Muna 2016, vachitaura paWorld Economic Forum muDavos, mutungamiri wayo, Klaus Martin Schwab, akataura nezve "Fourth Industrial Revolution": nguva itsva yehuwandu hwemagetsi hunoita kuti pave nemakwikwi pakati pehungwaru hwevanhu uye hungwaru hwekugadzira. Kutaura uku (pamwe chete nebhuku rezita rimwe chetero) kunoonekwa sechinjo mukuvandudzwa kwemichina mitsva. Nyika zhinji dzakatofanira kusarudza nzira yadzichatora: kukosha kweruzivo rwemichina pane kodzero nerusununguko rwemunhu, kana zvakasiyana? Saka shanduko yetekinoroji yakashanduka kuita yemagariro nezvematongerwo enyika.
Chiizve chimwe chakataurwa naSchwab, uye nei chichikosha?
Iko kumukira kuchachinja kuenzana kwesimba pakati pevanhu nemichina: huchenjeri hwekugadzira (AI) uye marobhoti achagadzira hunyanzvi hutsva, asiwo kuuraya zvekare. Zvose izvi zvinozokonzera kusaenzana kwevanhu pamwe nekumwe kusagadzikana munzanga.
Digital tekinoroji ichapa mukana wakakura kune avo vanozobhejera pavari nenguva: vagadziri, vagovani uye vezve mabhizinesi. Izvi zvinoshandawo kumatunhu.
Munhangemutange yehutungamiriri hwepasi rose nhasi, ani nani ane pesvedzero yakawanda mumunda wehungwaru hwekugadzira anohwina. Pundutso yepasi rose kubva mukushandiswa kwehunyanzvi hweAI mumakore mashanu anotevera inofungidzirwa pamadhora gumi nematanhatu emadhora, uye bMugove mukuru uchaenda kuUS neChina.
Mubhuku rake "The Superpowers of Artificial Intelligence", nyanzvi yeChinese IT Kai-Fu Lee anonyora nezve kurwira pakati peChina neUnited States mumunda wetekinoroji, chiitiko cheSilicon Valley, uye musiyano mukuru pakati penyika mbiri idzi.
USA neChina: mujaho wezvombo
USA inoonekwa seimwe yenyika dzakasimukira zvikuru mundima yeungwaru hwekugadzira. Hofori dzepasi rose dzakavakirwa muSilicon Valley - dzakadai seGoogle, Apple, Facebook kana Microsoft - teerera zvakanyanya kune izvi zviri kuitika. Mazana ekutanga ari kubatana navo.
Muna 2019, Donald Trump akaraira kusikwa kweAmerican AI Initiative. Inoshanda munzvimbo shanu:
Dhipatimendi reDziviriro AI Strategy rinotaura nezve kushandiswa kwematekinoroji aya kune zvinodiwa zvemauto uye cybersecurity. Panguva imwecheteyo, muna 2019, United States yakaona hukuru hweChina mune zvimwe zviratidzo zvine chekuita nekutsvaga kweAI.
Muna 2019, hurumende yeUS yakapa mari inosvika bhiriyoni imwe yemadhora ekutsvagisa mumunda wehungwaru hwekugadzira. Zvisinei, ne 1, chete 2020% yevakuru vakuru veUnited States vanoronga kushandisa teknolojia yeAI, zvichienzaniswa ne4% muna 20. Vanotenda kuti njodzi dzinogona kuitika dzekombiyuta dzakakwirira zvikuru kudarika kukwanisa kwayo.
China ine chinangwa chekupfuura iyo US muhungwaru hwekugadzira uye mamwe matekinoroji. Nzvimbo yekutanga inogona kutariswa 2017, apo iyo National Strategy yekuvandudza kweAI Technologies yakaonekwa. Sekureva kwaro, panosvika 2020, China yaifanira kunge yabata vatungamiriri venyika mundima iyi, uye musika weAI munyika unofanirwa kunge wakapfuura madhora mabhiriyoni makumi maviri nemaviri. Vanoronga kuisa $22 bhiriyoni mukugadzira kwakangwara, mishonga, maguta, zvekurima nekudzivirira.
Mutungamiri weChina, Xi Jinping, anoona AI se "simba rinokurudzira shanduko yetekinoroji" uye kukura kwehupfumi. Aimbove mutungamiri weChinese Google Li Kaifu anoti izvi ndezvekuti AlphaGo (kuvandudzwa kwehofisi huru yeGoogle) yakakunda mukwikwidzi weChinese go game Ke Jie. Iri rave dambudziko retekinoroji kuChina.
Chinhu chikuru icho nyika yanga yakaderera kune United States uye vamwe vatungamiriri kusvika parizvino ndeye yakakosha dzidziso yekutsvagisa, kuvandudza kweakakosha algorithms uye machipisi akavakirwa paAI. Kuti ukunde izvi, China iri kushingairira kukwereta matekinoroji epamusoro uye nyanzvi kubva pamusika wepasi rose, uku isingabvumidze makambani ekunze kukwikwidza neChina mukati.
Panguva imwecheteyo, pakati pemakambani ese ari mumunda weAI, akanakisa anosarudzwa mumatanho akati wandei uye anosimudzirwa kune vatungamiriri veindasitiri. Nzira yakafanana yakatoshandiswa muindasitiri yezvekufambiswa kwemashoko. Muna 2019, nzvimbo yekutanga yekutyaira yekuvandudza uye kushandiswa kwehungwaru hwekugadzira yakatanga kuvakwa muShanghai.
Muna 2020, hurumende iri kuvimbisa imwe $1,4 trillion ye5G, AI uye mota dzinozvityaira. Ivo vari kubheja pane vakakura vanopa vemakore computing uye kuongororwa kwedata - Alibaba Group Holding uye Tencent Holdings.
Baidu, iyo "Chinese Google" inosvika 99% yechokwadi yekuzivikanwa kwechiso, yekutanga iFlytek neFace yakabudirira zvakanyanya. Musika weChinese microcircuits mugore rimwe chete - kubva 2018 kusvika 2019 - wakakura ne50%: kusvika $ 1,73 bhiriyoni.
Mukutarisana nehondo yekutengeserana uye hukama huri kuramba huchiwedzera neUnited States, China yakawedzera kubatanidzwa kwezvirongwa zvehurumende nemauto mumunda weAI. Chinangwa chikuru hachisi tekinoroji chete, asiwo geopolitical hukuru pamusoro peUnited States.
Kunyangwe China yakakwanisa kukunda United States maererano nekuwana kusingagumi kune yakakura uye yega data, ichiri kusarira kumashure mumunda wemhinduro dzetekinoroji, tsvakiridzo nemidziyo. Panguva imwecheteyo, maChinese anoburitsa zvimwe zvakadudzwa zvinyorwa paAI.
Asi kuti tigadzirise mapurojekiti eAI, hatidi chete zviwanikwa uye rutsigiro rwenyika. Kuwana kusingagumi kune data hombe kunodiwa: ndiyo inopa hwaro hwekutsvagisa nekusimudzira, pamwe nekudzidziswa kwemarobhoti, algorithms uye neural network.
Data huru uye rusununguko rwevanhu: chii chiri mutengo wekufambira mberi?
Data huru muUS inotorwawo zvakakomba uye inotenda mukugona kwayo kwekusimudzira hupfumi. Kunyangwe pasi paVaObama, hurumende yakaparura zvirongwa zvitanhatu zve data zvinosvika mazana maviri emamiriyoni emadhora.
Nekudaro, nekuchengetedzwa kwedata hombe uye remunhu, zvese hazvisi nyore pano. Kuchinja kwaiva zviitiko zveSeptember 11, 2011. Zvinotendwa kuti panguva iyo hurumende yakapa masevhisi akakosha nekuwana kusingagumi kune data yega yevagari vayo.
Muna 2007, Mutemo weKurwisa Ugandanga wakagamuchirwa. Uye kubva gore rimwe chetero, PRISM yakaonekwa ichiraswa neFBI neCIA - imwe yemasevhisi epamusoro anounganidza ruzivo rwevanhu vese vashandisi vesocial network, pamwe neMicrosoft, Google, Apple, Yahoo masevhisi, uye kunyange nhare. zvinyorwa. Yakanga iri pamusoro pechigadziko ichi icho Edward Snowden, uyo akamboshanda muboka reprojekiti, akataura.
Pamusoro pehurukuro uye mameseji mumachats, maemail, chirongwa chinounganidza uye chengetedza geolocation data, browser nhoroondo. Yakadaro data muUS yakanyanya kuchengetedzwa zvishoma pane yemunhu data. Yese iyi data inounganidzwa uye inoshandiswa neiyo yakafanana IT hofori kubva kuSilicon Valley.
Panguva imwecheteyo, hapasati paine imwe pasuru yemitemo uye zviyero zvinogadzirisa kushandiswa kwedata hombe. Zvese zvakavakirwa pakuvanzika mutemo weimwe neimwe kambani uye zviri pamutemo zvisungo kuchengetedza data uye kusazivikanwa vashandisi. Mukuwedzera, nyika imwe neimwe ine mitemo yayo nemitemo munyaya iyi.
Dzimwe nyika dzichiri kuyedza kuchengetedza data revagari vadzo, zvirinani kubva kumakambani. California ine mutemo wakaoma wekuchengetedza data munyika kubva 2020. Maererano nayo, vashandisi veIndaneti vane kodzero yekuziva kuti makambani emashoko anounganidza pamusoro pavo sei, sei uye nei vachiishandisa. Chero mushandisi anogona kukumbira kuti ibviswe kana kuti kuunganidza kurambidzwa. Gore rakapfuura, yakarambidzawo kushandiswa kwekuzivikanwa kwechiso mubasa remapurisa nemabasa anokosha.
Data anonymization chishandiso chakakurumbira chinoshandiswa nemakambani eAmerica: kana data risingazivikanwe, uye hazvigoneke kuziva munhu chaiye kubva kwairi. Nekudaro, izvi zvinovhura mikana mikuru yekuti makambani atore, aongorore uye ashandise data nekuda kwekutengesa. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvinodiwa zvekuvanzika hazvichashandi kwavari. Iyi data inotengeswa zvakasununguka kuburikidza nekutsinhana kwakakosha uye vatengesi vega.
Nekumanikidza mitemo kudzivirira kuunganidzwa uye kutengeswa kwedata padanho remubatanidzwa, America inogona kutarisana nematambudziko ehunyanzvi ayo, chokwadi, anotibata tese. Saka, iwe unogona kudzima nzvimbo yekutevera pafoni yako uye mumaapps, asi zvakadini nemasatellite anotepfenyura iyi data? Iye zvino pane vanenge 800 vavo mu orbit, uye hazvibviri kuvadzima: nenzira iyi tichasara tisina Indaneti, kutaurirana uye data inokosha - kusanganisira mifananidzo yemadutu ari kuuya uye dutu.
MuChina, Mutemo weCyber Security wakashanda kubvira 2017. Iyo, kune rumwe rutivi, inorambidza makambani eInternet kuunganidza uye kutengesa ruzivo pamusoro pevashandisi vemvumo yavo. Muna 2018, vakatoburitsa chirevo pamusoro pekuchengetedzwa kwedata remunhu, iyo inoonekwa seimwe yepedyo kuEuropean GDPR. Nekudaro, iyo yakatarwa ingori seti yemitemo, kwete mutemo, uye haitenderi vagari kudzivirira kodzero dzavo mudare.
Nekune rumwe rutivi, mutemo unoda kuti vafambisi venhare, vanopa masevhisi eInternet uye mabhizinesi ane hunyanzvi kuchengetedza chikamu che data mukati menyika nekuchiendesa kune zviremera pakukumbira. Chimwe chinhu chakafanana munyika yedu chinorayira izvo zvinonzi "Spring Law". Panguva imwecheteyo, zviremera zvevatariri zvinokwanisa kuwana chero ruzivo rwemunhu: mafoni, tsamba, chats, browser nhoroondo, geolocation.
Pakazara, kune anopfuura mazana maviri emitemo nemirairo muChina maererano nekuchengetedzwa kweruzivo rwemunhu. Kubva 200, ese akakurumbira ma-smartphone apps akatariswa uye akavharwa kana akaunganidza data remushandisi mukutyora mutemo. Iwo masevhisi anoumba chikafu chezvinyorwa kana kuratidza ads zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa nemushandisi zvakare akawira pasi pechikamu. Kudzikamisa kuwana ruzivo kune network zvakanyanya sezvinobvira, nyika ine "Golden Shield" iyo inosefa Internet traffic zvinoenderana nemitemo.
Kubva 2019, China yatanga kusiya makomputa ekunze uye software. Kubva 2020, makambani eChinese aifanirwa kutamira kune cloud computing, pamwe nekupa mishumo yakadzama pamabatiro emidziyo yeIT pakuchengetedzwa kwenyika. Zvese izvi zvichipesana nemashure ehondo yekutengeserana neUnited States, iyo yakabvunza kuchengetedzwa kwe5G michina kubva kune vanopa China.
Mutemo wakadaro unokonzera kurambwa munharaunda yenyika. Iyo FBI yakati kuendesa data kuburikidza neChinese maseva hakuna kuchengetedzeka: inogona kuwanikwa nevenzvimbo dzehungwaru masangano. Mushure make akaratidza kushushikana uye makambani epasi rose, kusanganisira Apple.
Sangano repasi rose rinorwira kodzero dzevanhu reHuman Rights Watch rinoti China yakagadzira “gadziriro yekuongorora nemagetsi munyika yose uye nzira yakaoma kunzwisisa yekuongorora Indaneti.” Nyika makumi maviri neshanu dziri nhengo dzeUN dzinobvumirana nazvo.
Muenzaniso unokatyamadza ndeye Xinjiang, uko nyika inocherekedza mamirioni gumi nematatu evaUighur, vashoma munyika yechiMuslim. Kuzivikanwa kwechiso, kuronda kwese mafambiro, nhaurirano, tsamba uye repressions zvinoshandiswa. Iyo "social kiredhiti" system inoshoropodzwawo: kana kuwana kune akasiyana masevhisi uye kunyange ndege kune dzimwe nyika inowanikwa chete kune avo vane kukwana kwakakwana kwekuvimbika - kubva pakuona kwevashandi vehurumende.
Kune mimwe mienzaniso: apo nyika dzinobvumirana pamitemo yakafanana iyo inofanirwa kuchengetedza rusununguko rwemunhu uye makwikwi zvakanyanya sezvinobvira. Asi pano, sezvavanotaura, pane nuances.
Iyo European GDPR yakachinja sei nzira iyo nyika inounganidza uye inochengeta data
Kubva 2018, European Union yakatora iyo GDPR - iyo General Data Dziviriro Regulation. Inogadzirisa zvese zvine chekuita nekuunganidza, kuchengetedza uye kushandiswa kwedata remushandisi wepamhepo. Mutemo pawakatanga kushanda gore rapfuura, waionekwa seyakaomesesa pasi rose kuchengetedza kuvanzika kwevanhu padandemutande.
Mutemo unonyora zvitanhatu zvepamutemo zvigadziko zvekuunganidza uye kugadzirisa data kubva kune vashandisi veInternet: semuenzaniso, mvumo yemunhu, zvisungo zvemutemo, uye zvakakosha zvido. Kune zvakare kodzero sere dzinokosha kumushandisi wega wega weInternet masevhisi, kusanganisira kodzero yekuziviswa nezvekuunganidzwa kwedata, kururamisa kana kudzima data pamusoro pako.
Makambani anosungirwa kuunganidza uye kuchengetedza hushoma huwandu hwe data yavanoda kupa masevhisi. Semuenzaniso, chitoro chepamhepo hachifanire kukubvunza nezve maonero ako ezvematongerwo enyika kuti uunze chigadzirwa.
Yese data yemunhu inofanirwa kuchengetedzwa zvakachengeteka zvinoenderana nezviyero zvemutemo zverudzi rwese rwechiito. Zvakare, data remunhu pano rinoreva, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, ruzivo rwenzvimbo, dzinza, zvitendero zvechitendero, browser makuki.
Chimwe chinodiwa chakaoma kutakurwa kwedata kubva kune imwe sevhisi kuenda kune imwe: semuenzaniso, Facebook inogona kuendesa mafoto ako kuGoogle Photos. Haasi makambani ese anogona kutenga iyi sarudzo.
Kunyangwe iyo GDPR yakagamuchirwa muEurope, inoshanda kumakambani ese anoshanda mukati meEU. Iyo GDPR inoshanda kune chero munhu anogadzirisa data rega revagari veEU kana vagari kana kupa zvinhu kana masevhisi kwavari.
Yakagadzirwa kuchengetedza, yeIT indasitiri, mutemo wakashanduka kuita mhedzisiro isingafadzi. Mugore rekutanga chete, European Commission yakabhadharisa makambani anopfuura makumi mapfumbamwe emari inodarika € 90 miriyoni. Zvakare, iyo faindi yepamusoro inogona kusvika kusvika kumakumi maviri emamiriyoni emadhora.
Makambani mazhinji akatarisana nezvirambidzo zvakagadzira zvipingamupinyi zvakakomba pakukura kwavo muEurope. Pakati pavo paive neFacebook, pamwe neBritish Airways neMarriott hotel chain. Asi kutanga kwezvose, mutemo wakarova mabhizimisi maduku uye epakati-kati: vanofanira kugadzirisa zvigadzirwa zvavo zvose uye maitiro emukati kune maitiro ayo.
Iyo GDPR yakabereka indasitiri yese: mafemu emitemo uye mafemu ekubvunza anobatsira kuunza software uye masevhisi epamhepo zvinoenderana nemutemo. Analogues ayo akatanga kuonekwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo: South Korea, Japan, Africa, Latin America, Australia, New Zealand uye Canada. Gwaro iri rine simba guru pamitemo yeUnited States, nyika yedu neChina munzvimbo iyi.
Mumwe anogona kuwana fungidziro yekuti tsika yepasirese yekushandisa nekudzivirira matekinoroji mumunda wedata hombe uye AI ine zvimwe zvakanyanyisa: kuongororwa kwakazara kana kudzvanywa pamakambani eIT, kusakanganiswa kweruzivo rwemunhu kana kusazvidzivirira pamberi penyika nemakambani. Kwete chaizvo: kune mienzaniso yakanaka zvakare.
AI uye data hombe pabasa reInterpol
Sangano reInternational Criminal Police Organisation - Interpol kwenguva pfupi - nderimwe reane simba pasi rose. Inosanganisira nyika dze192. Rimwe remabasa makuru esangano ndere kuunganidza dura remashoko rinobatsira masangano ezvemitemo pasi rose kudzivirira pamwe nekuferefeta kuparwa kwemhosva.
Interpol ine zvigadziko gumi nesere zvepasi rose: nezvemagandanga, matsotsi ane njodzi, zvombo, mabasa akabiwa ehunyanzvi uye zvinyorwa. Iyi data inounganidzwa kubva kumamiriyoni ezvinyorwa zvakasiyana. Semuenzaniso, raibhurari yedhijitari yepasi rose Dial-Doc inokutendera kuti uone magwaro akabiwa, uye Edison system - yekunyepedzera.
Iyo yepamusoro yekuzivikanwa kwechiso system inoshandiswa kuronda mafambiro evapari vemhosva nevanofungirwa. Iyo inosanganiswa nedatabase inochengeta mafoto uye imwe data yemunhu kubva kunopfuura 160 nyika. Iyo inowedzerwa neyakakosha biometric application inofananidza maumbirwo uye zviyero zvechiso kuitira kuti mutambo wacho uve wakarurama sezvinobvira.
Nzira yekuzivikanwa inoonawo zvimwe zvinhu zvinoshandura chiso uye zvinoita kuti zvive zvakaoma kuzviziva: chiedza, kuchembera, make-up uye make-up, kuvhiyiwa kwepurasitiki, migumisiro yekudhakwa uye kupindwa muropa nezvinodhaka. Kuti udzivise kukanganisa, mibairo yekutsvaga system inotariswa nemaoko.
Iyo sisitimu yakaunzwa muna 2016, uye ikozvino Interpol iri kushanda nesimba kuivandudza. Iyo International Identification Symposium inoitwa makore maviri ega ega, uye iyo Face Nyanzvi inoshanda boka inotsinhana ruzivo pakati penyika kaviri pagore. Imwe budiriro inovimbisa inzira yekuziva inzwi.
United Nations International Research Institute (UNICRI) uye Center for Artificial Intelligence uye Robotics ndivo vane basa reazvino matekinoroji mumunda wekuchengetedzwa kwenyika. Singapore yakagadzira nzvimbo huru yepasirese yekuvandudza yeInterpol. Pakati pezviitiko zvake ibhobhoti yemapurisa inobatsira vanhu mumigwagwa, pamwe neAI uye teknolojia huru yedata inobatsira kufanotaura nekudzivirira mhosva.
Zvimwe sei data hombe rinoshandiswa mumasevhisi ehurumende:
NADRA (Pakistan) - dhatabhesi yeakawanda-biometric data yevagari, iyo inoshandiswa kune inoshanda tsigiro yemagariro, mutero uye kutonga kwemuganhu.
Sangano reSocial Security Administration (SSA) rekuUS riri kushandisa data hombe kugadzirisa nemazvo zvichemo zvevakaremara uye kuderedza vanobiridzira.
Dhipatimendi reDzidzo reUS rinoshandisa masisitimu ekuzivikanwa kwemavara kugadzirisa magwaro ekutonga uye kuona shanduko mavari.
FluView iAmerican system yekutevera nekudzora zvirwere zvefuruwenza.
Muchokwadi, data hombe uye hungwaru hwekugadzira zvinotibatsira munzvimbo dzakawanda. Iwo akavakirwa pamasevhisi epamhepo seaya anokuzivisa nezve traffic traffic kana mhomho. Nerubatsiro rwe data hombe uye AI mukurapa, ivo vanoita tsvagiridzo, kugadzira zvinodhaka uye maprotocol ekurapa. Vanobatsira kuronga mamiriro emudhorobha uye zvekufambisa kuitira kuti munhu wese agadzikane. Pachiyero chenyika, vanobatsira kusimudzira hupfumi, mapurojekiti emagariro uye zvigadzirwa zvehunyanzvi.
Ndosaka mubvunzo wekuti yakakura sei data inounganidzwa uye inoshandiswa, pamwe neAI algorithms inoshanda nayo, yakakosha. Panguva imwecheteyo, magwaro akakosha epasirese anodzora nzvimbo iyi akagamuchirwa munguva pfupi yapfuura - muna 2018-19. Hakusati kuchine mhinduro isina kujeka kune dambudziko guru rinobatanidzwa nekushandiswa kwedata guru rekuchengetedza. Kana, kune rumwe rutivi, kuve pachena kwezvisarudzo zvese zvematare uye zviito zvekuferefeta, uye kune rumwe rutivi, kuchengetedzwa kwedata remunhu uye chero ruzivo runogona kukuvadza munhu kana raburitswa. Naizvozvo, nyika imwe neimwe (kana mubatanidzwa wematunhu) inozvisarudzira nyaya iyi nenzira yayo. Uye sarudzo iyi, kazhinji, inosarudza zvematongerwo enyika uye hupfumi hwemakumi emakore anotevera.
Nyorera kuTrends Telegraph chiteshi uye gara uchifambirana nezvino maitiro uye fungidziro nezveramangwana rehunyanzvi, hupfumi, dzidzo uye hunyanzvi.