivirira membranes, iyo meninges (dura mater, arachnoid, uye pia mater). Muvanhu vakuru, inorema 1,3 kg uye ine mabhiriyoni akati wandei maseru etsinga: neurons. Iyo iri mukumiswa mu cerebrospinal fluid, kuvhunduka kunotora mvura inobvumira kutakura kwemamorekuru uye kudzoreredza kwemarara.

Chimiro chekunze

Uropi hwakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri: yerudyi hemisphere uye yekuruboshwe. Imwe neimwe hemisphere inodzora chikamu chakatarisana chemuviri: iyo yekuruboshwe inodzora kurudyi rwemuviri uye zvinopesana.

Iyo yeruboshwe hemisphere inowanzobatanidzwa nemafungiro uye mutauro, nepo kurudyi ndiyo chigaro chepfungwa, manzwiro uye pfungwa yeunyanzvi. Vanotaurirana kuburikidza nechimiro chetsinga fibers: iyo corpus callosum. Kumusoro kwehemispheres kwakafukidzwa necerebral cortex, ndiyo grey matter nekuti ine masero emasero etsinga. Iyo cortex inofambiswa nemaconvolutions, ari mapete ehuropi tishu.

Imwe neimwe hemisphere yakakamurwa kuita shanu lobes:

• iro remberi, kumberi, kuseri kwehuma chete
• iyo parietal lobe, kuseri kwemberi
• iyo temporal lobe iri parutivi, pedyo nefupa renguva
• iyo occipital lobe, kumashure, pamwero we occipital bone
• 5th lobe haioneki pamusoro, ndiyo insula kana chitsuwa lobe: iri mukati meuropi.

Iyo lobes yakaganhurwa pakati pawo nema grooves, ari grooves pamusoro peiyo cortex.

Cranial nerves inotangira muuropi uye brainstem. Kune mapairi gumi nemaviri ayo anosanganisirwa mukuona, kuravira, kunhuwidza kana kunzwa kana kunyange mukutaura kwechiso.

Uropi hunopihwa neruboshwe rwomukati carotid artery uye vertebral artery, iyo inopa chikafu uye oxygen inodiwa pakushanda kwakakodzera kwemasero.

Yemukati chimiro

Mukati mehuropi munoita matishu europi anonzi white matter. Inoumbwa netsinga dzetsinga dzinotakura tsinga dzichienda kana kubva kucortex. Aya mafiber akakomberedzwa nemyelin, sheath chena yekudzivirira (saka chinhu chichena) chinomhanyisa kufambiswa kwemagetsi kwetsinga mameseji.

Pakati pehuropi munewo makamuri anonzi maventricles anobvumira kutenderera kwecerebrospinal fluid.

Uropi hunoti:

• 2% yehuremu hwedu
• 20% yesimba rinopedzwa

Uropi hunotaurirana nemuviri wese. Kukurukurirana uku kunopiwa zvakanyanya netsinga. Tsinga dzinobvumira kukurumidza kufambiswa kwemashoko emagetsi senge tsinga.Uropi, nhare yekutonga yemuviri

Yakabatana nemusana, uropi hunoumba central nerve system. Iyi sisitimu ndiyo yedu yekuraira uye yekudzora nzvimbo: inodudzira ruzivo rwekunzwa kubva kune zvakatipoteredza (mukati nekunze kwemuviri) uye inogona kutumira mhinduro nenzira yemirairo yemota (activation yemhasuru kana glands).

Mabasa akadai sekutaura, dudziro yekunzwa kana mafambiro ekuzvipira anobva mucerebral cortex. Neurons mu cortex inodudzira mameseji ekunzwa uye kugadzira mhinduro dzakakodzera kumatunhu ane hunyanzvi mukugadzirisa ruzivo. Aya matunhu anowanikwa pamwero:

• Yeparietal lobe, nenzvimbo dzinobatanidzwa mumanzwiro ekunzwa (kuravira, kubata, tembiricha, kurwadziwa)
• Yeteporal lobe, ine nzvimbo dzekunzwa uye kunhuwa, kunzwisisa kwemutauro
• Kubva pane occipital lobe, ine nzvimbo dzekuona
• Kubva pane yepamberi lobe, nekufunga uye kuronga basa, manzwiro uye hunhu, kufamba kwekuzvidira uye kugadzira mutauro.

Maronda munzvimbo idzi anogona kukonzera kusashanda zvakanaka. Semuenzaniso, ronda renzvimbo yakatsaurirwa kugadzirwa kwemutauro rinobva radzvanya kugona kududza mazwi. Vanhu vanoziva zvavanoda kutaura asi havagone kutaura mazwi.

Kurohwa (sitiroko) : kunotevera kuvhara kana kuputika kwetsinga yeropa, izvo zvinokonzera kufa kwemasero etsinga. Inosanganisira cerebral embolism kana thrombosis.

Chirwere cheAlzheimer : neurodegenerative chirwere chinokonzera kuderera kunofambira mberi kwehunyanzvi hwekuziva uye ndangariro.

Dambudziko repfari : inoratidzirwa nekubuda kweabnormal nerve impulses muuropi.

kusuruvara : chimwe chezvirwere zvinowanzoitika zvepfungwa. Kuora mwoyo chirwere chinokanganisa mafungiro, pfungwa uye maitiro, asiwo muviri.

Brain-dead state (kana kufa kwe encephalic): mamiriro ekuparadzwa kusingadzoreki kwehuropi izvo zvinoguma nekumira zvachose kwekushanda kwehuropi uye kusavapo kwekutenderera kweropa. Ichi chiitiko chinogona kutevera kukuvadzwa kwemusoro kana sitiroko, semuenzaniso.

Hydrocephalus : inoenderana nekuwanda kwecerebrospinal fluid muuropi kana kubviswa kwemvura iyi kusingaitwe nemazvo.

Headache (headache) : kurwadziwa kwakanyanya kunonzwika mu cranial box.

Chirwere cheCharcot (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis kana chirwere chaLou Gehrig): neurodegenerative chirwere. Zvishoma nezvishoma zvinokanganisa tsinga dzetsinga dzokonzera kushaya simba kwetsandanyama uyezve kuoma mitezo.

Chirwere cheParkinson : Neurodegenerative chirwere chinokonzerwa nekufa kunononoka uye kunofambira mberi kwemaneuroni munzvimbo yehuropi iyo inoita basa rakakosha mukudzora mafambiro edu. Ichi ndicho chikonzero vanhu vane chirwere ichi vanoita zvishoma nezvishoma zvinyoro-nyoro, zvisinganzwisisiki uye zvisingadzoreki.

Meningitis : kuzvimba kwemeninji kunogona kukonzerwa nehutachiona kana bhakitiriya. Iyo yekwakabva mabhakitiriya kazhinji yakakomba zvakanyanya.

Migraine : imwe nzira yemusoro inozviratidza mukurwiswa kwakareba uye kwakanyanya kudarika musoro.

schizophrenia : chirwere chepfungwa chinokonzera zvinodaidzwa kuti psychotic episodes: munhu anokanganisa kazhinji anotambura nekunyengera uye kuona.

Multiple sclerosis : autoimmune chirwere chinokanganisa pakati penheyo system (brain, optic nerves uye spinal cord). Iyo inokonzeresa maronda anokonzera kukanganisa mukufambiswa kwetsinga mameseji ayo anokanganisa kudzora kwekufamba, kuona kwekunzwa, ndangariro, kutaura, nezvimwe.

Head trauma : inoratidza kuvhunduka kwakagamuchirwa kumusoro pamwero wedehenya, zvisinei nemhirizhonga yaro. Iwo akajairika uye ane matanho akasiyana (akaneta, ari pakati nepakati, akaomarara). Kushungurudzika kwakanyanya kunokonzeresa kukuvara kwehuropi uye ndicho chikonzero chikuru chekufa pakati pevane makore 15-25. Tsaona dzemumigwagwa ndidzo dzinonyanya kukonzera kukuvara asiwo tsaona dzine chekuita nemitambo kana kurohwa.

Bundu rebongo (gomarara reuropi): kuwanda kwemasero asina kujairika muuropi. Bundu racho pamwe benign ou ngwara.

dziviriro

Muna 2012, World Health Organization (WHO) 6 inofungidzira kuti mamiriyoni 17,5 vakafa nekuda kwechirwere chemwoyo chakadai sesitiroko. Kuva nemararamiro ane hutano kwaizodzivirira 80% yekurohwa uku. Chokwadi, kutora kudya kunovaka muviri, kurovedza muviri nguva dzose uye kudzivisa fodya uye kunwa doro zvakanyanyisa kwaizodzivirira zvirwere izvi.

Maererano neWHO (7), chirwere cheAlzheimer ndicho chinonyanya kukonzera dementia uye chinokonzera 60-70% yezviitiko. Sezvineiwo, hapana nzira yekupedzisira yekudzivirira. Nekudaro, kutarisisa kudya kwako, kuchengetedza kurovedza muviri uye kudzidziswa kwepfungwa inzira dzekudzivirira. Zvimwe zvirwere, zvakaita sebundu remuuropi kana multiple sclerosis, hazvigone kudzivirirwa nekuti zvikonzero zvacho hazvizivikanwe. Chirwere cheParkinson hachidzivirirwe kana, asi tsvakiridzo yesainzi inoratidza mamwe maitiro anogona kupa anonzi ekudzivirira.

Kudzivirira musoro kunogoneka, zvisinei, kana zvakanyanya kupfuurira kana mishonga inowanzosashanda. Kudzivirira uku kunogona kusanganisira kuderedza kushungurudzika kana kuderedza kunwa doro, somuenzaniso.

Mishonga

Kunwa mimwe mishonga (kusanganisira inoderedza kuora mwoyo, zvinozorodza tsandanyama, mapiritsi okukotsirisa, anxiolytics, kana kunyange antihistamines nokuda kweallergies) kunogona kukonzera kurasikirwa nendangariro. Asi mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, vanogona kuchinjwa.

Maererano neongororo yeAmerica (8), kuratidzirwa kwevakadzi vane pamuviri kune zvinosvibisa zvakanyanya mumhepo (zvinobva mukupisa kwehuni kana marasha semuenzaniso) zvinogona kukonzera kukanganisa mukukura kwe "embryo". Vana vaizopa kunyanya matambudziko ehunhu uye kuderera kwehunyanzvi hwekuziva.

biopsy : kuongororwa kunosanganisira kutora sampuli yebundu reuropi kuti uzive rudzi rwebundu uye kusarudza kurapa kwakakodzera.

Echo-doppler transcrânien : bvunzo inocherekedza kufamba kweropa mumidziyo mikuru yehuropi. Inobvumira, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kuongororwa kwekukuvara kwemusoro kana kuongororwa kwekufa kwehuropi.

Electroencephalography : bvunzo inoyera kushanda kwemagetsi muuropi, inonyanya kushandiswa kuongorora pfari.

Brain MRI : magineti resonance imaging technique, MRI inzvero inobvumira kuonekwa kwehuropi husina kunaka. Inoshandiswa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kusimbisa kuongororwa kwekurohwa kana kuonekwa kwebundu.

PET scan : inonziwo positron emission tomoscintigraphy, iyi ongororo yekufungidzira inoshanda inoita kuti zvikwanise kuona kushanda kwenhengo nejekiseni remvura ine radioactive inoonekwa mukufungidzira.

Brain uye spinal scanner : inonziwo computed tomography kana computed tomography, iyi nzira yekufungidzira inoshandisa X-rays kuona zvimiro zvedehenya kana musana. Ndiyo ongororo huru yekuona gomarara.

Kuongorora kwepanyama : inhanho yekutanga mune chero kuongororwa kwekukanganiswa kwehuropi kana tsinga. Inoitwa nachiremba anoenda kana nyanzvi yeuropi. Kutanga, anobvunza murwere nezvenhoroondo yemhuri yake, zviratidzo zvake, nezvimwewo ipapo anoita kuongorora kwepanyama (kutarisa reflexes, kunzwa, kubata, kuona, kuenzanisa, nezvimwewo) (9).

Lumbar kubaya : cerebrospinal fluid sampling uchishandisa tsono kubva kuzasi kumashure (lumbar vertebrae). Muchiitiko ichi, kuongororwa kwayo kunogona kuona kuvapo kwekenza masero.

Kutanga kuwanikwa

Mamiriro emagetsi emashoko etsinga akatanga kuratidzwa nachiremba weItaly, Luigi Galvani muna 1792, kuburikidza nekuedza pamakumbo edatya! Anenge mazana maviri emakore gare gare, muna 1939, Huxley naHodgkin vakatanga kunyora chiitiko chinogona (nerve impulse) mune giant squid nerve fiber (10).

Ukuru hwehuropi uye hungwaru

Masayendisiti ave achitenda kwenguva refu kuti ukuru hwehuropi uye njere zvinogona kubatana. Maererano neongororo yepasi rose11, hungwaru hautariswe nehukuru hwehuropi, asi nechimiro chahwo uye kubatana pakati pechichena negrey. Zvinonziwo varume, avo vanowanzova nehuropi hukuru kupfuura vakadzi, havana kuratidza mabasa enjere epamusoro. Saizvozvovo, vatori vechikamu vane huropi hukuru zvisina kujairika vakawana paavhareji paavhareji pabvunzo dzehungwaru.

Semuenzaniso, Einstein aive neuropi hudiki pane avhareji.