Mukati
Semutemo, avo chete vanenge vatove nehunyanzvi mukupfuya humwe, huri nyore kurima howa vanoedza kurima howa kumba kana munyika. Kune vanotanga, zvinokurudzirwa kutanga kugona nzira yekuberekesa champignons kana oyster howa. Kana iwe uine ruzivo rudiki mukukura kwehowa uye ikozvino wava kuda kugona nzira yekukura howa, tanga wafunga kuti ndeupi rudzi rwekusarudza nekuda kweizvi.
Pakati pezvinodyiwa uye zvakakodzera kurima, marudzi maviri anosiyaniswa: zhizha nechando.
Iwe uchadzidza nezve nzira dzekutanga dzekurima howa kumba uye mubindu nekuverenga chinyorwa ichi.
Ko howa dzezhizha dzinotaridzika sei
Howa uhwu hwakatekeshera, uye vanonhonga howa vanohuunganidza munenge mumasango ese. Howa dzinokura pahuni dzakafa, sekutonga, mumapoka akawanda. Uchifamba musango, unogona kazhinji kuona chivharo cheyero-goridhe chakagadzirwa nehowa hwakawanda pamiti yakadonha inodonha kana zvigutsa. Iyi nzira inocherechedzwa kubva munaJune kusvika munaGunyana.
Ihowa mudiki muhukuru, iyo chivharo dhayamita inowanzobva ku20-60 mm, chimiro chiri flat-convex, mipendero inosiiwa. Pakati pechivharo pane unhu tubercle. Ruvara rwepamusoro pehuchi hweagariki ndeyero-brown uye denderedzwa remvura rakareruka. Nyama yakatetepa, yakapfava, yakachena muruvara. Kureba kwegumbo - 35-50 mm, ukobvu - 4 mm. Iyo tsinde inopiwa nemhete yemuvara wakafanana nevhavha, iyo inogona kukurumidza kupera, kunyange zvazvo mutsara wakajeka ucharamba uripo.
Kunyatsoteerera kunofanira kubhadharwa kune mahwendefa, ayo muhuchi hunodyiwa agarics ane cream pakutanga, uye yakasvibira panguva yekuibva, iyo inovasiyanisa kubva kune chepfu yehuchi agarics. Mahwendefa ekupedzisira anotanga grey-yellow, uye ipapo akasviba, akasvibira kana kuti olive-brown.
Iyi mifananidzo inoratidza kuti howa dzezhizha dzinotaridzika sei:
Kunakidza kwehowa kwakakwirira zvikuru. Kunhuwa kwakasimba uye kunofadza. Hats inogona kuchengetwa mushure mekuoma.
Makumbo, sekutonga, haadyiwi nekuda kwekuoma kwavo. Pachiyero cheindasitiri, howa hahuna kuberekwa, nekuti howa inoparara, inoda kukurumidza kugadziriswa, uyezve, haigone kutakurwa. Asi varimi vehowa vega vanokoshesa huchi agarics muNyika Yedu, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Germany, nezvimwewo uye vanohurima nechido.
Zvinotevera zvinotsanangura kuti howa hungarimwa sei kuseri kwemba.
Iwe unogona sei kukura howa dzezhizha pachirongwa pane stumps
Huni dzakafa dzinoshandiswa se substrate yekukura howa hwezhizha, uye mycelium inowanzotengwa sepaste mumachubhu. Kunyangwe iwe uchigonawo kushandisa yako yekudyara zvinhu - infusion yeakakura howa caps kana zvidimbu zvehuni zvakabatwa nefungus.
Usati wakura howa munyika, unofanirwa kugadzirira mycelium. Iyo infusion inogadzirwa kubva kumaheti ane rima rakasvibira ndiro, iro rinofanira kupwanywa uye kuiswa mumudziyo wemvura (inokurudzirwa kushandisa mvura inonaya) kwemaawa 12-24. Zvadaro musanganiswa unoguma unosefa kuburikidza ne gauze uye huni hunyoro hunyoro nahwo, hwakamboita kucheka pamagumo uye kumativi.
Kuwedzera kune infusion pahuni, machira akakura anogona kuiswa kunze nemahwendefa pasi, achiabvisa mushure mezuva kana maviri. Nenzira iyi yekurima howa, mycelium inokura kwenguva yakareba uye goho rekutanga rinogona kutarisirwa kuwanikwa chete mukupera kwemwaka unotevera.
Kuita kuti nzira yacho iende nokukurumidza, unofanira kushandisa zvidimbu zvehuni zvine mycelium yakamera, iyo inogona kuwanikwa musango kutanga munaJune. Tarisa kune zvigutsa kana hunde yemiti yakadonha. Zvidimbu zvinofanirwa kutorwa kubva munzvimbo dzekukura kwakanyanya kwe mycelium, kureva kubva uko kune tambo chena nekrimu (hyphae), uye zvakare inoburitsa hunhu hwakasimba hwehowa hwema.
Zvidimbu zvehuni zvinotapukirwa nefungus yehukuru hwakasiyana zvinopinzwa mumakomba akachekwa padanda rakagadzirwa. Zvadaro nzvimbo idzi dzakafukidzwa nehutu, bark, etc. Saka kuti kana uchikura muhowa wezhizha, mycelium inonyanya kuvimbika inofamba kune huni huru, zvidimbu zvinogona kurovererwa uye kuvharwa nefirimu. Zvadaro mahowa ekutanga anoumbwa kare pakutanga kwezhizha rinotevera.
Pasinei nenzira yehutachiona, huni hwehuni hupi hwakaoma hunokodzera kukura howa pamakumbo. Kureba kwezvikamu ndeye 300-350 mm, iyo dhayamita zvakare chero. Muchinzvimbo ichi, zvitunha zvemiti yemichero zvinogonawo kuita, izvo zvisingadi kudzurwa, nokuti mumakore 4-6 ivo vachawa zvakadaro, vachiparadzwa zvachose nefungus.
Pahuni huchangobva kuchekwa uye stumps, infestation inogona kuitwa pasina kugadzirira kwakakosha. Kana iyo huni yakachengetwa kwenguva yakati uye yakave nenguva yekuoma, ipapo zvidimbu zvinochengetwa mumvura kwemazuva 1-2, uye matanda anodururwa pamusoro payo. Utachiona hwekurima howa munyika hunogona kuitwa chero nguva mumwaka wekukura. Chipingamupinyi chete kune izvi kunyanya kupisa kwakaoma kwekunze. Zvisinei, zvingave zvakadaro, nguva yakakwana yehutachiona ndeyechirimo kana kutanga kwematsutso.
Huni hunonyanya kushandiswa hutachiona nehuchi agaric pakati peNyika Yedu ndeye birch, umo hunyoro hwakawanda hunosara mushure mekudonha, uye goko rakavimbika muchimiro chebirch bark rinodzivirira huni kubva pakuoma. Mukuwedzera kune birch, alder, aspen, poplar, nezvimwewo zvinoshandiswa, asi pahuni hwe coniferous, zhizha huchi agaric inowedzera kuipa.
Usati wakura howa, tarisa vhidhiyo iyi:
Zvikamu zvehuni dzine utachiona zvinoiswa munzvimbo yakatwasuka mumakomba asati acherwa ane chinhambwe che500 mm pakati pawo. Chikamu chehuni kubva pasi chinofanira kutarisa kunze neanenge 150 mm.
Kuti ukure howa pazvigutsa zvakanaka, ivhu rinofanirwa kudiridzwa nemvura zhinji uye rosaswa nekachuru kesawdust kuitira kudzivirira hunyoro kubva pakubuda. Kune nzvimbo dzakadaro, zvinodikanwa kusarudza nzvimbo dzine shaded pasi pemiti kana kuti dzakanyatsogadzirirwa pekugara.
Mhedzisiro yakanaka inogona kuwanikwa nekuisa huni dzakazadzwa muvhu mumagreenhouse kana greenhouses umo mwando unogona kudzorwa. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, zvinotora mwedzi 7 pakuumbwa kwemitumbi yezvibereko zvakare, kunyange kana mamiriro okunze asina kunaka, anogona kukura mugore rechipiri.
Kana iwe wakarima howa munyika, sezvinoratidzwa tekinoroji, howa huchabereka michero kaviri pagore (mukutanga kwezhizha uye matsutso) kwemakore 5-7 (kana zvidimbu zvehuni zvine dhayamita ye200-300 mm zvakashandiswa; kana iyo dhayamita yakakura, ipapo fruiting inogona kupfuurira kwenguva refu).
Kukohwa kwefungus kunotarirwa nemhando yehuni, mamiriro ekunze, uye chiyero chekukura kwe mycelium. Zvibereko zvinogona kusiyana zvikuru. Saka, kubva pane chimwe chikamu unogona kuwana zvose 300 g pagore uye 6 kg pazhizha. Sezvo mutemo, yekutanga fruiting haina kunyanya kupfuma, asi mari inotevera ndeye 3-4 nguva yakawanda.
Zvinokwanisika kurima howa dzezhizha panzvimbo pamarara emasango (madiki madiki, matavi, nezvimwewo), kubva kune masumbu ane dhayamita ye 100-250 mm anoumbwa, akatapukirwa ne mycelium neimwe yenzira dzakatsanangurwa uye kuvigwa mukati. pasi kusvika pakadzika 200-250 mm, kuvhara kumusoro ne turf. Nzvimbo yekushanda inodzivirirwa kubva kumhepo nezuva.
Sezvo uchi agaric isiri ye mycorrhizal fungi uye inokura pamatanda akafa chete, kurimwa kwayo kunogona kuitwa pasina kutya kukuvadza miti mhenyu.
Tsanangudzo yekukura howa howa inotsanangurwa muvhidhiyo iyi:
Huchi agaric hunonaka sehowa sezvahusingakodzeri kucherechedzwa nevarimi vehowa. Tekinoroji yekurima inotsanangurwa mune zvakajairwa inofanirwa kunatswa pane imwe-ne-kesi hwaro, kuitira kuti vanorima howa veamateur vawane mikana mikuru yekugadzira mukuyedza.
Izvi zvinotevera zvinotsanangura tekinoroji yekurima howa kumba kune vanotanga.
Teknolojia yekukura howa yechando kumba
Ngowani yechando yehuchi agaric (velvety-legged flammulina) yakadzika, yakafukidzwa nehutu, duku muhukuru - chete 20-50 mm muhupamhi, dzimwe nguva inokura kusvika 100 mm. Rudzi rwekapu ndeyeyero kana kamu cream, pakati inogona kunge yakaita brownish. Mahwendefa e-cream-colored akafara uye mashoma muhuwandu. Nyama ine yellowish. Gumbo rakareba 50-80 mm uye gobvu 5-8 mm, rakasimba, rakatsvuka, rakajeka rakaita yero kumusoro, uye rakashava pazasi, zvichida dema-brown (nechinhu ichi zviri nyore kusiyanisa rudzi urwu rwehuchi hweagaric kubva kune vamwe). Nheyo yehunde ine mvere-velvety.
Iyo yechando fungus mumamiriro echisikigo inoparadzirwa zvakanyanya muEurope, Asia, North America, Australia neAfrica. Iyi howa inoparadza huni inokura mumapoka makuru, kunyanya pamakumbo uye matanda akadonha emiti inodonha kana pamiti mipenyu isina simba (sekutonga, paaspens, poplars, willows). Pakati peNyika Yedu, inonyanya kuwanikwa munaGunyana - Mbudzi, uye munzvimbo dzekumaodzanyemba kunyangwe muna Zvita.
Kurimwa kwemhando iyi yehowa kwakatangira muJapan mazana emakore apfuura uye yainzi "endokitake". Zvisinei, zvose zviri zviviri kunaka uye kuwanda kwegoho pakukura howa wechando pazvichoko zvemapuranga zvaive zvakaderera. Pakati pe50s. muJapan, vakapa patent yekurima nzira yezita rimwe chete pamarara ekugadzira huni, mushure mezvo kurima kweflammulina kwakawedzera kufarirwa. Parizvino, huchi hwechando agaric huri munzvimbo yechitatu munyika maererano nekugadzirwa. Pamusoro chete champignon (nzvimbo yekutanga) uye oyster howa (nzvimbo yechipiri).
Howa yechando ine zvakanakira zvisingarambiki (kukohwa kwechando mukusavapo kwevakwikwidzi vemusango pamisika, kusununguka kwekugadzira uye mutengo wakaderera we substrate, kupfupika kwekukura (2,5 mwedzi), kurwisa chirwere). Asi panewo zvipingamupinyi (kunzwa kwakanyanya kumamiriro ekunze, kunyanya kutonhora uye kuvapo kwemhepo yakachena, sarudzo shoma yekurima nzira uye maitiro, kudiwa kwemamiriro asina kuberekwa). Uye izvi zvese zvinofanirwa kuverengerwa usati wakura mushroom mycelium.
Kunyange zvazvo uchi hweagaric huchitora nzvimbo yechitatu mukugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri, hahuzivikanwi zvikuru pakati pevarimi vehowa vasingafariri, zvisinei, uyewo pakati pevanonhonga howa.
Sezvo flammulina iri ye mycorrhizal fungi, kureva kuti inokwanisa kuita parasitizing pamiti mipenyu, inofanira kurimwa mumba chete.
Kukura howa wechando kumba kunogona kuitwa zvese nenzira yakakura (kureva, kushandisa zvidimbu zvehuni) uye yakadzika (kuberekesa mune inovaka muviri, iyo yakavakirwa pahuni hwakaomeswa nemhando dzakasiyana dzekuwedzera: mashanga, sunflower husk, brewer's grains; chibage, hura dzebuckwheat , bran, keke). Mhando yekuwedzera inoshandiswa inobva pakuwanikwa kwemarara akakodzera papurazi.
Zviyero zvezviyo zvinodiwa pakukura howa kumba zvinogona kunge zvakasiyana, zvichifunga nezve chaiyo yezvinovaka muviri. Sawdust ine bran, inova yakapfuma organic additive, inosanganiswa muchiyero che3: 1, sawdust ine zviyo zvedoro - 5: 1, kana uchisanganisa husk hwesunflower uye buckwheat husk, chiyero chakafanana chinoshandiswa. Huswa, chibage, husks sunflower, buckwheat husks zvinosanganiswa ne sawdust muchiyero che1: 1.
Sezvinoratidzwa nemaitiro, iyi misanganiswa inoshanda, yakaratidza mhedzisiro yakanaka mumunda. Kana iwe usingashandisi additives, ipapo zvibereko pane isina chinhu sawdust zvichava zviduku, uye kukura kwe mycelium uye fruiting kuchaderera zvakanyanya. Mukuwedzera, mashanga, chibage, husks yezuva, kana zvichidiwa, inogonawo kushandiswa sechinhu chikuru chekudya kunovaka muviri, uko kusingadiwi sawdust kana mamwe ma substrates.
Zvinokurudzirwa kuwedzera 1% gypsum uye 1% superphosphate kune inovaka muviri yekurima howa hwepamba. Humidity yemusanganiswa unoguma inofanira kuva 60-70%. Ehe, haufanirwe kushandisa zvimisikidzo kana zviri zvemhando inokahadzika kana nemarara eforoma.
Mushure mokunge substrate yakagadzirira, inoiswa pasi pekupisa kurapwa. Izvi zvinogona kuva sterilization, steam kana kufashaira kwemvura kurapwa, pasteurization, etc. Kukura howa, sterilization inoitwa nekuisa chikafu chinovaka muviri mumabhegi epurasitiki kana zvirongo zvegirazi zvine simba re 0,5-3 malita.
Iyo nzira yekupisa kurapwa kwemakani yakafanana neyeyakajairwa imba canning. Dzimwe nguva kurapwa kwekupisa kunoitwa musati substrate isati yaiswa mumitsuko, asi munyaya iyi midziyo pachayo inofanirawo kunge ichipisa kupisa, ipapo kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu chemukati kubva mukuumbwa kunonyanya kuvimbika.
Kana iyo substrate yakarongerwa kuiswa mumabhokisi, ipapo kurapwa kwekupisa kunoitwa pachine nguva. Iyo manyowa akaiswa mumabhokisi akareruka tamped.
Kana tikataura nezve akakosha mamiriro ekukura howa emumba (tembiricha, humidity, kutarisirwa), saka zvinodikanwa kunyatso kuomerera kune mimwe mitemo, iyo kubudirira kwechiitiko chose kuchaenderana zvakanyanya.
Midziyo yakashongedzwa nemafuta ine svikiro rekudya inotonhorera kusvika 24-25 ° C, mushure meiyo substrate inodyarwa nembeu mycelium, huremu hwayo i5-7% yehuremu hwecompost. Pakati pechirongo kana bhegi, maburi anogadzirwa mberi (kunyangwe kusati kwaitwa kupisa) kuburikidza nehupamhi hwese hwemukati wemuviri uchishandisa danda rehuni kana simbi ine dhayamita 15-20 mm. Ipapo mycelium ichakurumidza kupararira mu substrate yose. Mushure mekugadzira mycelium, zvirongo kana mabhegi akafukidzwa nepepa.
Pakukura howa, unofanirwa kugadzira mamiriro akakwana. Iyo mycelium inomera mu substrate pakupisa kwe24-25 ° C uye inopedza mazuva 15-20 pane izvi (maitiro emudziyo, substrate uye zvakasiyana-siyana zveuchi agaric zvakakosha pane izvi). Panguva ino, fungus haidi chiedza, asi inofanirwa kuve nechokwadi kuti chikafu chekudya hachioma, kureva kuti humidity muimba inofanira kunge inenge 90%. Midziyo ine substrate yakafukidzwa neburlap kana bepa, iro rinogara rakanyoroveswa (zvisinei, hazvigoneke zvachose kuvabvumira kuti vanyorove zvakanyanya).
Apo mycelium inomera mu substrate, iyo yekuputira kubva mumidziyo inobviswa uye inoendeswa kune imwe imba ine chiedza chekushisa kwe 10-15 ° C, iyo iwe unogona kuwana goho guru. Mushure memazuva 10-15 kubva panguva iyo makani akatamirwa muimba ine chiedza (mazuva 25-35 kubva panguva yakadyarwa mycelium), boka remakumbo matete ane maduku maduku anotanga kuonekwa kubva mumidziyo - aya ndiwo mavambo e iyo inobereka michero yefungus. Sezvo mutemo, kukohwa kunobviswa mushure memamwe mazuva gumi.
Masumbu ehowa anonyatso kuchekwa pazasi pemakumbo, uye tsvina yakasara mu substrate inobviswa kubva kune zvinovaka muviri, zvakanakisisa kupfuura zvose, nerubatsiro rwemapuranga tweezers. Zvadaro pamusoro pe substrate haikanganisi nehunyoro hushoma kubva kune sprayer. Goho rinotevera rinogona kukohwewa mumavhiki maviri. Nokudaro, nguva yekuiswa kwe mycelium isati yatanga kukohwa inotora mazuva 40-45.
Kusimba kwekuonekwa kwefungi uye hunhu hwavo hunoenderana nekuumbwa kweiyo inovaka muviri, tekinoroji yekurapa kupisa, rudzi rwemudziyo unoshandiswa uye mamwe mamiriro ekukura. Kune 2-3 mafungu e fruiting (mazuva 60-65), 1 g yehowa inogona kuwanikwa kubva ku500 kg ye substrate. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akanaka - 1,5 kg yehowa kubva pa3-litre jar. Kana iwe usina zvachose rombo rakanaka, ipapo 200 g yehowa inounganidzwa kubva kune matatu-lita chirongo.
Tarisa vhidhiyo nezve kurima howa kumba kuti unzwisise zviri nani tekinoroji yekuita:
