Pamberi pekutanga kwezera reaizi, apo vanhu vaigara, kana kusiri muparadhiso, asi mumamiriro ekunze akakomborerwa chose, basa guru rakanga riri kuungana. Kuvhima nekupfuya mombe kudiki pane kuunganidza uye kurima, sekusimbisa kwesainzi. Izvi zvinoreva kuti madzitateguru edu akanga asingadyi nyama. Nehurombo, tsika yekudya nyama, yakawanikwa panguva yedambudziko remamiriro ekunze, yakaenderera mberi mushure mekudzoka kwe glacier. Uye kudya nyama ingori tsika yetsika, kunyangwe ichipihwa nekudikanwa kwekurarama munguva pfupi (ichienzaniswa nekushanduka-shanduka) nguva yenhoroondo.
Nhoroondo yetsika inoratidza kuti kudya miriwo kwakabatana zvikuru netsika yemweya. Kwakanga kwakadarowo kuMabvazuva ekare, uko kudavira kuberekwazve kwakamutsa chimiro chendangariro chokuremekedza nokungwarira kumhuka sezvisikwa zvine mweya; uye muMiddle East, somuenzaniso, muEgipita yekare, vaprista vaisangodya nyama bedzi, asiwo vakanga vasingabati zvitunha zvemhuka. Ijipita yekare, sezvatinoziva, ndiyo yaive nzvimbo yekuzvarwa yehurongwa hwekurima hwakasimba uye hunoshanda. Tsika dzeEgypt neMesopotamia dzakava hwaro hwechimwe chinhu "agricultural" maonero enyika, - umo mwaka unotsiva mwaka, zuva rinopinda mudenderedzwa raro, cyclical movement ndiyo kiyi yekugadzikana uye kubudirira. Pliny Mukuru (AD 23-79, munyori wenhoroondo yezvakasikwa muBhuku XXXVII. AD 77) akanyora nezvetsika dzekare dzeEgipita: “Isis, mumwe wevamwarikadzi vaidiwa kwazvo vevaEgipita, akavadzidzisa [sezvavaidavira] unyanzvi hwokubika chingwa kubva. zviyo zvakanga zvamera musango. Zvisinei, munguva yakapfuura, vaEgipita vairarama nemichero, midzi, uye zvirimwa. Mwarikadzi Isis ainamatwa muEgipita yose, uye tembere dzakaisvonaka dzakavakwa mukukudza kwake. Vapristi varo, vaipika kuchena, vaisungirwa kupfeka nguo dzerineni pasina kusanganiswa kweshinda dzemhuka, kurega kudya kwemhuka, pamwe chete nemiriwo yainzi haina kuchena - bhinzi, gariki, hanyanisi zvakajairika uye mareki.
Mutsika dzeEurope, iyo yakakura kubva "chishamiso chechiGiriki chefilosofi", chaizvoizvo, maechoes eidzi tsika dzekare anonzwika - nengano dzavo dzekugadzikana uye kubudirira. Zvinonakidza izvozvo Vamwari veEgipita vamwari vaishandisa mifananidzo yemhuka kuendesa shoko romudzimu kuvanhu. Naizvozvo mwarikadzi worudo norunako akanga ari Hathor, uyo akaoneka muchimiro chemhou yakaisvonaka, uye mhungu inodya yakanga iri chimwe chezviso zvaAnubis, mwari worufu.
Vamwari vechiGiriki nevechiRoma vane zviso zvevanhu netsika chete. Kuverenga "Ngano dzeGreece Yekare", unogona kuziva kukakavara kwezvizvarwa nemhuri, kuona maitiro evanhu akajairika muvanamwari nemagamba. Asi cherechedza - vamwari vaidya nekita neambrosia, pakanga pasina ndiro dzenyama patafura yavo, kusiyana nevanhu vanofa, vane hasha uye vane pfungwa dzakamanikana. Saka zvisingaoneki mutsika dzeEurope pakanga paine yakanaka - mufananidzo weumwari, uye wemuriwo! "Chikonzero chezvisikwa zvinosiririsa zvakatanga kushandisa kudya nyama zvinogona kushanda sekushaikwa kwakakwana uye kushaikwa kwezvekurarama nazvo, sezvo ivo (vanhu vekare) vakawana miitiro yekuteura ropa kwete kubva mukudzvinyirirwa kune zvavanoda, uye kwete kuti vazvipinze. abnormal voluptuousness mukati mekuwandisa zvese zvinodiwa, asi nekuda kwekushaiwa. Asi chikonzeroi chingavapo nokuda kwedu munguva yedu?' akadanidzira Plutarch.
VaGiriki vaiona chikafu chezvirimwa chakanakira pfungwa nemuviri. Ipapo, zvisinei, sazvino, pakanga pane miriwo yakawanda, chizi, chingwa, mafuta omuorivhi pamatafura avo. Hazvisi zvetsaona kuti mwarikadzi Athena akava mutsigiri weGirisi. Achirova dombo nepfumo, akarima muorivhi, wakava chiratidzo chebudiriro yeGirisi. Kunyanya kutarisisa kwakabhadharwa kuhurongwa hwekudya kwakakodzera Vaprista vechiGiriki, vazivi uye vatambi. Vese vaifarira kudya kwezvirimwa. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti muzivi uye nyanzvi yemasvomhu Pythagoras akanga ari akasimba wezvinomera, akatangwa muruzivo rwekare rwakavanzika, kwete sainzi chete, asiwo gymnastics yakadzidziswa pachikoro chake. Vadzidzi, saPythagoras pachake, vakadya chingwa, uchi uye maorivhi. Uye iye pachake akararama upenyu hurefu hwakasiyana hwenguva idzodzo uye akaramba ari muchimiro chakanakisisa chemuviri nepfungwa kusvikira kumakore ake okukura. Plutarch anonyora mubhuku rake rinonzi On Meat-Eating, kuti: “Ungabvunza chaizvoizvo zvikonzero zvipi Pythagoras airega kudya nyama? Nekuda kwangu, ini ndinobvunza mubvunzo pasi pemamiriro api uye mune chimiro chepfungwa munhu akatanga afunga kuravira kuravira kweropa, kutambanudza miromo yake kune nyama yechitunha uye kushongedza tafura yake nemitumbi yakafa, yakaora, uye sei iye. akabva azvibvumira kudaidza zvidimbu zvezviya nguva pfupi izvi zvisati zvaitika izvi zvichiri kuchema uye kurira, kufamba uye kurarama ... Nekuda kwenyama, tinobira kubva kwavari zuva, chiedza uye hupenyu, izvo vane kodzero yekuzvarwa mazviri. Vegetarians vaiva Socrates uye mudzidzi wake Plato, Hippocrates, Ovid naSeneca.
Nokuuya kwemirangariro yechiKristu, kudya mirimo kwakava rutivi rwouzivi hwokurega uye kuzvinyima.. Zvinozivikanwa kuti vanababa vazhinji vekereke yekutanga vaiomerera pakudya kwemuriwo, pakati pavo Origen, Tertullian, Clement weAlexandria nevamwe. Muapostora Pauro akanyora mutsamba yake kuVaRoma kuti: “Musaparadza mabasa aMwari nokuda kwezvokudya. Zvinhu zvose zvakachena, asi zvakaipa kumunhu anodya kuti aedze. Zviri nani kusadya nyama, kana kumwa waini, kana kuita chingagumbusa hama yako, kana kugumburwa, kana kupera simba.
MuMiddle Ages, pfungwa yezvinomera sekudya kwakaringana zvinoenderana nehunhu hwevanhu yakarasika. Akanga ari pedyo nepfungwa yekuzvinyima nekutsanya, kucheneswa senzira yekuswedera kuna Mwari, kutendeuka. Chokwadi, vanhu vakawanda vomuMiddle Ages vaidya nyama duku, kana kuti vaisatomboidya zvachose. Sokunyora kunoita vanyori venhau dzakaitika, kudya kwezuva nezuva kwevakawanda vekuEurope kwaisanganisira miriwo uye zviyo, zvisingawanzogadzirwa nemukaka. Asi muRenaissance, vegetarianism sepfungwa yakadzoka mufashoni. Vazhinji maartist uye masayendisiti akaomerera kwazviri, zvinozivikanwa kuti Newton naSpinoza, Michelangelo naLeonardo da Vinci vaive vatsigiri vekudya kwezvirimwa, uye muNew Age, Jean-Jacques Rousseau naWolfgang Goethe, Lord Byron naShelley, Bernard. Shaw naHeinrich Ibsen vaive vateveri vezvekudya zvirimwa.
Kune vese "vakavhenekerwa" vegetarianism yaisanganiswa nepfungwa yehunhu hwevanhu, izvo zvakanaka uye izvo zvinotungamira mukushanda kwakanaka kwemuviri nekukwana kwemweya. Zana ramakore rechi XNUMX raiwanzo batwa pfungwa ye "zvakasikwa", uye, hongu, maitiro aya haaigona asi kukanganisa nyaya dzekudya kwakakodzera. Cuvier, mune yake chinyorwa chekudya, airatidza:Munhu anojairirwa, sezviri pachena, kuti adye zvakanyanya pamichero, midzi uye zvimwe zvinonaka zvezvirimwa. Rousseau akabvumiranawo naye, asingadyi nyama pachake (zvinova zvisingawaniki kuFrance netsika yegastronomy!).
Nekuvandudzwa kwemaindasitiri, pfungwa idzi dzakarasika. Budiriro yakapotsa yakunda zvisikwa, kupfuya mombe kwatora maindasitiri, nyama yave chigadzirwa chakachipa. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti panguva iyoyo muEngland makamuka muManchester yekutanga pasi rose "British Vegetarian Society". Kuonekwa kwaro kunotanga muna 1847. Vagadziri vevanhu vakatamba nekunakidzwa nezvinorehwa nemashoko ekuti "vegetus" - ine utano, ine simba, yakachena, uye "muriwo" - muriwo. Nekudaro, iyo yeChirungu kirabhu system yakapa kukurudzira kune kutsva kwekuvandudza kwezvinomera, izvo zvakava sangano rine simba remagariro uye richiri kusimukira.
Muna 1849 bhuku reVegetarian Society, The Vegetarian Courier, rakabudiswa. Iyo "Courier" yakakurukura nezvehutano uye mararamiro, yakabudiswa mabikirwo uye nyaya dzekunyora "pamusoro penyaya." Rakadhindwa mumagazini ino uye Bernard Shaw, anozivikanwa nehuchenjeri hwake husingasviki hwekupindwa muropa nevegetarian. Shaw aifarira kuti: “Mhuka ishamwari dzangu. Handidye shamwari dzangu.” Anewo mumwe weanonyanyozivikanwa anotsigira kudya kwemiti: “Kana munhu akauraya ingwe, anoidana kuti mutambo; kana ingwe inouraya munhu, inoiona sekuda ropa.” Chirungu chingadai chisiri chirungu dai vaive vasingabatike nemitambo. Vegetarians havasi izvo. Vegetarian Union yakamisa nzanga yayo yemitambo - Vegetarian sports club, iyo nhengo dzayo dzaikurudzira panguva iyoyo kuchovha bhasikoro uye mitambo. Nhengo dzekirabhu pakati pa1887 na1980 dzakaisa makumi matanhatu nemasere emunyika uye makumi manomwe nenomwe marekodhi mumakwikwi, uye dzakahwina menduru mbiri dzegoridhe paIV Olympic Games muLondon muna 68.
Kwapera chinguva muEngland, sangano rezvinomera rakatanga kutora magariro evanhu mukondinendi. MuGerman dzidziso yezvinomera yakafambiswa zvakanyanya nekupararira kwe theosophy uye anthroposophy, uye pakutanga, sezvakaitika muzana ramakore re1867, nzanga dzakasikwa mukurwira kwehupenyu hune hutano. Saka, muna 1868, mufundisi Eduard Balzer akatanga "Union of Friends of the Natural Way of Life" muNordhausen, uye muna 1892 Gustav von Struve akasika "Vegetarian Society" muStuttgart. Masangano maviri aya akabatana muXNUMX kuita "German Vegetarian Union". Mukutanga kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri, kudya kwezvinomera kwakasimudzirwa neanthroposophists inotungamirirwa naRudolf Steiner. Uye mutsara waFranz Kafka, wakanangidzirwa kuhove dzemu aquarium: "Ini ndinogona kukutarisa wakadzikama, handichakudye zvakare," yakave nemapapiro echokwadi uye yakashandurwa kuita motto yevanodya miriwo pasi rese.
Nhoroondo yekudyara muNetherlands akabatana nemazita akakurumbira Ferdinand Domel Nieuwenhuis. Munhu ane mukurumbira paruzhinji wehafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX akave wekutanga mudziviriri wezvinomera. Akataura kuti munhu akabudirira munzanga yakarurama haana kodzero yekuuraya mhuka. Domela aive munhu aifarira magariro evanhu uye ari munhu ane pfungwa uye chido. Akatadza kuzivisa hama dzake nezvekudya miriwo, asi akadyara pfungwa iyi. Musi waGunyana 30, 1894, Netherlands Vegetarian Union yakavambwa. pachirongwa chechiremba Anton Verskhor, Union yaisanganisira vanhu makumi matatu nevatatu. Sosaiti yakasangana nevashori vekutanga venyama neruvengo. Pepanhau rinonzi “Amsterdamets” rakabudisa imwe nyaya yakanyorwa naDr. Peter Teske, inoti: “Pane mapenzi pakati pedu anodavira kuti mazai, bhinzi, nyemba uye zvidimbu zvihombe zvemuriwo mbishi zvinogona kutsiva chop, entrecote kana gumbo rehuku. Chinhu chipi nechipi chinogona kutarisirwa kubva kuvanhu vane pfungwa dzekunyengera dzakadaro: zvinokwanisika kuti vachakurumidza kufamba mumigwagwa vasina kupfeka. Vegetarianism, kwete neimwe nzira kunze nechiedza "ruoko" (kana kuti pane muenzaniso!) Domely akatanga kushamwaridzana nemafungiro akasununguka. Pepanhau reHague “People” rakashora vazhinjisa vavakadzi vose vanodya miriwo: “Urwu rudzi runokosha rwavakadzi: mumwe waavo vanogera bvudzi ravo pfupi uye kunyange kunyorera kuti vatore rutivi musarudzo! Zvakangodaro, kare muna 33 resitorendi yekutanga yezvinomera yakavhurwa muThe Hague, uye makore gumi mushure mekuvambwa kweVegetarian Union, nhamba yenhengo dzayo yakapfuura 1898 vanhu!
Mushure meHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, gakava pamusoro pekudya kwezvinomera kwakadzikira, uye tsvakiridzo yesainzi yakaratidza kukosha kwekudya mapuroteni emhuka. Uye chete mu70s yezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, Holland yakashamisa munhu wese nemaitiro matsva ekudya zvinomera - Tsvakurudzo yeBiologist Veren Van Putten yakaratidza kuti mhuka dzinogona kufunga uye kunzwa! Musayendisiti akashamiswa zvikuru nekugona kwepfungwa kwenguruve, iyo yakave isina kuderera kupfuura yembwa. Muna 1972, Tasty Beast Animal Rights Society yakavambwa. mitezo yaro yaishora migariro yakashata yemhuka nokuurawa kwadzo. Vakanga vasisiri kutorwa seeccentrics - kusadya miriwo zvishoma nezvishoma kwakatanga kugamuchirwa setsika.
Sezvineiwo, munyika dzakagamuchidzanwa dzechiKaturike, muFrance, Italy, Spain, kudya miriwo kwakakura zvishoma nezvishoma uye hakuna kuva chero sangano rinooneka renzanga. Zvakadaro, kwaivewo nevatsigiri vekudya kwe "anti-nyama", kunyangwe gakava guru pamusoro pezvibatsiro kana kukuvadza kwezvinomera zvaive zvine chekuita nefiziology uye mushonga - zvakakurukurwa kuti yakanaka sei kumuviri.
MuItari kudya miriwo kwakakura, sokunge zvakadaro, nenzira yomuzvarirwo. Mediterranean cuisine, mukutanga, inoshandisa nyama shoma, iyo inonyanya kukoshesa mukudya ndeyemiriwo uye zvigadzirwa zvemukaka, mukugadzirwa kweiyo maItaly "pamberi pevamwe". Hapana akaedza kuita pfungwa kubva kune vegetarianism mudunhu, uye hapana veruzhinji anti-mafambiro akaonekwa. Asi muFranceVegetarianism haisati yasimuka. Mumakumi maviri emakore apfuura chete - ndiko kuti, ingangoita muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX! Macafe evegetarian nemarestaurant akatanga kuoneka. Uye kana iwe ukaedza kukumbira menyu yezvinomera, taura, muresitorendi yechinyakare French cuisine, saka haunganzwisisike zvakanyanya. Tsika yeFrench cuisine ndeyekunakidzwa nekugadzirwa kwezvakasiyana uye zvinonaka, zvakaratidzwa chikafu. Uye imwaka! Saka, chero chingataurwa nemunhu, dzimwe nguva ichokwadi nyama. Vegetarianism yakauya kuFrance pamwe chete nefashoni yemaitiro ekumabvazuva, kushingaira kwacho kuri kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma. Zvisinei, tsika dzakasimba, uye naizvozvo France ndiyo "isina-vegetarian" yenyika dzose dzeEurope.