Common spruce

Common spruce (Picea abies) rudzi rwekare rwakasvibira rwemhuri yemupaini, chirimwa chakatetepa uye chakanaka chakagara kwenguva refu chine pyramidal wide korona. Muzvisikwa, inosvika 50 m kureba. Hunde yayo yakatwasuka inogona kusvika 1 - 2 m muhupamhi. Pamusoro pe spruce nguva dzose inopinza, matavi anokura akaenzana kana arcuately akasimudzwa kumusoro. Makwati akatsvuka kana kuti grey. Tsono ipfupi, 15-20 mm kureba, kupenya girini kana rima muruvara, ane unhu hwema. Kunyangwe isu tiri kutaura nezve conifers seyakasvibira, chokwadi, tsono dzine hupenyu hwadzo: muspruce, dzinogara pamuti kweanopfuura makore matanhatu kusvika gumi nemaviri.

Norway spruce ndiyo yakajairika coniferous chirimwa muNyika Yedu, mhando huru yekugadzira sango. Muzvisikwa, unogona kuwana miti inopfuura 250 - 300 makore.

Makoni espruce akajairika akareba, cylindrical. Muupenyu hwavo, vanochinja ruvara kubva kutsvuku kuenda kugirinhi, uye sezvavanokura, vanova shava. Mbeu dzinoparadzirwa nyore nyore nemhepo nekuda kwemapapiro adzo. Chirimwa chinoibva makore ose 3-4, asi makoni akare anogona kusungirirwa pamuti kwerinopfuura gore.

Mune tsika dzakasiyana, spruce inoonekwa sechiratidzo chehupenyu husingaperi, ushingi uye kuvimbika. Asi muNyika Yedu, haana kumbodyarwa padivi pemba - izvi zvaionekwa seshura rakaipa. Zvose nokuti zvakanaka ... zvinopisa. Uye kana kamwe-kamwe pakaita moto mune imwe imba, muti wacho waibvira semachisa, wodonha ndokuparadzira moto kune dzimwe dzimba. Asi ikozvino yakasimwa nemoyo unoda munzvimbo dzakawanda: mhando dzakasvibirira uye zvisiri-zvinopisa zvekuvaka zvakaonekwa.

Mhando dzakasiyana dzespruce

Asi ikozvino yakajairika spruce inonyanya kufarirwa mukugadzirwa kwemamiriro ekunze nekuda kwekupokana kwechando, kushivirira kwemumvuri, uye zvakanyanya kukosha, akasiyana emhando.

Nidiformis (nidiformis). Iyo ndeye dwarf subspecies ye common spruce. Ichi chirimwa chinoyevedza chakagara chichikunda nzvimbo yacho mumapindu madiki. Shruru rine yepakutanga flat-yakatenderedzwa (mumiti midiki yakaita sedendere), korona yakaomesesa yematavi matete ane mwenje wegirinhi tsono pakureba inosvika 1 - 1,2 m uye 2,5 m muhupamhi. Asi kune aya saizi, anofanirwa kukura kwenguva yakareba - mumakore gumi, spruce haizove 10 cm.

Izvi zvakasiyana-siyana zvakanyanya munguva yechando-zvakasimba, pasina matambudziko zvinomira kutonhora kwemhepo kusvika -40 ° C. Izvo zvisingabvumirwi kune ivhu, kunyange zvazvo inokura zviri nani pane ivhu rakachena, rakanyorova. Inokura zvakanaka muchiedza chakazara uye chikamu chemumvuri.

Iyo yakasiyana-siyana yakaunzwa mutsika pakutanga kwezana ramakore rekutanga. Inoshandiswa nevagadziri vepasi mumagadheni ane matombo uye yakaderera miganhu (1). Pane chiitiko chakanaka chekukura Nidiformis mumidziyo.

Acrocona (Acrocona). Imwe yemhando dzakanakisa, dzinozivikanwa kubva pakupera kwe3th century. Yayo isingaenzaniswi yakafara columnar chimiro chekorona, asymmetrically uye arched akarembera matavi anopa gadheni kureruka. Munhu mukuru Acrocona anosvika kureba kwemamita matatu ane korona yakafara kusvika 3 m. Tsono dzakasvibira dzakasvibira ipfupi, dzinochengetwa pamatavi anosvika makore 12. Mazhinji mahombe mahombe akanaka, akatanga kukura pamigumo yenhungirwa, anove kushongedza chaiko kwemuti. Pakutanga dzinenge dzakatsvuka, dzozoita shava.

Iyo yakasiyana-siyana inokura zvishoma nezvishoma, inotsungirira kutonhora kusvika -40 ° C, ine photophilous, inofarira ivhu rakaorera uye rakanyorova rine zvishoma alkaline reaction.

Mukugadzirwa kwenzvimbo, inokosheswa setapeworm (chirimwa chimwe chete). Inowanzoshandiswa kugadzira magadheni ane matombo uye eJapan.

Inverse (Inversa). Imwe yemhando dzakasiyana dzinonakidza pane dingindira re "kuchema spruce". Yakawanikwa muEngland muna 1884. Muti une korona yakamanikana, inodonha matavi achigadzira pombi pasi. Ikure segwenzi rinononoka kukura parutsigiro, kana kudyara pahunde refu. Matavi akarembera anokodzera kusimba kune hunde, saka kunyange mumuti mukuru, iyo korona yakakura haipfuuri 2,5 m.

Yakasiyana-siyana Inversa (2) yakanyanya kutonhora-yakaoma (inotsungirira kusvika -40 ° C), inogona kukura kunyange mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma emakomo. Inofarira nzvimbo dzakajeka, asi inokwanisa kukura mumumvuri usina kukwana. Ivhu rinofarira kunyorova, kudya, kushivirira kune zvese acidic uye alkaline.

Mukugadzirwa kwemamiriro ekunze, inotamba chinzvimbo chetapeworm inoshamisa.

Wills Zwerg. Yakatanga kutengeswa nekushingaira kubva muna 1956. Yakaderera, inononoka-kukura, pazera remakore makumi matatu inowana mamita maviri pakureba, asi isingasviki 30 m muhupamhi. Korona yakanaka, yakaoma, yakaita pini-yakaita kana conical. Inotaridzika chaizvo uye inoshamisa pakutanga kwekukura kwepfuti, iyo, inopesana nemashure erima rakasvibira paws, inomira nekukura kweyero-orenji. Uye muzhizha, nhungirwa diki dzinosiyana muruvara - dzakasvibira.

Iyo yakasiyana-siyana ichando-yakaoma (kusvika -40 ° C), photophilous, kunyange zvazvo inogona kukura munzvimbo dzine mumvuri. Inoda ivhu rakanyoroveswa zvakanaka, rakaorera zviri pakati nepakati.

Mukugadzirwa kwenzvimbo yeminda midiki inoshandiswa se tapeworm uye mumapoka sechirimwa chinotsigira.

Dombo diki. Imwe yediki uye inononoka kukura spruce mutations. Yakawanikwa mu50s yezana ramakore rapfuura muHolland. Korona yakaita cushion-shaped, dense, matavi mapfupi, akasimudzwa zvishoma. Tsono dzakatetepa, dzakatetepa, dzakasvibira. Muchirimo, pakatarisana nemamiriro ezvinhu aya, kukura kwechidiki kune tsvuku dzakasvibirira tsono dzinotaridzika zvakanyanya. Pakazosvika makore gumi, muti weKisimusi unokura kusvika pakureba kwemasendimita makumi maviri chete. Uye mushure me 10 cm, kukura kwayo kunomira. Chimiro cheichi chitete ndechekuti hachimbotumbuki.

Frost-resistant spruce (kusvika -35 ° C), photophilous, inofarira ivhu rine mwero uye rine hutano.

Mukugadzirwa kwenzvimbo, inoshandiswa mudiki uye madiki magadheni, mune rockeries uye scree, uye inoshanda mumidziyo.

Kudyara spruce

Mutemo unokosha: usati watenga mbeu, unofanira kunyatsoona nzvimbo yekudyara, uchiziva kuti kukura kwemuti kuchave kwakadii mumakore 10-20. Spruces haisi iyo mhando yemiti inoshivirira nyore kuisirwa. Kune zvinomera zvine midzi yakavharwa (ZKS), nguva yakanakisisa yekudyara inobva pakati paApril kusvika munaOctober, kune mbesa dzine midzi yakazaruka - kusvika pakati paApril uye hafu yechipiri yaSeptember - kutanga kwaNovember.

Sarudzo yakanakisa mbesa dziri mumudziyo kana nevhu rakazara. Gomba rekumhara rinofanira kugadzirirwa pachine nguva.

Inofanira kuyeukwa kuti zvirimwa zviduku mumwaka miviri yekutanga yechando zvinogona kutambura nekupisa kwezuva, saka kudzivirirwa kubva pakuoma kwemhepo uye zuva rakajeka pakupera kwechando kunodiwa.

Norway spruce care

Mhando uye mafomu ezvakajairwa spruce akasiyana, akanyanya chando-akasimba (nezvisingawanzo kunze), mamwe ane zvakasarudzika mukutarisira, asi kazhinji ruzivo rwekutanga rwakakwana kuti zvirimwa zvikure uye zvikure zvakanaka, zvine hutano uye zvakasimba.

Ground

Norway spruce inokura zvakanyanya paivhu rine mwero, rakanyoroveswa, uye rakaorera zvakaringana. Zvakanaka - zvishoma acidic rich loam. Mamwe marudzi anoda ivhu rine alkaline zvishoma, asi kazhinji maspruce anokura zvakanaka paivhu rine acidic uye risina kwarakarerekera. Pavhu rakashata rejecha, pakudyara mumakomba, ivhu uye humus zvinowedzerwa muchiyero che1: 1.

Lighting

Mazhinji marudzi anoshivirira zuva rakananga zvakanaka, asi mumwaka miviri yekutanga yechando, mafomu madiki anoda shading. Mazhinji macultivar anoshivirira mumvuri, zvisinei, chimiro chekorona chakanaka chinokura chete nechiedza chezuva chakakwana.

Kudiridza

Muzvisikwa, spruce yakajairika inokura pavhu rakanyorova, kunyangwe masango mazhinji espruce anowanikwa munzvimbo dzine makomo uko kusina hunyoro hwakawanda. Zvisinei, pakudyara, marudzi ose espruce anoda kudiridza kwepamusoro, kunyanya mugore rokutanga.

Mushure mekudyara, kudiridza kunodiwa kamwe chete pasvondo pamwero we1 - 10 litres emvura padzinde isingadarike 12 m kureba. Mumamiriro okunze anopisa, manheru kana maawa emangwanani, kushambidza kunobatsira. Kuti uchengetedze hunyoro, denderedzwa rehunde rinogona kuvharidzirwa nehupamhi hwebark kana sawdust ye conifers.

Mushure megore kana maviri, marudzi mazhinji eNorway spruce haachadi kudiridza, kunyange zvazvo anopindura zvakanaka kumvura yemvura pamazuva anopisa.

Mamiriro ezvinhu anonyanya kukosha echando chakanaka chemiti miduku ndeyekudiridza kwemvura. Hazvina mhosva kuti matsutso akanyorova sei, muna Gumiguru, pasi pemuti wega wega coniferous, inokwana 20-30 malita emvura inofanira kudururwa pamiti midiki uye 50 malita pamamita ehurefu hwekorona.

fertilizer

Pakudyara, phosphorus-potassium fetiraiza uye stale sawdust yeconifers inoshandiswa. Hapana manyowa kana manyowa matsva, zvisinei, pamwe chete nechero nitrogen fertilizer, pamwe nemadota. Pasi pemhando dzakasvibirira, zvinotenderwa kuisa hafu yebhakiti yecompost yakaibva zvakanaka mugomba rekudyara.

Kudyisa

Pavhu rakaorera mumakore 2 - 3 ekutanga mushure mekudyara, spruce haidi kupfeka kwepamusoro. Mune ramangwana, mafetiraiza akakosha anoshandiswa kumatenderedzwa ehunde. Kana tsono dzichiita yero uye dzichidonha, uye zvakare mugore rekutanga, zvinobatsira kupfapfaidza korona nemhinduro dzeEpin uye Ferrovit.

Kuberekwa kwezvakajairwa spruce

Spruces inogona kuparadzirwa nenzira nhatu.

Mbeu. Nenzira iyi, maitiro akasiyana-siyana haana kuchengetedzwa. Zvisinei, nzira iyi inofarirwa nevaya vanoda zvinhu zvakawanda zvekudyara, uye havasi kukurumidza. Nenzira iyi yekukura, zvakakosha kuti mhodzi dzive itsva uye dzakadzika.

Inoculation. Iyi ndiyo sarudzo yemiti yakasiyana-siyana - inokubvumira kuchengetedza zviratidzo zvose zvemiti yaamai.

Cuttings. Inoshandiswawo kuparadzira varietal fir miti. Asi zvinoda kushivirira, nguva uye kutevedzera nhamba yakawanda yemitemo.

Rooting cuttings inotorwa kubva kumiti yeamai pazuva rine makore pakupera kwaMarch - kutanga kwaApril, kubvarura kubva pabazi nechitsitsinho - chidimbu chemuti wemuti. Kucheka kwakanaka kunofanira kuva 7-10 cm kureba. Pakarepo mushure mekukohwa, migumo yekucheka inoiswa kwezuva mune mhinduro yemudzi wekugadzira stimulator (semuenzaniso, Heteroauxin). Zvadaro kucheka kunodyarwa muhari dzine ivhu rakaorera rakaorera pakona ye30 °, kudzika ne 2-3 cm. Mapoto anoiswa mugreenhouse kana akavharwa nehomwe yepurasitiki. Zvakakosha kufefetera zvirimwa kamwe chete pazuva.

Iva nemoyo murefu - iyo rooting process inogona kutora kusvika kune rimwe gore. Uye panguva iyi, zvakakosha kugara uchidiridza uye neventilate zvirimwa. Kamwe mavhiki maviri ega ega, unogona kuwedzera mhinduro isina simba yeHeteroauxin kumvura.

Muchirimo, cuttings midzi inodyarwa muchikoro, iyo inorongwa pasi pedenga remiti. Chete mushure megore kana maviri zvirimwa zvakakura zvinogona kudyarwa munzvimbo inogara.

Zvirwere zve spruce zvakajairika

Ngura (spruce spinner). Ichi chirwere chefungal. Chirwere ichi chinozviratidza pane cortex muchimiro chediki, 0,5 cm mudhayamita kuzvimba kweorenji ruvara. Ipapo tsono dzinotanga kuita yero nekudonha. Makoni anogonawo kukanganiswa nengura.

Zvakakosha kare padanho rekutanga kuunganidza tsono dzine chirwere uye makoni, kucheka uye kupisa matavi akabatwa nefungus, uye kubata zvirimwa neHom (copper oxychloride) (3) kana Rakurs. Nekudzivirira, kupfapfaidza kwechirimo neBordeaux fluid kunoitwa.

Shutte. Kunyange zvazvo mipaini ichinyanya kutambura nechirwere ichi, Schütte (snow mold) inowanzobata spruce yeNorway. Mhosva iyi fungus pathogen. Inozadza zvirimwa mumatsutso. Inokurumidza kukura munguva yechando, kunyanya pasi pechando. Muchirimo, tsono dzebrown dzine jira jena dzinoonekwa pamiti. Njodzi dzinorwara dzinogona kugara paspruce kwerimwe gore. Izvi zvinotungamirira kumira mukukura kwechirimwa, uye mune dzimwe nguva kusvika pakufa.

Kurapa kunosanganisira kubvisa matavi akabatwa uye kubata zvirimwa katatu neHom kana Rakurs kugadzirira (3).

Common spruce zvipembenene

Spruce spider mite. Chipembenene chinowanzo bereka zvakanyanya mumwedzi inopisa yekupisa. Zvikwekwe zvinobaya tsono, muto wekunwa, zvichisiya makwapa eyero paari. Nehutachiona hwakasimba, tsono dzinoita shava uye dzinoputsika. Dandemutande rinoonekwa pamatavi.

Kudzivirira - kugadzika korona nemvura. Kurapa - kumwaya mishonga ine utachiona neActellik, Antiklesch, Fitoverm. Zvakakosha kuita kanenge katatu kurapwa kubva munaJune kusvika munaSeptember.

Spruce sawfly. Kapembenene kadiki kanozadza spruce nemakonye anodya tsono. Hazvisi nyore kuona kupindira kwesawfly pakutanga - mapere anobatana netsono. Asi kana tsono diki dzichiita dzvuku-ruvara muruvara, nhanho dzekukurumidzira dzinofanirwa kutorwa kudzivirira zvirimwa.

Mushonga wePinocid unoshanda kubva kune sawfly. Muti unopfapfaidzwa nemhinduro kanenge kaviri, zvakakoshawo kudurura denderedzwa pedyo-stem nemushonga - mhute inochera pasi. Muchikamu chekutanga chetachiona, kupfapfaidza neActellik kana Fury kunoshanda.

Spruce leaflet-needleworm. The moth butterfly inokanganisa spruce nemakonye anoruma mumatsono, achiita migodhi. Mushure menguva yakati, tsono dzakafukidzwa necobwebs uye dzinoputsika.

Calypso neConfidor dzinoshanda pakurwisa makonye emashizha. Nekukuvadzwa kudiki, kurapwa kaviri kana katatu kwematavi akabatwa neGreen sipo yakakwana.

Spruce nhema nhovo. Kazhinji inobata zvirimwa zviduku. Zvipembenene zviduku zvinogara pamakwati uye tsono, izvo zvinoonekwa nemucheka wakanamatira. Zvirimwa zvinodzvinyirirwa, tsono dzinoita shava uye dzinodonha, matavi anokotama uye ooma.

Inonyanya kushanda pakurwisa chipembenene ichi ndiAktara uye Confidor.

Mibvunzo nemhinduro dzakakurumbira

Takabvunza nezve yakajairika spruce agronomist Oleg Ispolatov - akapindura mibvunzo yakakurumbira yevagari vezhizha.

Zvitubu zve

1. Stupakova OM, Aksyanova T.Yu. Maumbirwo kubva kuperennial herbaceous, woody coniferous uye deciduous zvinomera mumaguta landscaping // Conifers of the boreal zone, 2013, https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kompozitsii-iz-mnogoletnih-travyanistyh-drevesnyh-hvoynyh-i-listvenny -rasteniy -v-ozelenenii-gorodov
2. Gerd Krussman. Mhando dzeConiferous. // M., Timber industry, 1986, 257 mapeji.
3. State catalog yemishonga yezvipembenene uye agrochemicals inotenderwa kushandiswa munharaunda yeFederation kubva munaChikunguru 6, 2021 // Ministry of Agriculture yeFederation.
4. https://mcx.gov.ru/ministry/departments/departament-rastenievodstva-mekhanizatsii-khimizatsii-i-zashchity-rasteniy/industry-information/info-gosudarstvennaya-usluga-po-gosudarstvennoy-registratsii-pestitsidov-i-agrokhimikatov/