PSYchology
Maslow Abraham Harold

â € ​ â € ‹â € â € ‹â €‹ â € ‹Rakadhindwa na: MOTKOV OI Pamusoro pezvinokatyamadza zvemaitiro ekuzvigadzirisa kwehunhu / Tenzi. 1995, kwete. 6, p. 84 - 95

Abstract - Nzira yepakutanga yekudzidza kuzviziva kwemunhu uye kuwirirana inokurudzirwa. Zvinotaridzwa kuti opti mal balance pakati pekubudirira uye kuwirirana kubudirira kunodiwa pakukura kunobudirira kwehunhu.

Muumbi wedzidziso yekuzvigadzirisa kwemunhu A. Maslow anotsanangura kudiwa kwekuzvigadzirisa se "chido chemunhu chekuzadzisa pachake" (23, p. 92). Munhu anofanira kunge ari izvo zvaanogona kuva: muimbi anofanira kugadzira mimhanzi, muimbi anofanira kudhirowa. "ASI. Maslow akadaidza hunhu hwekuzviitira ivo vanorarama hupenyu huzere, hwakakwana kupfuura wepakati munhu. Izvo ndezve ... kugona kushandisa kugona kwemukati kwemunhu» (21, p. XNUMX).

Izwi rokuti "self-actualization" rakatanga kushandiswa naK. Goldstein. Maslow akafunga kuzvigadzirisa kwete chete semamiriro ekupedzisira, asiwo senzira yekuziva nekuziva kugona kwemunhu. Aitenda kuti «munhu nguva dzose anoda kuva wokutanga-kirasi kana akanaka sezvaanogona» (13, p. 113). Isu tinoona kuti Maslow anotarisisa kuzviita-yega pane zvakanyanya kubudirira, hukuru munzvimbo iyo munhu angangofanorongerwa. Ichokwadi ndechokuti akaita zvidzidzo zvehupenyu hwevanhu vakwegura vane kubudirira kwepamusoro mumunda wavo wakasarudzwa - Einstein, Thoreau, Jefferson, Lincoln, Roosevelt, W. James, Whitman, nezvimwewo. vanhu vanogadzira, vakanaka, vane njere” (ibid., p. 109). Ava vanhu vane mwero wepamusoro wekuzvinatsa. Ivo vanoratidzwa nemhando dzakadai sekutarisa pane zvazvino, nzvimbo yemukati yekutonga, kukosha kukuru kwekukura uye hunhu hwemweya, kuzvimiririra, kushivirira, kuzvitonga uye kuzvimiririra kubva kune zvakatipoteredza, pfungwa yenharaunda nevanhu vese, a. kusimba kwebhizinesi rakasimba, tariro, yakagadzikana tsika dzemukati, demokrasi muhukama, kuvapo kwenzvimbo yepedyo inosanganisira vashoma vepedyo vanhu, kugadzira, kutsoropodza maererano netsika yavo (kazhinji vanozviwana vari voga munharaunda yetsika yavasingabvumi) , kubvuma kwepamusoro uye kugamuchirwa kwevamwe (20, p. 114; 5, p. .359).

Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, kunyanya kutariswa kunobhadharwa kune zera uye tsika dzehunhu hwekuzvigadzirisa. “Hatisati taziva kuti data redu rinoshanda sei kune vechidiki. Hatizivi zvinorehwa nokuzviita mune dzimwe tsika…” (13, p. 109). Uye zvakare: "... vechidiki vanotambura nekusazvipira uye kubva mukunyanya kunyara uye kuzvikudza" (ibid., p. 112). "Ndizvo chete mukuyaruka kuti zvimwe zvinhu zvekuzvigadzirisa zvinova zvakakosha, izvo, zvakanakisisa, zvinogona kuitika kare mukukura" (20, p. 113).

Takaita chidzidzo chedhigirii rekubatana muhunhu hwevadzidzi vechikoro chesekondari uye vadzidzi vehuzivi veRussian Open University. Nezve vadzidzi vegiredhi rechigumi veMoscow gymnasium, yaisanganisirawo kutara nhanho yekuzvigadzirisa kwemunhu. Mune psychology yemumba, ichi chidzidzo chekutanga chekuzviitisa kwevadzidzi vechikoro chesekondari. Chinonyanya kufadza uye chinokatyamadza yaive chokwadi chekuti zviitiko zvekusawirirana kwemunhu zvakawanikwa muvadzidzi vane mwero wepamusoro wekuzviita. Dzidziso yaMaslow inotsanangura hunhu hwekuzvigadzirisa sehunowanzoenderana, hwakadzikama mukati mavo uye nemamiriro ekunze, sevanhu vane mwero webudiriro. Hatina kuona izvi kuvadzidzi vedu vekusekondari. Ichi chinyorwa chakazvipira kuongororwa kwemhedzisiro yekudzidza kwedu, zvikonzero zvekusaenzana kwemukati nekunze mune vechidiki vanonyatsoitika.

Tisati taenderera mberi nekuongorora, tinotsanangura muchidimbu zvigadziro zvepfungwa izvo kuedza kwedu kwakavakirwa.

Hunhu munyaya iyi hunonzwisiswa mupfungwa yakafara senzvimbo inokurudzira ye psyche yemunhu. Vanhu vanozvarwa uye vanova. Iko kwekutanga, kwechisikigo kwemunhu kune chimiro chakaoma uye chinosanganisira zvinenge zvitatu zvinopindirana zvikamu: zvakakosha meta-zvishuvo (zvinodiwa), unhu hunogona uye hutsika hunogona (ona Fig. 1).

kugona kwechisikigo ndiyo chimiro cheunhu, iyo pamusoro pehupenyu hunowana magomba matsva: I-inogona muchimiro che II pfungwa, I-Iwe uye I-We pfungwa (hukama ne micro- uye macrosociety), I-Earth nature uye ini. -Mafungiro enyika. Mukuwedzera, pamuganhu nekunze uye intrapersonal worlds, kune mamiriro ezvinhu-pachedu. Pakati pese, hunhu hune zvakasikwa hwaro hwekugona, I-inogoneka uye yemamiriro ezvinhu inotarisana chete nemamiriro, "nguva" zvinangwa.

Zvishuwo zvina zvakakosha zvakakamurwa kuita −

yekutanga adaptive:

Ini pakuchengetedzwa nekuenderera kweupenyu, mukuzviparadza, rufu;

II - kune simba reunhu (kuvimba uye kuzvikudza kwepamusoro) - kune kushaya simba kweunhu (kusava nechokwadi, kuzvidzora);

yechipiri adaptive:

III - kune rusununguko, kuvimba iwe pachako - kushaya rusununguko, kuvimba kune vamwe;

IV - kusimudzira, kuzviziva, kuzviitira - kuita tsika, stereotyped kushanda.

Maitiro ehunhu sanganisira zvinokurudzira zvehunhu uye hunhu hunhu. Hunhu hunhu hunokura pazera re15-16 uye pamwero wakati hunoenderana nedzidzo nekuzvidzidzisa; vanogadzirisa, vanopa maitiro ega ega kune maitiro ekuita ekutanga uye mamwe ese ekukurudzira maumbirwo. Zvinokurudzira zvetsika zvinoita basa rimwechete.

Zvinokurudzira zvetsika - idzi itsika dzekutanga - unzenza, kunaka - kusiri kwekunaka, kuziva - kusaziva, psycho-regulatory - non-psycho-regulatory, body-regulatory - non-corporeal-regulatory hukama hwehunhu. Pahwaro hwavo, hunhu hunoumbwa, kusanganisira hwemweya.

Zvese zvekurudziro zvemunhu ndizvo polar nature. Zvakanaka uye zvakaipa zvishuvo uye maitiro zvinoratidzwa mufig. 1 ine "+" uye "-" zviratidzo. Zviratidzo izvi zvinoratidza mafungiro anopikisa. Vanogona kuongororwa kubva pane zvakasiyana-siyana maonero. Semuyenzaniso, ingave ichi chishuwo chinobatsira kana kuti hachibatsiri kuchinjika kwemukati nekunze kwehunhu, kuzviziva. Zvese zvishuviro uye maitiro ari mune inogona, kana mune chaiyo (yakagadzirira kuita), kana mune chaiyo mamiriro. Padanho rekutanga, chido chekugona chinoshandurirwa mumamiriro chaiwo.

Nechishuwo chekutanga IV (kukudziridza, kuzvigadzirisa), iyo yekutanga yakapihwa system yakabatana nemukati upenyu chinangwa munhu. Inotarisa budiriro pane zvimwe zviitiko. Ndiko kuti, zvakare iri modulator yemaitiro ekuzviziva kwemunhu. Kazhinji hurongwa uhu hunenge huri murunyararo uye hunoda kuedza kuzvisarudzira, kuziva. Zvinorehwa noupenyu hwavanhu zviri mukuzadzikiswa kunotsinhirana kwezvinangwa zvoupenyu hwavo.

Zvese zvikamu zvehunhu hwekutanga, uye isu tichataura nezvazvo kutanga kune zvese, zvinobatsira mukuvandudza maitiro. Zvisinei, izvi zvikamu zvinowanzosiyana, zvisina kuenzana, zvinopesana mukati mavo uye pakati pavo pachavo. Basa rakakosha rekusimudzira, kuzvidzora ndeye "psychosynthesis" yemadhipatimendi ese ehunhu pakati pavo, kubatanidzwa kwavo mukuperera kwese. Pane zvakaringana zviyero zvekukurudzira kwakasiyana kumunhu akapihwa. Iyo sisitimu yemukati yakaringana zviyero zvehunhu zvinogadzira kuwirirana kwemukati (19, nezvimwewo).

Optimal balances yehunhu inogonawo kugadzwa nemhoteredzo umo hunhu hunorarama nekuita. Vakadaro kuwirirana kwekunze hunhu pachahwo hunokura muhukama hwahwo neiyo Executive psyche (kugona, pfungwa maitiro), nemuviri, neiyo micro-macro-society, ine mhenyu uye isina hupenyu hunhu hwepanyika, ine akasiyana siyana eCosmos, iwo musimboti wekuva. Iyo nzira yekumisikidza yakaringana zviyero mukati mehunhu uye nezvikamu zvezvakatipoteredza zvinodaidzwa kunzi kuwirirana kwehunhu. Mhedzisiro yeiyi nzira ndeye imwe nhanho yekuenderana kwehunhu. Kupindirana kwemukati, kubvumirana pachako kunoratidzwa mukuenzanisa kwakakwana kwezvishuvo zvakashata uye zvakanaka, zvishuvo zvekutanga uye zvechipiri, optimal intercomponent ratios, nezvimwewo. Uyezve, inoratidzwa muhutano hwakanaka hwepfungwa, zviitiko zvepfungwa. Kugarisana kwekunze kunozviratidza mune yakakwana mwero wekuzadzika kwevavariro, mune yakakwana mararamiro uye kushanda.

Mubvunzo wepamutemo unomuka: chii chirevo chekuwirirana uye kugona hukama hwemukati nekunze, kuenderana kwehunhu? Zvakati wandei zvakaonekwa:

  1. kuwirirana - zvishoma pamusoro peavhareji dhigirii yekubatanidza, kutendeseka kweunhu (mukati nekunze kubatanidzwa kunotarirwa nereshiyo yezvakakwana uye zvisiri-zvakakwana zviyero muzvikamu zveunhu, mumararamiro uye mukuzviziva);
  2. optimality: kuve nechokwadi chenguva refu uye yakagadzikana yekuzvizadzisa kwebudiriro, sezvo chete kusimudzira kwakadaro kunogona kugadzira mamiriro ekuwedzera kwakazara kwese kwakaringana kugona kwemunhu, iyo yese system yehupenyu hwake zvinangwa (iwe unofanirwa kuteerera mitemo ye kuenderana kwezvinangwa zvemunhu panguva uye mutemo weheterochrony yekukura - kusaenzana kwezera rekukura kwezvinogona uye kusaenzana kwavo kugoneka kuitika; saka, kusimudzira ndiko kuunganidzwa kwekugadziriswa kwega, kuwedzera kwekubatana neizvi, kuomarara. , kutendeseka kwemaitiro ekugadzirisa maitiro, kuoma uye kugadzirisa kwekushanda, kuwedzera, nekukura kwakabatana, kwehuchenjeri hwehupenyu);
  3. yakagadzikana predominance yeakanaka manzwiro toni, hutano hwakanaka, zviitiko zvakanaka;
  4. zvishoma kudarika avhareji kugutsikana nehupenyu hwavo (chinzvimbo mumhuri, kubasa, hupenyu hwakazara);
  5. kuvapo kwehuzhinji hwemaitiro akanaka etsika kubva kune yekutanga maitiro (kusanganisira iwo emweya) uye mazhinji ezviitwa zvinogoneka zvinodikanwa zvinoumba mararamiro akakwana.

Isu, saA. Maslow, S. Buhler, K. Rogers, K. Horney, R. Assagioli nevamwe, tinoona kuzviziva, kuzviratidza kwechinangwa chehupenyu sechinhu chepakati chekukura kwemunhu. Nekudaro, kana Maslow akatarisisa pfungwa yake yekuzvigadzirisa pachezvake pane zvakanyanya kubudirira, saka isu tinofunga hunhu hwakadaro hunogona kukanganisa hunhu uye tinotarisa pakuwana kuwirirana muhupenyu hwevanhu, kukura kwayo. Mujaho webudiriro huru kazhinji kazhinji unoita kuti maitiro ekuzviita aite divi rimwe, anoshaisa mararamiro, uye anogona kutungamira mukushushikana kusingaperi, kuparara kwetsinga, uye kurohwa kwemoyo.

Rwendo rwepfungwa yehunhu hwepanyama hwaidiwa kuitira kuti mhedzisiro yefundo yedu inzwisise. Zvidzidzo zvaive zvegumi-giredhi rechikoro-gymnasium No. 1256 muMoscow, vanhu vose ve27. Nzira dzekutanga dzakashandiswa: «Basic aspirations», «Mararamiro emunhu», pamwe chete neMini-mult bvunzo (kutarisa mamiriro epfungwa uye hunhu), iyo CAT yekuzvigadzirisa bvunzo (yakasiyana yeMV Zagik uye L.Ya Gozman - mibvunzo 108) , Kuziva (10 maitiro eI), nzira ye "Socio-psychological regulatory core of personality" - «HID» Yu.A. Mislavsky, tsvakurudzo pamusoro pezvakaitika zvekuzara uye kuwirirana kwehupenyu, psychogeometric test S. Dellinger. Nzira dzinobvumira kuziva maitiro ezvakasikwa zvinogona kuitika zvemunhu - zvishuvo zvekutanga, maitiro ehutano; maitiro eiyo socio-tsika musimboti wehunhu; I-concepts; hunhu hwakazara hwekuzviitisa uye mararamiro; zviitiko zvepfungwa.

Zviratidzo zvekubatana zvinowanikwa munzira dze "Basic aspirations", "Mararamiro emunhu", iyo Mini-katuni bvunzo. Kutsunga kwavo kunogonekawo mune dzimwe nzira.

Pamusoro peiyo data yekuyedza, data yakaunganidzwa pakufambira mberi kwevadzidzi, pane zvavanofarira, makirasi mumadenderedzwa, zvikamu, masitudiyo, nezvimwe.

Kufungidzira

Kufungidzira yekudzidza kwedu kwaiva kuti kuwirirana kwekukura kweunhu kunotamba kwete zvishoma, uye zvichida basa guru muupenyu hwemunhu, mukugadzirisa kwekuzvigadzirisa, pane chido chekubudirira kwepamusoro uye kubudirira uku pachavo, pane kushandiswa kwematarenda emunhu. "kusvika pakutaura kuzere" (21, 1966).

nzira

Ini ndoda kunyanya kutaura nezve CAT nzira - yekuzviitisa bvunzo muvhezheni yeMV Zagik (9). Uku kugadziridzwa kwemumba kweyekirasi yePOI bvunzo - iyo Yemunhu Yekutarisisa Mibvunzo, yakagadziridzwa nemudzidzi waAbraham Maslow Everett Shostrom kuma60s. Zvose CAT nePOI zvakasimbiswa uye zvakaonekwa kuti zvakavimbika zvikuru. CAT yakamisikidzwa zvakare pamuenzaniso wevagari veSoviet. Kune zvakare shanduko yePOI yakaburitswa naL.Ya. Gozman naM. Kroz pamwe nekuwedzera kwechiyero chekugadzira (7). Nekudaro, hapana chimiro chechimiro mukuburitswa. Isu takasarudza CAT muMV Zagika, sezvo iine zvese zvinodiwa uye iri ipfupi sarudzo - 108 mibvunzo, iyo yakakosha pakuitisa bvunzo kuchikoro (yekuenzanisa: POI - mibvunzo zana nemakumi mashanu, kugadziridzwa naL. Ya. Gozman uye M. Kroz - 150 mibvunzo) . Iyo yakasiyana yeMV Zagik inochengetedza iyo yese yemukati chimiro cheiyo POI bvunzo, ese zviyero zvayo uye sisitimu yekuona iyo nhanho yekuzvigadzirisa. Iyo yose "ideology" yePOI bvunzo yakachengetedzwa.

The zvabuda

Saka, tine zvinotevera zvakawanikwa. Pakati pezvidzidzo zve27, 3 chete yakasvika pakakwirira yekuzvigadzirisa maererano neCAT nzira. Vanhu vakati wandei vasvika padhuze nedanho iri. Kune ruzhinji, kwete kunyanya kutaurwa maitiro: iyo yakakwirira mwero wekuzvigadzirisa, iyo yakakwirira kuwirirana kwemararamiro (10% kukosha kwenhanho yekuenderana kwenzvimbo). Mafambiro aya haaoneki kumunhu wese. Zvakazoitika kuti nhanho yekuzvigadzirisa kwevadzidzi inonyatso kunzwisiswa kune yenguva yakaipa mamiriro epfungwa, kune yakaipa loci mune yekuzvifunga. Semuenzaniso, mudzidzi weOE, giredhi regumi, ane mwero wakaderera wekuzviita uye mwero wepamusoro wehupenyu hunoenderana. Anonyara, haagutsikani nechitarisiko chake, izvo zvinowedzera kusava nechokwadi. Panguva imwecheteyo, muchimiro chake chechimiro, kunze kwekuratidza kusava nechokwadi, kunewo mikana yakanaka yekuzviita, zvikero zvakasimudzwa zvine mwero zve10 ne6, izvo zvinoratidza simba rakanaka, kutsungirira, izvo zvinogona kubatsira kutsungirira. nemamiriro ezvinhu. Musikana anodzidza pa9 ne4, ari kuita madenderedzwa. Mhedziso: chiyero chekuzvigadzirisa chinokonzerwa zvakasimba nemaitiro emamiriro epfungwa, kuwedzera kunetseka. Ngatitarisei kune chokwadi chekuti OE mune data reCAT, chiyero che "Human Nature" chakakwira zvakanyanya, pamwero wepamusoro-wekuzvibata, kureva pfungwa yemunhu seakanyanya kunaka, kuzivikanwa kwakanaka kwechokwadi. uye nhema, zvakanaka nezvakaipa. Zvibodzwa zvakaderera pachikero ichi zvinoreva kuti muongorori anotora munhu seakaipa uye asina kuwirirana.

Pakuongorora kwedu, zvakakosha kuti chaive chikero ichi kuti E. Shostrom, muvambi wePOI bvunzo, haana kupa misiyano yakakura pakati pemapoka ezvidzidzo zvakanyatsoitika uye zvisiri izvo. Zvimwe zviyero zvose zvekuedza zvakaratidza kusiyana kukuru. Sezvizvi, chiyero ichi uye, kusvika pamwero wakati, "Values ​​yekuzviita" chikero chinoratidza hunhu hwakanaka hwetsika uye maitiro ekuzvisimudzira, kukura kwemunhu, chishuwo chekubudirira kwepamusoro, uye hunhu hwehunhu hwetsika. .

Kuzvigadzirisa pachako kwezvidzidzo chaizvo zvinokangaidza. Iyo inopesana nemufananidzo wakakodzera wehunhu hwakadai mudzidziso yaMaslow uye pfungwa yevanhu vakanyanya kusimukira munharaunda yedu yeRussia. Vasikana BC uye GO maererano neakakosha zviratidzo "kutarisana nenguva" uye "rutsigiro rwemukati", vakaratidza mwero wepamusoro wekuzviita. Ongororo yakaratidza kuti kusimuka uku kwaive nekuda kwezvibodzwa zvavo zvepamusoro pazviyero zve "kuzviremekedza" uye "kuzvigamuchira". Vanotaura pamusoro pekuzviremekedza kwepamusoro, kuzvivimba. Pachiyero che "hunhu hwevanhu", vasikana vane avhareji uye pasi peavhareji. Kazhinji, vane nzvimbo yemukati yekutonga, kugadzikana kwemukati, kukwanisa kurarama mune chaiyo iripo, kusununguka kwemaitiro, kuzvivimba, kuonana kwakanaka, kuzvikudza. Unhu hwose uhwu, hongu, hunogadzira nzvimbo yakanaka yekuzvigadzirisa maererano naA. Maslow, asi munhu anozvigadzirisa ane hukuru hwakakura "B-values" - chido chechokwadi, kunaka, kunaka, kuwirirana, kunzwisisa, nezvimwewo, nezvimwe zvakadaro. (13, peji 110). Aya "aripo" hunhu hwakafanana nehunhu hwedu hwemetacultural muhunhu hwekutanga, mune zviri mukati uye mumidzi yavo yepakutanga muhunhu hwehunhu: «Nheyo dzepamusoro dziripo muhunhu hwemunhu pachahwo uye dzinogona kuwanikwa. ikoko. Izvi zvinopesana nevakuru uye vanozivikanwa maonero ekuti hunhu hwepamusoro hunobva chete kuna Mwari wemweya kana kumwe kunobva kunze kwehunhu hwemunhu pachahwo "(13, p. 170). “…B-tsika ndiyo zvinoreva hupenyu kuvanhu vazhinji; vanhu vanozviita vanozvitsvaga nekushingaira uye vakazvipira kwavari. " (13, peji 110).

Zvakaita sei netsika, kunyanya, tsika dzezvidzidzo zvedu zvinonyatsoitika? Chiyero che "hunhu hwevanhu", sezvatocherechedzwa, chiri pamwero wevasina-chaizvo. Maererano neAcquaintance method (10 maitiro emunhu pachake), vasikana vose vakaratidza humwe hwepamusoro uye pfungwa yehukuru pamusoro pevamwe semaitiro anokosha eunhu hwavo. Vane kubudirira kwepamusoro mudzidzo uye mafungiro akakomba pakudzidza. Kana vapedza kudzidza, vanoda kuenda kumayunivhesiti. Maererano neMini-Cartoon bvunzo, vasikana vane hunhu hwakanaka hwekugona kuzvigadzirisa: zvikero zvine mwero zvakasimudzwa zve9, 6, 8 uye 4. Asi pane imwe nzvimbo munzvimbo yechitatu kushushikana kwakawedzera zvishoma. Kazhinji, kuita kwehupenyu, kuva nechinangwa, kuzviremekedza kwepamusoro, kuva netariro, uye kungoerekana kwaitika. Kuenzanisa: vanhu vane yakaderera self-actualization munzvimbo dzekutanga pachiyero che2,7 uye 1, ndiko kuti, "kuora mwoyo", "kuzvidya mwoyo" uye "hypochondriac tendencies". Kazhinji, bvunzo dzePOI neCAT dzinopa kuwirirana kwakakosha nezvikero uye zvinhu zvebvunzo yeMMPI, pahwaro hwekuti analogue yakaderedzwa yeMini-mult inogadzirwa. Miyero yeCAT "tsigiro", "self-actualization values", "self-actualization values" uye "self-respect" uye "spontaneity" inopindirana zvakanyanya neMMPI chikonzero chekuzvivimba uye kuzvikudza kwepamusoro (9). Panguva imwecheteyo, kuwirirana kwakanyanya kwakashata kweCAT uye POI ine zviyero 2, 7, 0 ("0" - introversion) yeMMPI (9; 21) inowanikwa.

Zvinhu zvose izvi zvinotibvumira kutora mhedziso dzinotevera. POI neCAT bvunzo dzinoonekwa muvadzidzi vechikoro chesekondari hunhu hwehunhu hwekuzvinangisa kwehunhu, uye kusvika padiki - huwandu hwayo hunokosha hwetsika. Nzira idzi hadzitaridzi nhanho yekukura kwehunhu, iyo inofanirwa kusanganisira kunaka kwekuzadzikiswa kwezvinodikanwa zvakakosha, kunaka kwechimiro chechimiro uye dhigirii rekuita kwehutsika huzhinji. Avo. huwandu huzhinji hwebudiriro hunotarirwa nehuwandu hwekubatanidzwa kweharmonic uye kuita kwezvose zvikamu zvezvakasikwa zvemunhu. Izvo zvinodikanwa kugadzira seti yenzira dzekuona nhanho yekukura kwehunhu, iyo padanho redzidziso iri padyo nedanho reMaslow's self-actualization, asi kusiyana naro, rinotosanganisira dhigirii rekuwirirana kweichi chiitiko seyakanyanya. yakakosha chikamu.

Mhedziso yechipiri inoenderana nezera redambudziko. 15-16-makore-vane makore vari padanho rekutanga rekuzviita uye, sezvineiwo, kusawirirana uye kupokana kunomuka mune iyi maitiro. Chimiro chavo chezera chakakosha chido chakasimba chekuzvimirira. Inosangana nekupikisa kune chikamu chevanhu vakuru uye inowanzowedzera kuwedzera, kudzivirirwa, iyo, kunyanya, inoratidzwa mukuwedzera kuduku muyero ye6 yeMini-cartoon test, rigidity, muvadzidzi vakawanda vekusekondari. Zvine musoro, izvi zvinogona zvakare kuve neruzivo sekuzvifunga kune vamwe, sekupokana kwemukati. “Tinotambira zvikuru… kuzvimiririra, asi… kuwandisa kwekutungamira kwemukati kune njodzi nekuti munhu anogona kusave nehanya nekodzero nemanzwiro evamwe vanhu… Anozviita chaiye… ) Izvi ndizvo chaizvo zvinocherechedzwa mune vamwe vadzidzi, kunyanya avo vane chimiro chehunhu chakanakira kuzviitira. Vanoda kuwana zvakawanda, asi ivo "vanonyanya kukwasva ivo pachavo", vachikanganwa kana kuregeredza vamwe. Neizvi vanogadzira nzvimbo yekukonana nevanhu uye matambudziko mukugadzira mhuri, mukuchengetedza hukama hwehukama.

zera kusvika pamwero wakati anotsanangura uye anoruramisa kusawirirana kwakadaro mukukura kwehunhu hwevadzidzi vekusekondari. Vabereki, vadzidzisi uye vadzidzi vane mwero wepamusoro wekuzvigadzirisa vanofanirwa kutarisisa zvakanyanya kukukura kwehunhu hwemunhu.

Data raShostrom rinosimbisa zvinogutsa kurongeka kwemhedzisiro yedu. Kuenzanisa kuita kwemapoka akasiyana ezvidzidzo zvemuAmerica zvakaedzwa pachishandiswa nzira yePOI kunoburitsa mwero wepamusoro wekuzviona mumatsotsi echirume pane vadzidzi vekukoreji! (21). Uye kunyangwe mapoka ese aya asingasviki padanho repamusoro rekuzvigadzirisa, chokwadi chakakosha uye chinotitendera kugumisa kuti bvunzo dzePOI neCAT hadzina hanya nehudyire uye hunhu hunodzivirira kuchengetedza kugadzikana uye kwenguva refu. kuzvigadzirisa. Sezvineiwo, chiyero che "hunhu" chematsotsi chakaderera zvakanyanya pane chevadzidzi. Kune hupenyu hwakazara munzanga, imwe nhanho yekugamuchirwa kwemafomu uye nzira dzekuzvigadzirisa dzinodiwa. Ichi chikamu chinokosha chekuvimbika, kuwirirana kweunhu, chiratidzo chekukura kwayo (22, p. 36). Kugamuchirwa munzanga uye zvisikwa kunowanikwa kwete chete nekuzvigamuchira, asiwo nevamwe, nekushanda kwetsika kwete chete kune micro-society, asiwo kune vanhu vose, zvisikwa zvepanyika, Cosmos.

Kana vadzidzi vane ruzivo rwepamusoro vachida kuzvikoshesa uye vamwe vakaderera, saka vamwe vadzidzi vane ruzivo rwakadzika, pane zvinopesana, vanowanzozvikoshesa ivo pachavo uye vamwe; Muzviitiko zvese izvi, tinoona kusaenzana muhukama. Zvakanyanya kunaka uye zvinopindirana ndezviyero zvakadaro: Ini ndakakosha uye Iwe wakakosha, uye Isu, vanhu, tinokosha. Sezviri pachena, kuenzana kwetsika kwakadaro kunowanikwa zvishoma nezvishoma nezera, apo gaka revadzidzi vechikoro chesekondari pakati pesimba rechishuwo chekutanga cherusununguko, rusununguko uye dhigirii rekuita kwayo mukuzvibata rinokundwa (4,2 uye 2,4) ,XNUMX mapoinzi, zvichiteerana, akatemerwa neshanu-point grading system yeBasic Aspirations methodology). «).

Nokuda kwekukura kwakabatana kweunhu, kukwana kwekuzadzika kwezvinodiwa zvakakosha, uye kutanga kune zvose zvakanaka, zvakakosha. Zvinogoneka kuti nehupamhi hwekuzadzikiswa kwezvido zvekutanga zvekuzviita kwevadzidzi ava, mamiriro epfungwa asina kunaka emamiriro emamiriro ezvinhu anopindira. Asi zvinogona zvakare kufungidzirwa kuti kune imwe avhareji kana kuti yakakwira kupfuura mwero weavhareji yekuzadzikiswa, inova ndiyo yakanyanya kunaka, inowirirana, maererano nekuchengetedza chinangwa kune yakazara, inogoneka kuzviziva kwemunhu. Iyo yekupedzisira yakakosha kune vadzidzi vachiri nezvakawanda zvekuita vari vega (uye kwete nekubhadharira vabereki vavo) kuti vanyatsogutsikana nekuzvimirira kwavo uye nedanho rebudiriro. Asi, sekutaura kwakaita chidhori chevadzidzi vedu vegiredhi regumi Freddie Mercury, "Show inofanira kuenderera mberi." Avo. uye kugutsikana nekuzvigadzirisa kwemunhu hakufaniri kuva kwakanyanya, kana zvisina kudaro mutambo wehupenyu ucharega kunakidza uye kugadzira.

Nyaya inotevera inoratidza kukosha kwekuenzanisa pakati pekutanga neyechipiri adaptive basic zvinodiwa — iyo «yakaderera» uye «yepamusoro» mune Maslow's terminology. Musoro weGM (Giredhi 9) wakawana chido chakasimba chekusimudzira uye chepamusoro-soro chekushandiswa kwayo (zvose 5 pfungwa imwe neimwe muongororo vachishandisa «Basic aspirations» nzira). Panguva imwecheteyo, chishuwo chekutanga chekurarama nekuchengetedza hupenyu chinoratidzwa zvisina simba maari, uye chiyero chekushandiswa kwayo zvakare chakaderera (zvose 2 pfungwa imwe neimwe). Kune zvibodzwa zvakaderera kwazvo, pa1 point, uye pane yechipiri chekutanga chishuwo chekusimba kwehunhu, kuvimba nekuzviremekedza kwepamusoro. Maererano neMini-cartoon test muGM, pakati pepamusoro pepamusoro pechikero ndeye 9 uye 2, "basa rinokosha" uye "kuora mwoyo", izvo zvinoratidza mamiriro ezvinhu aripo emakakatanwa uye kusawirirana kwemukati nguva yekusakendenga uye kuvhiringidzika. GM anotsanangura mamiriro ake ezvinhu neiyi nzira: “Kune kupokanidzana kwakawanda: kukurusa kudada kunonyadzisa uye kunyara. Ndinozvipa mhosva nguva dzose nokuda kwokunyara. Dzimwe nguva ndinonzwa sokuti handisi kurarama sezvandinofanira kuita, asi handizivi kuti ndoita sei. Handinyunyuti nezvevamwe, kunyange zvazvo kazhinji vasingandinzwisisi. Kazhinji unoda kusiya nyika ino, asi zvinotyisa. ... Kurarama hupenyu huzere kunoreva kugarisana newe uye nevaya vakakupoteredza.

Looping GM pamusoro kudada, chido kudzivirira munhu Self ari pachena kubva chokwadi kuti inotungamira peak muna Mini-katuni ndiye chiyero 6 — «kuoma». Kuzadzikiswa kwekudiwa kwekuzvimirira kunotarwa pasi (2 points). Uye ari pakati nepakati. Kuitwa kwekuzvimirira kunodziviswa nekunyara uye, senguva dzose muvechiri kuyaruka, kuvimba nevabereki uye kusanzwisisa, kushaikwa kwekuzivikanwa kwezvinoreva hupenyu hwako. GM - mudzidzi anoita zvakanaka, anochengetedza chikamu chezvinyorwa mumagazini yechikoro, anoverenga mabhuku akaoma.

Pasinei nekushanda-kuzviziva, GM hapana manzwiro ekuzara kwehupenyu, kuwirirana iwe pachako, hapana kunyange kutaurwa chido chekurarama. Zvido zvekutanga zvinodzvinyirirwa. Naizvozvo, kuzviitira wega hakuna kukwana kuti unzwe mufaro uye kuzara kwehupenyu. Nokuda kweizvi, zvinonyanya kukosha, zvishoma pachiyero chepakati, kugutsa zvido zvekutanga uye chido chekusununguka. Hungwaru, kugadzira kuzviziva pasina izvi hakuunzi rugare uye mufaro. Uye mufaro, sezvaidavirwa naN. Roerich, “uchenjeri hunokosha. Mufaro ndiwo utano hwomudzimu” (16). Hazvisi zvese zvinosuruvarisa neGM Ari pachikumbaridzo chekuzvisarudzira chinangwa chehupenyu hwake. Iri idambudziko rekukura, asi kwete kuderera. Ichi ndicho chimiro chake chechinguvana. Izvi zvinoratidzwa nekuvapo kwehupenyu hwehupenyu maererano neMini-cartoon test yezviyero zvakakwana zvesimba - 6 uye 9, izvo zvinogadzira simba ringangove rakakwirira reSelf. Iri simba uye kutaurirana nevanhu vakachenjera zvichamubatsira kubva mukuora mwoyo kwemamiriro ezvinhu.

Kusawirirana kwakafanana pakati pe "panyika" uye "yekudenga" tinoona pakati pevadzidzi vehuzivi paRussian Open University. 19 sophomores vakaongororwa maererano nzira «Lifestyle of the Personality», CAT, etc. Zvakazoitika kuti vadzidzi vemweya mutsara weupenyu (kutaura nyaya dzisingagumi dzehupenyu nerufu, chokwadi chezvakanaka nezvakaipa, zvinoreva. yehupenyu, chimiro cheCosmos, nezvimwewo) inoratidzwa yakasimba zvakanyanya kupfuura yevadzidzi vechikoro chesekondari: avhareji yavo inosvika 3,8 maringe ne2,92 yevana vechikoro zvinoenderana neshanu-magiredhi system. Mutsara wemuviri, unoratidzwa mumabasa ane kunyanya kuita zvemuviri, hauna simba pakati pevazivi: 2,9 inopokana ne3,52 yevadzidzi vekusekondari. Mutsara wechisikigo wehupenyu, unoratidzwa mumabasa ekunze, mukukurukurirana nemasikirwo, wakatoderera pakati pevadzidzi: 2,45 mapoinzi achipokana ne3,4 mapoinzi evana vechikoro. Ongororo yezvinyorwa zvevazhinji vanozivana uye vanhu vane mukurumbira kwakaratidza kuti ese gumi nemaviri mitsara yehupenyu inounzwa muPersonal Lifestyle methodology inodiwa. Sezvineiwo, vanogona kuve nehunhu hwakasiyana, asi, zvisinei, iwe unofanirwa kuterera kune ese aya mitsara (yepfungwa uye yenyama, isina maturo uye yemazuva ese uye yekusingaperi yemweya, yechisikigo uye yakabudirira, yakabatana uye yega, yekugadzira uye tsika, kutaurirana nevakomana vakasiyana. uye kukurukurirana nevanhu vane mitezo mimwe chete yevatano). Kuwanda kwemitsara yehupenyu inofuratirwa, kusaitwa, kunoderedza mwero wekunzwanana kwemararamiro emunhu. Kuregeredza kuongororwa kwakaderera kwekuoma kwekufarira mumhando iyi yebasa uye nguva inoshandiswa pairi (12 kana 2 pfungwa).

Hupenyu hwepamusoro hunoenderana hunoonekwa chete mu26,3% yevazivi, pakati pevadzidzi vekusekondari - mu35,5%. Mudzidzi mumwe chete ndiye akasvika padanho repamusoro-soro rekuzviita. Mudzidzi uyu "anoenderana" kune yakaderera mwero wemararamiro anowirirana, ayo anoratidza yakamanikana nyanzvi munharaunda yekuzvigadzirisa. Aya data anoratidza kuvepo kwekusawirirana pakati pezviitwa zvemweya nezvemuviri zvevazivi, zvinoratidza kusakwana kwedanho rekutaurirana nemasikirwo. Hunhu hwehuzivi kubva mukusaenzana uku hahuwedzere, asi, pane zvinopesana, hunoderera. Sezvakaitika muzviitiko zvakapfuura, tinoona pano chimiro chechidimbu chekuzvigadzirisa uye kuzvisimudzira kwehunhu hwakazara.

Sezvineiwo, maererano naVT Maya naR. Ilardi, vadzidzi veAmerican College of Medicine, avo vanowanzoyera tsika dzechitendero zvakanyanya paValues ​​​​Learning Scales, vane mwero wakaderera wekuzviita. Kuona kuomarara kwetsika uye zvekunamata kunovharisa kuzvibata kwavo, kana kuti haisati yawana nzira dzekuzvibata kwayo. Zvingangodaro, kune zvose zviri zviviri. Maererano naDandis, "dogmatism" inopindirana zvisina kunaka nezvose POI zviyero, asi "liberalism" inopindirana zvakanaka nezvose zviyero zvekuedza kunze kwe "synergy" scale (21). Zvitendero zvakawanda zvinowanzo tungamira kune dzidziso yehunhu, kunyanya pakati pevatsva vanoteera, uye kudzvinyirirwa kwekuda rusununguko uye kutamba kwehunhu hwekuzviita. Uye, sezvataona pamusoro, zvemweya uye zvetsika tsika dzega hazvina kukwana pakukura kwakabatana kwehunhu, kune kubatanidzwa kwekuzviita. Hapana hukama hwakananga pakati pechinhanho chekubudirira uye mwero wekuwirirana munzira yehupenyu. Chidzidzo EM, giredhi 11, mudzidzi akanakisa, achipinda muFaculty of Chemistry yeMoscow State University. Akaratidza mwero wakaderera zvikuru wekuwirirana mumararamiro ake. Uye zvinopesana, vanobudirira vepakati vanowanzo ratidza huwandu hwepamusoro hwehupenyu hunoenderana.

Kupfupisa

  1. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, huwandu hwepamusoro hwekuzvigadzirisa hunoyerwa nePOI neCAT nzira inongova chikamu chekuzvigadzirisa uye haigoni kushanda sechiratidzo chekukura kwese kwemunhu. Iyi mhedziso haishande kuvadzidzi vekusekondari chete, asiwo kune vakuru. Idzi nzira mbiri dzinoyera kugona kwehunhu hwemunhu, izvo zvinonyanya kufarirwa nekuzvigadzirisa, asi kwete iyo yakakosha sisitimu yekutsunga kwayo kwemukati.
  2. Iyo hypothesis inosimbiswa kuti kukudziridzwa kwehunhu kunofanira kunyanya kutariswa pakuwana nzira inowirirana yekuzviita, uye kwete pakuwana budiriro huru mukuzadzikiswa kwekwainoenda. Zvikasadaro, kubudirira kwepamusoro hakuunzi kugutsikana, rugare rwemukati uye mufaro.
  3. Zvikonzero zvekusagutsikana kwevadzidzi vanonyatsoitika kusawirirana kwakakomba mukusikwa kwavo, kwekutanga kugona kwavo, mune chimwe kana zvimwe zvezvikamu zvayo, uye kuzviona kwakaringana. Kusawirirana kwekunze kwehunhu kunogadzirwa nemukati.
  4. Mamiriro uye chiyero chekubatana kwechisikigo kugona kwemunhu ndicho chinotemerwa chikuru chehuzhinji hwemagariro netsika uye maitiro emunhu.
  5. Harmonious self-actualization zvinosanganisira: kuwirirana kwechimiro cheunhu muchimiro chekubatanidzwa kwezvinokwanisa zvemukati, kugadzwa kweakawanda akanyanya chiyero mukati mechimwe nechimwe chezvikamu zvitatu zvehunhu hwekutanga uye pakati pezvikamu izvi; kuwirirana mupfungwa muchimiro chezvimiro zvepfungwa zvinonyanya kunaka uye chimiro chepfungwa chehupenyu; kuwirirana kwayo kwemaitiro muchimiro chekushanda kwakanyanya kwakaringana - mari inonzwisisika yezviwanikwa zvesimba, simba rine mwero rechishuwo, kuchengetedza chinhu chemutambo mukuzviita, chiyero chemhando dzakasiyana dzezviitiko, nezvimwe.
  6. Zvichienderana nekanoni yechikamu chegoridhe, tinogona kufunga nezve inowirirana mamiriro kana zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zvemukati nekunze hukama hwehunhu hwakanyatso kuenzana, uye chimwe chetatu chisina kuenzana. Izvo zvakafanana, sezviri pachena, zvine chekuita nereshiyo yezvakanaka uye zvisina kunaka zviitiko mukuzvigadzirisa, uye maitiro ekushanda. Hunhu hwakadzikama loci hunonyatso dynamize maitiro ebudiriro. Panguva imwecheteyo, munhu anofanirwa kufunga nezve kudiwa kwakakosha kwekuenderana kweiyo adaptively inonyanya kukosha nguva yekugona kwekutanga kwemunhu: zvekutanga zvishuvo zvekutanga, tsika dzetsika tsika uye chiyero muchimiro chechimiro che subneurotic uye anowanzo kuratidzwa hunhu. .
  7. Mafungiro eAmerica anoratidzirwa nemaitiro ekuzviita-chaiwo kune budiriro yepamusoro-soro munzvimbo inokwikwidza yemagariro, kune anokunda hunhu, kune yekutanga, kugona kubvuma zvakakwana zvinonetsa zvezvakatipoteredza. "Kuona kwakashata kwenharaunda yedu kumusika kunoita kuti kuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvakanyanya" (21, p. 35).
  8. Mafungiro echiRussia anotarisa kusimudzira zvakanyanya pane zvinodikanwa zvehutongi hwehudzvanyiriri, paavhareji kuratidzwa uye, kune rumwe rutivi, pakururamisira uye nehana (iyo yekupedzisira, zvinosuruvarisa, inongokanakira vazhinji). Hapana kana imwe kana mamwe mafungiro uye nzanga zvinopa muitiro wekuzvibata.
  9. Chiyero chekunzwanana mukukura kwehunhu hunogona kuverengerwa nereshiyo yenhamba yezviyero zvakakwana uye zvisina-optimal zviyero muhwaro hwechisikigo uye muI-zvinogona zvemunhu. Kudimikira Maslow, isu tinogadzira chirevo chitsva: "Munhu anofanira kuwirirana sezvaanogona."

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