Chitin

Kana zvasvika kuchitini, chikoro biology zvidzidzo zvinobva zvauya mupfungwa. Arthropods, crustaceans uye zvese zvine hukama nazvo…

Asi, kunyangwe izvi, chitin yaive zvakare inobatsira vanhu.

Hunhu hwese hwechitin

Chitin yakatanga kuwanikwa muna 1821 nemutungamiriri webindu re botanical, Henry Bracon. Mukati mekuyedza kwemakemikari, akazivisa chinhu chinopesana nekunyungudika mu sulfuric acid. Uye makore maviri gare gare, chitini chakatorwa kubva mumakomba etarantula. Panguva imwecheteyo, izwi rekuti "chitin" rakakurudzirwa nasayendisiti wechiFrench Audier, uyo akadzidza chinhu ichi achishandisa makomba ekunze (mafupa ekunze) ezvipembenene.

Chitin ndeye polysaccharide iri yeboka reyakaomarara-kugaya makabhohaidhiretsi. Panyaya yeiyo physicochemical zvivakwa, pamwe nebasa rayo rehupenyu, iri padyo nekudyara fiber.

Chitin chikamu chemasero madziro efungi, pamwe nemamwe mabhakitiriya.

Yakagadzirwa neamino shuga masarasara eacetylglucosamine, chitin ndeimwe yeakanyanya kuwanda polysaccharides mune zvakasikwa.

Icho chinhu chinowanikwa mufungi, mabhakitiriya, arthropods. Mhando dzinoverengeka dzechitin dzakaonekwa, dzakasiyana mumakemikari avo uye zvivakwa.

* Yakaratidza huwandu hwehuwandu (g) ​​mu100 g yechigadzirwa.

Chitin (ChiFrench chitine, kubva kuGreek chiton - zvipfeko, ganda, goko), musanganiswa wechisikigo kubva muboka re polysaccharides; chikamu chikuru chekunze skeleton (cuticle) yearthropods uye nhamba yezvimwe zvisingasviki; iyo zvakare chikamu chesero madziro efungi uye mabhakitiriya. Inoita inodzivirira uye inotsigira mabasa, ichipa sero rigidity. Izwi rokuti "X". yakataurwa nemusayendisiti wechiFrench A. Odier, uyo (1823) akadzidza chivharo chekunze chakaoma chezvipembenene. H. ine N-acetylglucosamine masara akabatanidzwa ne b- (1 ® 4) -glycosidic bonds.

Huremu hwemamorekuru hunogona kusvika 260,000. Iyo hainyungudike mumvura, inonyungudutsa acids, alkalis, doro, uye zvimwe organic zvinonyungudutsa, inonyungudika muyakaomeswa munyu mhinduro (lithium, calcium thiocyanate), uye inoparadzwa muyakagadziriswa mhinduro dzemineral acids (kana ichipisa). Chlorine inogara yakabatana nemapuroteni mune zvakasikwa masosi. Chlorine yakafanana muchimiro, physicochemical properties, uye biological basa kudyara cellulose.

Chlorine biosynthesis mumuviri inoitika nekubatanidzwa kweanopa, yakasara N-acetylglucosamine-uridine diphosphate-M-acetyl-glucosamine, uye vanogamuchira, chitodextrins, nekubatanidzwa kweenzymatic glycosyltransferase system inobatanidza ne intracellular membranes. Chlorine yakaputsika biologically kuti isunungure N-acetylglucosamine ne enzyme chitinase, iyo inowanikwa mune akati wandei mabhakitiriya, pakati pekudya ma enzymes evhu amoebas, mamwe hozhwa, evhu, uye zvakare mune crustaceans panguva yekunyungudika. Kana zvipenyu zvikafa, chlorine nezvinogadzirwa zvayo zvinosandurwa muvhu nemugungwa kuita macompound-like compounds uye zvinobatsira mukuunganidzwa kwenitrogen muvhu.

Zuva nezuva kudiwa chitin

Kudya zvinopfuura 3000mg pazuva kunogona kukonzeresa kumatambudziko nekushanda kweiyo gastrointestinal turakiti. Naizvozvo, zvinokurudzirwa kucherechedza zvinoreva zvegoridhe mukushandisa kwechero magetsi.

Iko kudiwa kwechitin kunowedzera:

• nekufuta zvakanyanya;
• kukanganisa kwemetabolism yemafuta mumuviri;
• yakakwira ropa cholesterol;
• chiropa steatosis;
• nemafuta akawandisa mukudya;
• kugara uchizvimbirwa;
• chirwere cheshuga mellitus;
• allergies uye kudhakwa kwemuviri.

Iko kudiwa kwechitin kunodzikira:

• neakawandisa gasi maitiro;
• dysbacteriosis;
• gastritis, pancreatitis uye zvimwe zvinopisa zvirwere zvemudumbu.

Kugaya kwechitin

Chitin chinhu chakajeka chiri pachena chisina kugayiwa mumuviri wemunhu. Kunge cellulose, chitin inovandudza utumbo motility uye ine zvimwe zvinobatsira zvemuviri.

Zvinhu zvinokanganisa zvirimo zvechitini mumuviri

Muviri wemunhu haugadzi chitin pachawo, nekudaro zvirimo mumuviri zvinonyatsoenderana nekuvapo mukudya. Kubva pane izvi, zvinotevera kuti kana iwe uchida kuve noutano, iwe unofanirwa kugara uchidya chitini muchimiro chechimiro chayo - chitosan.

Chitin yerunako uye hutano

Munguva ichangopfuura, cosmetologists vari kuwedzera kunyora pamusoro pemigumisiro yakanaka yakawanikwa kubva mukushandiswa kwemishonga yezvokurapa uye yekushongedza nechitin. Inowedzerwa kune shampoos kuti iwedzere vhoriyamu yebvudzi uye elasticity, inoshandiswa mumafuta, yakawedzerwa kune makirimu, gels yekugeza, uye zvigadzirwa zvehutsanana (gel toothpastes) inogadzirwa. Inowanikwa mune dzakasiyana-siyana styling sprays uye varnishes.

Chitin inoshandiswa sezvinhu zvekudya zvinowedzera mukudya kugadzirisa ganda kuomarara, seanorwisa-kupisa uye moisturizer. Inogadzira firimu rinodzivirira paganda nemubvudzi, zvichidaro kuita nzira yekubatana, inodzivirira ganda kubva pakurasikirwa nehunyoro uye brittle zvipikiri.

Masainzi eArgentina akacherekedza hunhu hwechitini semubatsiri kune anovandudza patsva wekurapa nekukurumidza kweganda kana paitika kukuvara. Uye zvakare, chitin inoshandurwa nekupisa kuita chinhu chitsva chemvura-inogadziriswa. chitosan, inova chikamu cheye-anti-kukwegura zvizoro. Nekuda kwezvizoro zvinopesana nekukwegura, ganda rinotsvedzerwa nekukurumidza, kuunyana kunozoonekwa zvishoma. Ganda rinowana kutsva uye kutaridzika kutarisa, nekuda kwechivako chechitin kuti ubvise spasm yeayo madiki capillaries eganda.

Nezve mabhenefiti echitini kune hushoma hwehunhu hwako, zviri pachena. Chitosan inonziwo fiber yemhuka, inosunga mumuviri uye kubvisa mafuta akawandisa, inobatsira nekudya zvakanyanya, inowedzera huwandu hwebifidobacteria mumatumbo uye zvinyoronyoro inosimudzira kuonda. Uye zvakare, iyo inokonzeresa kushambadzira kwezvinosvibisa, mushure mekusunungurwa kweiyo, muviri wedu unonzwa kureruka uye wakasununguka.

Chitin in Nature

Muzvisikwa, chitin inoita mabasa ekudzivirira uye anotsigira, ichipa simba rekrustaceans, fungi uye mabhakitiriya. Mune izvi zvakafanana ne cellulose, iyo inotsigira zvinhu zvechirimwa cell wall. Asi chitin inonyanya kushandiswa, maererano nezvinhu zveRussia Chitin Society. Kana ichipisa uye ichibatwa neyakaomeswa alkali, inoshanduka kuita chitosan. Iyi polymer inogona kunyungudika mu dilute acid mhinduro, pamwe nekusunga uye kuita nemamwe makemikari. Nekudaro, dzimwe nguva machemist anoreva chitosan se "muvaki" anogona kushandiswa kugadzira akasiyana mapolymer. Kuti uwane chitin yakachena, mapuroteni, calcium uye mamwe maminerari anobviswa kubva kune organic zvinhu zvirimo, achiashandura kuita soluble fomu. Mhedzisiro ndeye chitinous crumb.

"Crustaceans, fungi uye zvipembenene zvinoshandiswa kuwana chitin. Nenzira, chinhu ichi chakatanga kuwanikwa mumapugnons. Kushandiswa kwechitin uye chitosan chayo chinotorwa chiri kuwedzera chete. Iyo polysaccharide inoshandiswa mune zvekudya zvinowedzera, mishonga, anti-kupisa zvinodhaka, soluble sutures yekuvhiya, inoshandiswa kune anti-radiation zvinangwa, uye mune zvimwe zvakawanda. Chitosan chinhu chinobatsira chinoda kuwedzera kudzidza"

Chitin mumishonga

Pamusana pekuti chitosan inonyatsopindirana nemamwe makemikari, zvinodhaka uye zvinogamuchirwa, somuenzaniso, zvinogona "kusungirirwa" pamaketani epolymer. Nokudaro, chinhu chinoshanda chichasunungurwa chete apo chinodiwa, pasina kuisa muviri wose kune toxicosis. Uyezve, chitosan pachayo haina chepfu zvachose kune zvipenyu.

Chitosan inoshandiswawo sechikafu chekuwedzera. Semuenzaniso, chikamu chayo chepasi chehuremu hwema molecular chinopinzwa zvakananga muropa uye chinoshanda pamwero wesimba rekudzivirira. Iyo yepakati molecular chikamu chikamu chinorwisa mabhakitiriya chinodzivisa kukura kwepathogenic microflora mumatumbo. Mukuwedzera, inobatsira pakuumbwa kwefirimu pamukati mucosa, iyo inovadzivirira kubva pakuputika. Muchiitiko ichi, firimu inopera nokukurumidza, iyo inokosha kushandiswa mukurapa. Iyo yakakwira molecular huremu chikamu che chitosan chinoshanda se sorbent kune chepfu inowanikwa mudumbu remukati.

"Tinoziva ma sorbents akawanda ane zvivakwa zvinokuvadza vanhu - anotorwa uye akaiswa mumamhasuru nemapfupa. Chitosan haina zvese izvi mhedzisiro. Uyezve, inogona kutora mishonga yemishonga, iyo, pamwe chete nayo, hairasikirwi nezvinhu zvayo zvinobatsira kwenguva yakareba, uye inoshandiswa sekuwedzera kwezvokudya. Chitosan inoshandiswawo mune gel fomu yekurapa zvirwere zvemukanwa kana kupisa. "

Mukuwedzera, chitosan ine antitumor effect, saka inogona kushandiswa kudzivirira kenza. Chinhu chinoderedza cholesterol, sezvo inosunga lipids yezvokudya uye inodzivirira kutorwa kwemafuta kubva mumatumbo. Tsvagiridzo irikuendererawo pamusoro pekushandiswa kwechitosan sezvimisikidzo zvekurapa.

Chitin uye gene therapy

Gene therapy ikozvino iri kushingaira kukura. Nekubatsirwa kwenzira yesayenzi, zvinokwanisika kubvisa basa reimwe kana imwe "inokuvadza" geni kana kuisa imwe panzvimbo yayo. Asi kuti uite izvi, zvinodikanwa neimwe nzira kuendesa iyo "inodiwa" ruzivo rwejeni muchitokisi. Pakutanga, mavhairasi aishandiswa pane izvi, asi iyi sisitimu ine zvipingamupinyi zvakawanda: carcinogenicity uye mutengo wakakura wainyanya.. Asi nerubatsiro rwechitosan, zvinokwanisika kuendesa iyo inodiwa ruzivo rwejeni muchitokisi pasina mhedzisiro inokuvadza uye yakachipa.

" Non-viral RNA delivery vectors inogona kunyatso kurongedzerwa mumhanzi nekugadziriswa kwemakemikari. Chitosan inoshanda zvakanyanya kupfuura liposomes kana cationic polymers nekuti inosunga kuDNA zvirinani. Mukuwedzera, masisitimu akadaro haana-chepfu uye anogona kuwanikwa pane tembiricha yekamuri ,” musayendisiti akadaro.

Chitin muindasitiri yezvekudya

Iyo absorbency ye chitosan inoshandiswa mukubika kubvisa tsvina. Iyo inonzi turbidity muchinwiwa inoumbwa nekuda kwezvikamu zvezvinhu zvakasvibirira uye zvinhu zvinobatsira muchimiro cheprotein, makhahydrates, masero mapenyu uye oxalates. Kubvisa masero mapenyu, chitosan inoshandiswa padanho rekujekeswa kwechigadzirwa.

Mukuwedzera, chitosan firimu inoderedza chiyero chekupararira kwehutachiona munyama yakasvibirira, inodzivisa kuonekwa kweStaphylococcus aureus mabhakitiriya.

"Kazhinji, nyama itsva inochengetwa kwete kupfuura mazuva maviri. Somugumisiro wekuedza ne chitosan, takakwanisa kuwedzera nguva yekuchengetedza nehafu nehafu kusvika kaviri. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, nguva yacho yakasvika kusvika kumavhiki maviri. Uye zvakare, kubva pakuona kwevatengi zvivakwa, chitosan firimu ipakiti yakanaka, sezvo isingaonekwe."

Chitosan inoshandiswawo muindasitiri yechikafu yekubatanidza mapuroteni ewhey muindasitiri yemukaka, kugadzirwa kwezvigadzirwa zvekudya zvine iodized zvichienderana nekugadzirwa kweiodine-chitosan complexes, uye nezvimwe zvinangwa.