Noam Chomsky: "Zviri pachena kuti hunhu hwevanhu huripo"

Munzvimbo dzose, kuona kwake kunopesana nemaitiro edu enjere. Kubva panguva yaLevi-Strauss, Foucault naDerid, tanga tichitsvaga zviratidzo zvekusununguka mupurasitiki yemunhu uye kuwanda kwetsika. Chomsky, kune rumwe rutivi, anodzivirira pfungwa yekusachinja kwehunhu hwevanhu uye zvimiro zvepfungwa zvemukati, uye mune izvi ndipo paanoona hwaro hwerusununguko rwedu.

Dai taiva mapurasitiki chaiwo, anojekesa, dai tisina kuomarara kwepanyama, tingadai tisina simba rekuramba. Uye kuitira kuti tiise pfungwa pachinhu chikuru, apo zvinhu zvose zvakapoteredza zviri kuedza kutikanganisa uye kuparadzira pfungwa dzedu.

Wakaberekerwa muPhiladelphia muna 1928. Vabereki vako vakanga vari vatorwa vakatiza Russia.

Baba vangu vakaberekerwa mumusha muduku muour country. Akabva kuRussia muna 1913 kuti adzivise kunyoreswa kwevana vechiJuda muchiuto - izvo zvaive zvakangofanana nemutongo werufu. Uye amai vangu vakaberekerwa muBelarus uye vakauya kuUnited States vachiri mwana. Mhuri yake yaitiza mbavha.

Somwana, waienda kuchikoro chinofambira mberi, asi panguva imwe cheteyo waigara mumhoteredzo yevatami vechiJudha. Ungarondedzera sei mamiriro ezvinhu epanguva iyoyo?

Mutauro wavabereki vangu wakanga uri wechiYiddish, asi, zvinoshamisa chose, handina kunzwa shoko rimwe rechiYiddish pamusha. Panguva iyoyo, pakanga paine kupesana kwetsika pakati pevatsigiri veYiddish uye iyo yakawanda "yemazuva ano" chiHebheru. Vabereki vangu vakanga vari kurutivi rwevaHebheru.

Baba vangu vairidzidzisa kuchikoro, uye kubvira ndichiri muduku ndakaridzidza navo, tichiverenga Bhaibheri uye mabhuku emazuva ano echiHebheru. Mukuwedzera, baba vangu vaifarira pfungwa itsva mundima yedzidzo. Saka ndakapinda chikoro chekuedza chakavakirwa papfungwa dzaJohn Dewey.¹. Pakanga pasina mamakisi, pasina makwikwi pakati pevadzidzi.

Pandakaramba ndichidzidza muchikoro chekirasi, pazera remakore 12, ndakaona kuti ndaiva mudzidzi akanaka. Isu taiva toga mhuri yechiJudha munharaunda yedu, takapoteredzwa nevaKaturike vokuIreland uye vaNazi vokuGermany. Hatina kumbotaura nezvazvo kumba. Asi chinonyanyoshamisa ndechekuti vana vakadzoka kubva kumakirasi nevadzidzisi vechiJesuit vakapa hurukuro dzinotyisa dzinopikisa Semitic pakupera kwevhiki pataizotamba baseball vakakanganwa zvachose nezve anti-Semitism.

Imhaka yokuti wakakurira mumhoteredzo yemitauro yakawanda here kuti chinhu chikuru muupenyu hwako chakanga chiri kudzidza mutauro wacho?

Panofanira kunge paine chikonzero chimwe chakadzama chakave chakajeka kwandiri kare kare: mutauro une chinhu chakakosha chinobata ziso nekukurumidza, zvakakodzera kufunga nezve chiitiko chekutaura.

Chero mukurukuri akadzidza nhamba inogumira yemitemo inomubvumira kuburitsa nhamba isingaperi yezvirevo zvine revo. Ichi ndicho chimiro chekugadzira chemutauro, chii chinoita kuti ive yakasarudzika kugona kune vanhu chete. Vamwe vazivi vekare - Descartes nevamiriri vechikoro chePort-Royal - vakabata izvi. Asi vaiva vashoma.

Pawakatanga kushanda, structuralism uye maitiro akatonga. Kwavari, mutauro ihurongwa husina kujeka hwezviratidzo, basa guru rekupa kutaurirana. Iwe haubvumirani nepfungwa iyi.

Tinoziva sei nhevedzano yemashoko sekutaura kwakanaka kwemutauro wedu? Pandakabvunza mibvunzo iyi, zvaidavirwa kuti mutsara une girama kana uye chete kana unoreva chimwe chinhu. Asi ichi hachisi chokwadi zvachose!

Heano mitsara miviri isina zvazvinoreva: "Mazano egirinhi asina ruvara anorara nehasha", "Mazano egirinhi asina ruvara anorara nehasha." Mutsara wekutanga wakarurama, pasinei nokuti zvazvinoreva hazvina kujeka, uye yechipiri haisi kungoreva chete, asiwo haigamuchirwi. Mukurukuri achataura mutsara wokutanga nemataurire enguva dzose, uye mune yechipiri achagumburwa pashoko rimwe nerimwe; pamusoro pazvo, acharangarira mutsara wokutanga nyore nyore.

Chii chinoita kuti mutsara wekutanga ugamuchirwe, kana zvisiri izvo? Iyo inoenderana neyakagadzikwa yemisimboti nemitemo yekuvaka mutsara uyo chero mutauri werudzi rwemutauro wakapihwa.

Tinofamba sei kubva mugirama yemutauro wega wega kuenda kune imwe pfungwa yekufungidzira yekuti mutauro chimiro chepasirese icho chinongo "kuvakwa mukati" munhu wese?

Ngatitorei basa rezvinoreva semuenzaniso. Kana ndichiti "John anofunga kuti akangwara," "iye" anogona kureva John kana mumwewo munhu. Asi kana ndikati «John anofunga kuti akangwara,» ipapo «iye» zvinoreva mumwe munhu asiri Johane. Mwana anotaura mutauro uyu anonzwisisa musiyano wezvivakwa izvi.

Ongororo dzinoratidza kuti kubva pazera remakore matatu, vana vanoziva mitemo iyi uye vanoitevera, pasinei nokuti hapana akavadzidzisa izvi. Saka ndechimwe chinhu chakavakirwa matiri chinoita kuti tigone kunzwisisa uye kutevedzera iyi mitemo pachedu.

Aya ndiwo amunodaidza kuti girama repasi rose.

Iseti yemisimboti isingachinji yepfungwa dzedu inotitendera kutaura nekudzidza mutauro wedu wekuzvarwa. Chivakashure chenyika yose chinobatanidzwa mumitauro chaiyo, ichivapa seti yezvinobvira.

Saka, muChirungu neFrench, izwi rechiito rinoiswa pamberi pechinhu, uye muchiJapan mushure, saka muchiJapan havatauri "John hit Bill", asi vanongoti "John hit Bill". Asi kunze kwekusiyana uku, tinomanikidzwa kufunga kuvapo kwe "chimiro chemukati chemutauro", mumashoko aWilhelm von Humboldt.²zvakasununguka pane zvemunhu uye zvetsika zvinhu.

Sekuona kwenyu mutauro haunongedze kuzvinhu, unonongedza zvirevo. Zvinopikisa-intuitive, handizvo here?

Imwe yemibvunzo yekutanga iyo uzivi inozvibvunza mubvunzo weHeraclitus: zvinokwanisika here kupinda murwizi rumwechete kaviri? Tinoziva sei kuti urwu ndirwo rwizi rumwe chete? Kubva pamaonero emutauro, izvi zvinoreva kuzvibvunza kuti zvinhu zviviri zvakasiyana sei zvinogona kududzirwa neshoko rimwechete. Unogona kushandura chimiro chayo kana kudzorera kuyerera kwayo, asi rwizi runoramba ruri rwizi.

Nekune rimwe divi, kana iwe ukamisa zvipingamupinyi pamahombekombe uye uchimhanyisa matangi emafuta pairi, inova "chiteshi". Kana iwe ukashandura nzvimbo yayo uye woishandisa kufamba mudhorobha, inova "nzira huru". Muchidimbu, rwizi runonyanya kufunga, kuvakwa kwepfungwa, kwete chinhu. Izvi zvakatosimbiswa naAristotle.

Nenzira yechienzi, mutauro bedzi une chokuita zvakananga nezvinhu ndiwo mutauro wemhuka. Kuchema kwakadaro uye kwakadaro kwetsoko, pamwe chete nekufamba kwakadaro uye kwakadaro, kuchanzwisiswa zvisina kufanira nehama dzayo sechiratidzo chengozi: pano chiratidzo chinoreva zvakananga kuzvinhu. Uye haufanirwe kuziva zviri kuitika mupfungwa dzetsoko kuti unzwisise kuti inoshanda sei. Mutauro wevanhu hauna pfuma iyi, haisi nzira yekutaura nayo.

Iwe unoramba pfungwa yekuti dhigirii reruzivo mukunzwisisa kwedu pasi rinoenderana nekupfuma kwemazwi emutauro wedu. Ipapo ibasa ripi raunogovera kumisiyano yemitauro?

Kana iwe ukanyatsotarisisa, uchaona kuti mutsauko pakati pemitauro unowanzo kuve wepamusoro. Mitauro isina izwi rakakosha kune dzvuku ichaidaidza kuti "ruvara rweropa." Izwi rekuti "rwizi" rinobata zvakasiyana-siyana zvezviitiko muJapan neSwahili kupfuura muChirungu, apo tinosiyanisa pakati perwizi (rwizi), rukova (rukova) uye rukova (rukova).

Asi chirevo chikuru che "rwizi" chinogara chiripo mumitauro yese. Uye zvinofanirwa kuve, nechikonzero chimwe chakareruka: vana havafanirwe kuona misiyano yese yerwizi kana kudzidza ese manuances ezwi rekuti "rwizi" kuti vawane mukana weiyi chirevo chikuru. Ruzivo urwu chinhu chakasikwa chepfungwa dzavo uye chiripo zvakaenzana mutsika dzese.

Iwe unoziva here kuti iwe uri mumwe wevekupedzisira vazivi vanoomerera kune iyo pfungwa yekuvapo kwehunhu hwakakosha hwemunhu?

Hapana mubvunzo kuti hunhu hwevanhu huripo. Hatizi tsoko, hatisi katsi, hatizi macheya. Zvinoreva kuti tine hunhu hwedu, hunotisiyanisa. Kana pasina hunhu hwevanhu, zvinoreva kuti hapana musiyano pakati pangu nechigaro. Izvi hazvina musoro. Uye chimwe chezvikamu zvakakosha zvehunhu hwevanhu kugona mutauro. Munhu akawana kugona uku munguva yekushanduka-shanduka, hunhu hwemunhu serudzi rwechipenyu, uye isu tese tinahwo zvakaenzana.

Hakuna boka rakadaro revanhu vane mutauro wakaderera kupfuura vamwe vose. Kana zviri zvekusiyana kwega, hazvina kukosha. Kana ukatora mwana mudiki anobva kurudzi rweAmazon asina kumboonana nevamwe vanhu zviuru makumi maviri zvemakore apfuura womuendesa kuParis, achataura chiFrench nekukurumidza.

Mukuvapo kwezvimiro zvemukati nemitemo yemutauro, unoona zvinokatyamadza kupokana kuchitsigira rusununguko.

Uhu hukama hunodiwa. Hapana kusika pasina hurongwa hwemitemo.

Kunobva: uzivi hwemagazini

^1. John Dewey (1859-1952) aive muzivi weAmerica uye mudzidzisi mutsva, humanist, mutsigiri wepragmatism uye chiridzwa.

^2. Muzivi wePrussia uye nyanzvi yemitauro, 1767-1835.