Kuburitsa

Disaccharides (disaccharides, oligosaccharides) iboka remakabhohaidhiretsi, mamorekuru ayo anoumbwa neshuga mbiri dzakapfava dzakasanganiswa kuita imwe molecule ne glycosidic bond yeimwe configuration. Iyo generalized formula yema disaccharides inogona kumiririrwa seC₁₂Н₂₂О₁₁.

Zvichienderana nechimiro chemamorekuru uye maitiro avo emakemikari, kuderedza uye kusingaderedze disaccharides inosiyaniswa. Kuderedza disaccharides kunosanganisira lactose, maltose, uye cellobiose; asiri kuderedza disaccharides anosanganisira sucrose uye trehalose.

Makemikari zvinhu

Disugar zvinhu zvakasimba zvekristaro. Makristasi emhando dzakasiyana ane mavara kubva kuchena kusvika kune brown. Vanonyungudika zvakanaka mumvura uye madoro, vane kuravira kunotapira.

Munguva ye hydrolysis reaction, glycosidic zvisungo zvinoputswa, semhedzisiro iyo disaccharides inoputsika kuita mashuga maviri ari nyore. Mune reverse process ye hydrolysis, condensation inosanganisa akati wandei mamorekuru e disaccharides kuita yakaoma makabhohaidhiretsi - polysaccharides.

Lactose - mukaka shuga

Izwi rokuti "lactose" rinoshandurwa kubva muchiLatin se "shuga yemukaka". Kabhohaidhiretsi iyi inodaidzwa kudaro nekuti inowanikwa muhuwandu hwakawanda muzvigadzirwa zvemukaka. Lactose ipolymer ine mamorekuru maviri monosaccharides - glucose uye galactose. Kusiyana nemamwe ma disaccharides, lactose haisi hygroscopic. Tora iyi carbohydrate kubva kune whey.

Range of application

Lactose inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yemishonga. Nekuda kwekushaikwa kwe hygroscopicity, inoshandiswa pakugadzira nyore nyore hydrolysable shuga-based drugs. Mamwe makabhohaidhiretsi, ayo ari hygroscopic, anokurumidza kunyorova uye iyo inoshanda mishonga yemishonga mairi inokurumidza kuora.

Shuga yemukaka mumarabhoritari emishonga yemishonga inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwezvinovaka muviri mukukura tsika dzakasiyana dzebhakitiriya uye fungi, semuenzaniso, mukugadzirwa kwepenicillin.

Lactose isomerized mumishonga kugadzira lactulose. Lactulose inonzi biological probiotic iyo inogadzirisa intestinal motility kana paine kuvimbiswa, dysbacteriosis uye mamwe matambudziko ekugaya.

Zvinobatsira Zvivakwa

Shuga yemukaka ndiyo inonyanya kukosha inovaka muviri uye yepurasitiki, yakakosha pakukura kwakabatana kwehupenyu huri kukura hwemhuka dzinoyamwisa, kusanganisira mwana. Lactose inzvimbo inovaka muviri yekuvandudza lactic acid mabhakitiriya mumatumbo, ayo anodzivirira kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro e putrefactive mairi.

Pakati pezvinhu zvinobatsira zve lactose, zvinogona kusiyaniswa kuti, nehukuru hwesimba, haishandiswe kugadzira mafuta uye haina kuwedzera huwandu hwecholesterol muropa.

Zvinogona kukuvadza

Lactose haikuvadzi muviri wemunhu. Izvo chete zvinopesana nekushandiswa kwezvigadzirwa zvine shuga yemukaka ndeye lactose kusashivirira, iyo inoitika kune vanhu vane kushayikwa kweiyo lactase enzyme, iyo inoputsa shuga yemukaka kuita macarbohydrates ari nyore. Kusagadzikana kweLactose ndicho chikonzero chekukanganiswa kutorwa kwezvigadzirwa zvemukaka nevanhu, kazhinji vanhu vakuru. Iyi pathology inozviratidza nenzira yezviratidzo zvakadai se:

• kusvotwa uye kurutsa;
• manyoka;
• bloating;
• colic;
• itching uye mapundu paganda;
• sema rhinitis;
• kuzvikudza

Kusagadzikana kweLactose kunowanzoita zvemuviri, uye inosanganiswa nezera-ane hukama nekushomeka kwelactase.

Maltose - mumera shuga

Maltose, iyo ine masara maviri eglucose, idisaccharide inogadzirwa nezviyo kuti ivake matishu emaembryos avo. Ishoma maltose inowanikwa mukume uye nekita yemiti inotumbuka, uye mumadomasi. Malt shuga inogadzirwawo nemamwe masero ebhakitiriya.

Mumhuka nevanhu, maltose inoumbwa nekuparara kwepolysaccharides - starch uye glycogen - nerubatsiro rwe enzyme maltase.

Basa guru rehupenyu hwemaltose nderekupa muviri zvinhu zvesimba.

Zvinogona kukuvadza

Zvinhu zvinokuvadza zvinoratidzwa ne maltose chete kune avo vanhu vane genetic deficiency ye maltase. Somugumisiro, mudumbu revanhu, kana uchidya zvokudya zvine maltose, starch kana glycogen, underoxidized zvigadzirwa zvinounganidza, zvichikonzera manyoka akaoma. Kusabvisa izvi zvikafu kubva mukudya kana kutora enzyme gadziriro ine maltase kunobatsira kudzikamisa kuratidzwa kwemaltose kusashivirira.

Sucrose - shuga yenzimbe

Shuga, iyo iripo mukudya kwedu kwezuva nezuva, zvese muchimiro chayo chakachena uye sechikamu chemidziyo yakasiyana-siyana, is sucrose. Inoumbwa neglucose uye fructose zvakasara.

Muzvisikwa, sucrose inowanikwa mumichero yakasiyana-siyana: michero, michero, miriwo, uyewo munzimbe, kubva kwayakatanga kucherwa. Kuparara kwe sucrose kunotanga mumuromo uye kunopera mumatumbo. Pasi pesimba realpha-glucosidase, shuga yenzimbe inoputsika kuita glucose uye fructose, iyo inokurumidza kuiswa muropa.

Zvinobatsira Zvivakwa

Zvakanakira sucrose zviri pachena. Seyakajairika disaccharide mumasikirwo, sucrose inoshanda sesosi yesimba remuviri. Kuzadza ropa neglucose uye fructose, shuga yenzimbe:

• inochengetedza kushanda kwakajairika kwehuropi - mutengi mukuru wesimba;
• ndiko kunopa simba rekudhonzwa kwetsandanyama;
• inowedzera kushanda kwemuviri;
• inokurudzira kuumbwa kwe serotonin, nekuda kweiyo inovandudza manzwiro, kuva antidepressant chinhu;
• inobatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwemaitiro (uye kwete chete) mafuta ekuchengetedza;
• inotora chikamu chinoshanda mu carbohydrate metabolism;
• inotsigira detoxification basa rechiropa.

Mabasa anobatsira e sucrose anoonekwa chete kana ichidyiwa muhuwandu hushoma. Inoonekwa seyakanyanya kushandisa 30-50 g yeshuga mukudya, zvinwiwa kana mune yayo yakachena fomu.

Kukuvadza kana kushungurudzwa

Kupfuura kudya kwezuva nezuva kuzere nekuratidzwa kwezvinhu zvinokuvadza zve sucrose:

• endocrine zvirwere (chirwere cheshuga, kufutisa);
• kuparadzwa kwezino enamel uye pathologies pachikamu chemusculoskeletal system semugumisiro wekuputsa kwemaminerari metabolism;
• ganda rinoputika, brittle misumari uye bvudzi;
• kuora kwemamiriro eganda (rash, acne formation);
• kudzvinyirirwa kwekudzivirira (inoshanda immunosuppressant);
• kudzvinyirirwa kwebasa re enzyme;
• kuwedzera acidity yegastric juice;
• kutyorwa kweitsvo;
• hypercholesterolemia uye triglyceridemia;
• kukurumidza kukwegura.

Sezvo mavhitaminzi eB ari kushingaira mukutorwa kwezvigadzirwa zve sucrose (glucose, fructose), kunyanya kushandiswa kwezvokudya zvinotapira kuzere nekushayikwa kwevhithamini iyi. Kushaikwa kwenguva refu kwevhithamini B kune njodzi nekusagadzikana kwemoyo nemidziyo yeropa, pathologies yebasa reurouropsychic.

Muvana, kuda zvihwitsi kunotungamirira kuwedzera mubasa ravo kusvika pakukura kwe hyperactivity syndrome, neurosis, kutsamwa.

Cellobiose disaccharide

Cellobiose is disaccharide ine mamorekuru maviri eglucose. Inogadzirwa nemiti uye mamwe masero ebhakitiriya. Cellobiosis haina biological value kune vanhu: mumuviri wemunhu, chinhu ichi hachiputsi, asi chiri ballast compound. Muzvirimwa, cellobiose inoita basa rekugadzirisa, sezvo iri chikamu che cellulose molecule.

Trehalose - howa shuga

Trehalose inoumbwa nemamorekuru maviri eglucose. Iri mune yakakwirira fungi (saka zita rayo rechipiri - mycosis), algae, lichens, mamwe makonye uye zvipembenene. Zvinotendwa kuti kuunganidzwa kwe trehalose ndeimwe yemamiriro ekuwedzera kwesero kuramba kune deiccation. Iyo haina kunyura mumuviri wemunhu, zvisinei, kudyiwa kwakanyanya muropa kunogona kukonzera kudhakwa.

MaDisaccharides akaparadzirwa zvakanyanya mumasikirwo - mumasumbu uye masero emiti, fungi, mhuka, mabhakitiriya. Izvo zvinosanganisirwa muchimiro cheakaoma molecular complexes, uye anowanikwawo mune yakasununguka state. Vamwe vavo (lactose, sucrose) isimba repasi rezvipenyu, vamwe (cellobiose) vanoita basa rekugadzirisa.