32,6% - zvigadzirwa zvemafuta nemafuta. 30,0% - marasha. 23,7% - gasi. Iwo matatu epamusoro pakati pesimba masosi anopa vanhu anotaridzika chaizvo seizvi. Nyeredzi nepasi "yegirini" zvichiri kure se "galaxy kure, kure".
Zvechokwadi kune kufamba kune rimwe simba, asi rinononoka zvokuti rinotarisirwa kubudirira - kwete. Ngativei pachokwadi: kwemakore makumi mashanu anotevera, mafuta efosi achabatidza dzimba dzedu.
Kugadzirwa kwerimwe simba kuri kufamba zvishoma nezvishoma, semurume mudiki ari pedyo nerwizi rweThames. Nhasi, zvakawanda zvakanyorwa pamusoro pezvisiri zvechinyakare zvesimba pane zvakaitwa pakukura kwavo nekushandiswa muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Asi munzira iyi kune 3 anozivikanwa "mastodon" anodhonza imwe ngoro kumashure kwavo.
Simba renyukireya haritariswe pano, nekuti mubvunzo wekufambira mberi kwayo uye kugona kwebudiriro inogona kukurukurwa kwenguva yakareba.
Pazasi pachava nezviratidzo zvemagetsi ezviteshi, saka, kuongorora hukoshi, isu tichazivisa pekutangira: iyo ine simba simba chirimwa munyika ndeye Kashiwazaki-Kariwa nuclear power plant (Japan). Iyo ine simba re8,2 GW.
Simba remhepo: mhepo mubasa remunhu
Nheyo yakakosha yesimba remhepo ndiko kushandurwa kwesimba rekinetic rekufambisa mafungu emhepo kuita kupisa, mechanical kana magetsi simba.
Mhepo ndiyo mhedzisiro yekusiyana kwemhepo yekumanikidza pamusoro. Pano iyo classical nheyo ye "kutaurirana midziyo" inoshandiswa, chete pasi rose. Fungidzira 2 pfungwa - Moscow neSt. Kana kutonhora muMoscow kwakakwirira, ipapo mhepo inopisa uye inokwira, ichisiya kuderera uye kuderedzwa kwemhepo muzvikamu zvakaderera. Panguva imwecheteyo, kune kumanikidzwa kukuru muSt. Petersburg uye kune mhepo yakakwana "kubva pasi". Nokudaro, vanhu vakawanda vanotanga kuyerera vakananga kuMoscow, nokuti zvisikwa zvinogara zvichiedza kuenzanisa. Aya ndiwo magadzirirwo emhepo, iyo inonzi mhepo.
Iri sangano rinotakura simba guru, iro mainjiniya anotsvaka kubata.
Nhasi, 3% yesimba rekugadzira pasi rose rinobva kumhepo turbines, uye huwandu huri kukura. Muna 2016, huwandu hwakaiswa hwemapurazi emhepo hwakapfuura huwandu hwemagetsi enyukireya. Asi pane 2 maficha anodzikamisa kukura kwegwara:
1. Simba rakaiswa ndiro simba guru rekushanda. Uye kana zvidyarwa zvemagetsi enyukireya zvichishanda pamwero uyu kanenge nguva dzese, mapurazi emhepo haawanzosvika zviratidzo zvakadaro. Kubudirira kwezviteshi zvakadaro ndeye 30-40%. Mhepo haina kugadzikana zvakanyanya, iyo inoganhura application pachiyero cheindasitiri.
2. Kuiswa kwemapurazi emhepo kunonzwisisika munzvimbo dzinogara dzichiyerera mhepo - nenzira iyi zvinokwanisika kuve nechokwadi chekushanda kwakanyanya kwekuiswa. Localization yemajenareta ishoma.
Simba remhepo nhasi rinogona kungoonekwa seimwe sosi yesimba pamwe chete neanogara aripo, senge magwenya emagetsi enyukireya uye zviteshi zvinobvira moto.
Mhepo dzakatanga kuoneka muDenmark - dzakaunzwa pano neVarwi veCrusaders. Nhasi, munyika ino yeScandinavia, 42% yesimba inogadzirwa nemapurazi emhepo.
Chirongwa chekuvakwa kwechitsuwa chekugadzira 100 km kubva kumahombekombe eGreat Britain chave kuda kupera. Iyo purojekiti nyowani ichagadzirwa kuDogger Bank - ye6 km2 maturbine akawanda emhepo achaiswa anoendesa magetsi kunyika huru. Ichava purazi guru remhepo pasi rose. Nhasi, iyi iGansu (China) ine huwandu hwe5,16 GW. Iyi ndiyo yakaoma yemagetsi emhepo, inokura gore negore. Chiratidzo chakarongwa i20 GW.
Uye zvishoma nezvemutengo.
Avhareji mari zviratidzo zveyakagadzirwa 1 kWh yesimba ndeiyi:
─ marasha 9-30 masendi;
─ mhepo 2,5-5 masendi.
Kana zvichikwanisika kugadzirisa dambudziko nekutsamira pamagetsi emhepo uye nokudaro kuwedzera kushanda kwemapurazi emhepo, saka vane simba guru.
Simba rezuva: injini yezvisikwa - injini yevanhu
Nheyo yekugadzira inobva pakuunganidza uye kugoverwa kwekupisa kubva mumwaranzi yezuva.
Iye zvino chikamu chemagetsi ezuva (SPP) munyika yekugadzira simba ndeye 0,79%.
Iri simba, kutanga kune zvose, rinosanganiswa nemamwe simba - minda inonakidza yakafukidzwa nemahwendefa makuru ane photocells inotorwa pakarepo pamberi pemeso ako. Mukuita, purofiti yeiyi nzira yakadzikira. Pakati pezvinetso, munhu anogona kusiyanisa kutyora kwekutonga kwekushisa pamusoro pesimba rezuva, uko mhepo yakawanda inopisa.
Kune zvirongwa zvekusimudzira simba rezuva munyika dzinopfuura makumi masere. Asi kazhinji isu tiri kutaura nezve anobatsira sosi yesimba, nekuti mwero wekugadzira wakaderera.
Izvo zvakakosha kuti uise zvakanaka simba iro, iro rakadzama mepu dzeradio yezuva rinounganidzwa.
Solar collector inoshandiswa zvese pakudziisa mvura yekudziya uye kugadzira magetsi. Photovoltaic masero anogadzira simba ne "kugogodza" mafotoni pasi pesimba rechiedza chezuva.
Mutungamiri maererano nekugadzirwa kwesimba pamagetsi ezuva ndiro China, uye maererano nechizvarwa pamunhu - Germany.
Iyo yakakura solar power plant iri paTopaz solar farm, iri muCalifornia. Simba 1,1 GW.
Pane budiriro yekuisa vateresi mu orbit uye kuunganidza simba rezuva pasina kurasikirwa naro mumhepo, asi nzira iyi ichine yakawandisa zvipingamupinyi zvehunyanzvi.
Simba remvura: kushandisa injini hombe panyika
Hydropower ndiye mutungamiri pakati pemamwe magetsi masosi. 20% yesimba rekugadzira pasi rose rinobva kumagetsi emvura. Uye pakati pezvinodzokororwa masosi 88%.
Dhamu guru riri kuvakwa pane imwe nzvimbo yerwizi, iyo inovhara zvachose mugero. Dziva rinogadzirwa kumusoro kwerwizi, uye mutsauko wehurefu pamativi edhamu unogona kusvika mazana emamita. Mvura inokurumidza kupfuura nemudhamu munzvimbo dziya dzinoiswa maturbine. Saka simba rekufamba kwemvura rinotenderera jenareta uye rinotungamira kune chizvarwa chesimba. Zvose zviri nyore.
Pakati peminuses: nzvimbo yakakura yakazara, biolife murwizi inovhiringidzika.
Chiteshi chikuru chemagetsi emagetsi iSanxia ("Magoro matatu") muChina. Iyo ine simba re 22 GW, ichiva chirimwa chikuru pasi rose.
Magetsi emagetsi emagetsi anowanikwa pasirese, uye muBrazil anopa 80% yesimba. Iyi nzira ndiyo inonyanya kuvimbisa mune rimwe simba reimwe simba uye iri kuramba ichikura.
Nzizi diki hadzikwanisi kugadzira simba guru, saka zviteshi zvemagetsi emagetsi padziri zvakagadzirirwa kuzadzisa zvinodiwa munharaunda.
Kushandiswa kwemvura sechitubu chesimba kunoitwa mune akati wandei pfungwa:
1. Kushandisa mafungu. Iyo tekinoroji nenzira dzakawanda dzakafanana neiyo classical hydroelectric power station, nemusiyano chete ndewekuti dhamu harivhari chiteshi, asi muromo webay. Mvura yegungwa inoita kuchinja kwezuva nezuva pasi pesimba rekukwezva kwemwedzi, izvo zvinotungamirira kutenderera kwemvura kuburikidza nemagetsi edhamu. Iyi tekinoroji yakangoitwa munyika shoma.
2. Kushandisa simba remafungu. Kuchinja-chinja kwemvura mugungwa rakashama kunogonawo kuva manyuko esimba. Uku hakusi kungopfuura kwemasaisai kuburikidza nema turbines akaiswa statically, asiwo kushandiswa kwe "zvinoyangarara": asi pamusoro pegungwa inoisa cheni yeakakosha anoyangarara, mukati mune madiki turbines. Mafungu anotenderera jenareta uye imwe chiyero chesimba inogadzirwa.
Kazhinji, nhasi mamwe simba haakwanisi kuva tsime repasi rose resimba. Asi zvinokwanisika kupa zvinhu zvakawanda nesimba rinozvimiririra. Zvichienderana nehunhu hwenzvimbo, unogona kugara uchisarudza yakanakisa sarudzo.
Kuti pave nekuzvimiririra kwesimba repasi rose, chimwe chinhu chitsva chichadikanwa, se "dzidziso yeether" yemuSerb ane mukurumbira.
Pasina demagogy, zvinoshamisa kuti mu2000s, vanhu vanogadzira simba kwete zvakanyanya zvishoma nezvishoma kupfuura iyo locomotive yakatorwa mifananidzo nehama dzeLumiere. Nhasi, nyaya yezviwanikwa zvesimba yakaenda kure munharaunda yezvematongerwo enyika nemari, iyo inosarudza chimiro chekugadzirwa kwemagetsi. Kana mafuta akabatidza mwenje, saka mumwe munhu anoida ...