Iyo calcaneus (kubva kuLatin calcaneum zvinoreva chitsitsinho), inonziwo calcaneus, ibhonzo rakakura kwazvo mutarsus, rinoumba chikamu cheskeleton yetsoka.

nzvimbo. calcaneus ndiro bhonzo hombe mutarsus, chimwe chezvikamu zvitatu zveskeleton yetsoka inoumbwa netarsus, metatarsus, uye phalanges (1). Iyo calcaneus imwe yemapfupa manomwe etarsus: talus, cuboid bone, navicular bone, matatu cuneiform mapfupa, uye calcaneus.

Chimiro checalcaneus. Gorosi ndiro bhonzo rakasimba uye guru mutsoka. Nzvimbo yepamusoro yecalcaneus inotaura netalus uye nechemberi kwayo ne cuboid bone. Iyo calcaneus inoumbwa ne:

• sustentaculum tali, bony projection iri panzvimbo yepakati nepamusoro, ichipa rubatsiro kune talus;
• yefibular trochea, diki crest inoratidzira pane yakatarisana chiso;
• ye tuberosity ye calcaneus, inobatanidza nzvimbo yakapfuura shure uye kugadzira chitsitsinho.

Iyo yese skeleton yetsoka, kusanganisira calcaneus, inochengetedzwa kuvonga kune akawanda ligaments uye akawanda majoini.

Muviri uremu rutsigiro. Huremu huzhinji hwemuviri hunofambiswa kubva pamateru kuenda pasi kuburikidza necalcaneus (1).

Yakasimba uye ine simba yetsoka. Skeleton yetsoka, kusanganisira calcaneus, inoita kuti zvikwanise kunyanya kuchengetedza kutsigirwa kwemuviri uye kuita mafambiro akasiyana-siyana etsoka kusanganisira kufambiswa kwemuviri pakufamba. (2) (3)

Tsoka pfupa kutsemuka. Iyo skeleton yetsoka inogona kukanganiswa nekuputsika, iyo yakajairika iyo ndeye mapfupa e metatarsal uye calcaneus. (4)

Bone abnormalities. Zvimwe zvisizvo zvinogona kuitika muskeleton yetsoka uye zvinokanganisa mapfupa e metatarsal. Izvi zvisizvo zvebhonzo zvinogona kunyanya kukonzerwa nekusagadzikana, kutsemuka kana kusafamba zvakanaka. Mhosva dzakasiyana dzinogona kucherechedzwa: gollow tsoka, varus tsoka, flat tsoka, kirabhu tsoka, kana kunyange equine tsoka. (4)

Maladies eiyo os. Zvirwere zvakawanda zvinogona kukanganisa mapfupa uye kuchinja maitiro avo. Osteoporosis ndechimwe chezviitiko zvinowanzoitika. Inosanganisira kurasikirwa kwehutano hwemapfupa kazhinji muvanhu vanopfuura makore makumi matanhatu. Inosimbisa kushaya simba kwemapfupa uye inosimudzira mabhiri.

Kurapwa. Zvichienderana nechirwere chinowanikwa, mishonga yakasiyana inogona kurongerwa kugadzirisa kana kusimbisa mapfupa emapfupa kana kuderedza marwadzo uye kuzvimba.

Kuvhiya kurapa. Zvichienderana nerudzi rwekutsemuka, kuvhiya kunogona kuitwa pamwe nekuisirwa sikuruu ndiro, zvipikiri kana chinogadzirisa chekunze.

Orthopedic kurapwa. Zvichienderana nerudzi rwekutsemuka, purasita inogona kuitwa.

Chiremba imaging bvunzo. X-ray, CT, MRI, scintigraphy kana bone bvunzo densitometry bvunzo dzinogona kushandiswa kuongorora mafupa ekurwara.

Kuongorora kwezvokurapa. Kuti uone mamwe ma pathologies, ropa kana weti bvunzo dzinogona kuitwa senge dosage ye phosphorus kana calcium.

"Tsoka diki" (muchiFrench, petit pied) izita rinopihwa marangwanda eaustralopithecus prometheanyakawanikwa muna 1994 na paleoanthropologist Ronald J. Clarke. Iine chikwereti chezita rayo "Rutsoka Rudiki" kune diki saizi yemakumbo mapfupa ekutanga akawanikwa mubhokisi remabhonzo akarongwa sekuuya kubva kumombe. Mushure mekuwanikwa kwemapfupa madiki etsoka aya, vaongorori vakawana makumi mapfumbamwe muzana emabhonzo: "Rutsoka Rudiki" nokudaro rakave rakazara kwazvo skeleton yeAustralopithecus yakawanikwa kusvika zvino. Mushure mekushanduka kwakasiyana kwemhedzisiro, nzira nyowani yakaita kuti zvikwanisike kuidana nemamiriyoni mazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu nematanhatu emakore (90) (3,67).