Utano hwepfungwa sechinhu chinoshanduka chehunhu

Zvakakoshawo kuti isu tishandise pfungwa chaiyo yepfungwa (uye kwete yemweya, yemunhu, yepfungwa, nezvimwewo) hutano. Tinobvumirana nevanyori vanotenda kuti kusabatanidzwa kwechirevo che "mweya" kubva mumutauro wesainzi yepfungwa kunotadzisa kunzwisisa kuvimbika kwehupenyu hwepfungwa hwemunhu, uye vanoireva mumabasa avo (BS Bratus, FE Vasilyuk, VP Zinchenko. , TA Florenskaya nevamwe). Ndiwo mamiriro emweya senyika yemukati memunhu inova chiratidzo uye mamiriro ekugona kwake kudzivirira uye kukunda mhirizhonga yekunze neyemukati, kukudziridza hunhu uye kuzviratidza mumhando dzakasiyana dzetsika.

Maitiro edu ekunzwisisa hutano hwepfungwa akati siyanei neanoratidzwa mumabhuku epfungwa. Sezvo mutemo, vanyori vanonyora pamusoro pechinyorwa ichi vanonyora izvo hunhu hunhu hunomubatsira kutsungirira matambudziko ehupenyu uye ruzivo rwekuzvibata zvakanaka.

Rimwe remabasa akazvipira kune dambudziko iri raive bhuku raM. Yagoda "Mazano emazuva ano ehutano hwakanaka hwepfungwa" [21]. Yagoda yakarongedza maitiro akashandiswa muWestern science mabhuku kurondedzera munhu ane hutano hwepfungwa, maererano nemapfumbamwe maitiro makuru: 1) kusavapo kwehutano hwepfungwa; 2) zvakajairika; 3) nyika dzakasiyana-siyana dzehutano hwepfungwa (somuenzaniso, "mufaro"); 4) kuzvimiririra kwega; 5) unyanzvi mukupesvedzera zvakatipoteredza; 6) "zvakarurama" maonero echokwadi; 7) mamwe maitiro kune iwe pachako; 8) kukura, kukura uye kuzvigadzirisa; 9) kuvimbika kwemunhu. Panguva imwecheteyo, akasimbisa kuti semantic yezvinyorwa zve "hutano hwepfungwa hwakanaka" zvinoenderana nechinangwa icho uyo anoishandisa anotarisana nacho.

Yagoda pachake akatumidza zviratidzo zvishanu zvevanhu vane utano hwepfungwa: kukwanisa kutarisira nguva yako; kuvapo kwehukama hunokosha hwemagariro kwavari; kukwanisa kushanda zvakanaka nevamwe; kuzviongorora kwepamusoro; basa rakarongeka. Kudzidza vanhu vakarasikirwa nemabasa, Yagoda akawana kuti vanosangana nemamiriro ekushushikana kwepfungwa chaizvo nekuti vanorasikirwa neakawanda ehunhu uhu, uye kwete nekuti ivo vanorasikirwa nehupenyu hwavo.

Tinowana mazita akafanana ezviratidzo zvehutano hwepfungwa mumabasa evanyori vakasiyana-siyana. Muchirevo cheG. Allport pane kuongorora kwekusiyana pakati pehutano hwakanaka uye neurotic. Unhu hune hutano, maererano neAllport, hune vavariro dzinokonzerwa kwete nezvakaitika kare, asi nezvino, kuziva uye zvakasiyana. Allport akadana munhu akadaro akakura uye akasanangura zvinhu zvitanhatu zvinomuratidzira: "kuwedzera kwekunzwa", izvo zvinoreva kutora chikamu kwechokwadi munzvimbo dzekuita dzakakosha kwaari; kudziya muhukama kune vamwe, kugona kunzwira tsitsi, rudo rwakadzama uye ushamwari; kuchengeteka mupfungwa, kukwanisa kubvuma uye kurarama nezviitiko zvavo, kushungurudzika kushivirira; maonero echokwadi ezvinhu, vanhu uye mamiriro ezvinhu, kukwanisa kunyura mubasa uye kukwanisa kugadzirisa matambudziko; kuzviziva kwakanaka uye pfungwa yakabatana yekuseka; kuvapo kwe "humwe huzivi hwehupenyu", pfungwa yakajeka yechinangwa chehupenyu hwemunhu semunhu akasiyana uye mabasa anoenderana [14, p. 335-351].

Kuna A. Maslow, munhu ane pfungwa dzakasimba ndeuyo akaona kudikanwa kwekuzviita kwega kwega kwega. Heano maitiro aanoti kune vanhu vakadaro: maonero anobudirira echokwadi; kuvhurika kune ruzivo; kuvimbika kwemunhu; spontaneity; kuzvimiririra, kuzvimirira; creativity; Democratic character structure, etc. Maslow anotenda kuti chinonyanya kukosha hunhu hwekuzviita vanhu ndehwekuti vese vanobatikana mune rimwe rudzi rwebhizimusi rinovakoshera zvikuru, rinoumba basa ravo. Chimwe chiratidzo chehunhu hune hutano Maslow anoisa mumusoro wechinyorwa "Hutano senzira yekubuda nharaunda", paanoti: "Tinofanirwa kutora nhanho kuenda ... iyo, kukwanisa kuipikisa, kuirwisa, kuiregeredza kana kufuratira, kuisiya kana kujairana nayo [22, p. 2]. Maslow anotsanangura kuparadzaniswa kwemukati kubva mutsika yekuzvigadzirisa hunhu nekuti tsika yakapoteredza, sekutonga, ine hutano hushoma pane hutano hwakanaka [11, p. 248].

A. Ellis, munyori wemuenzaniso werational-emotional behaviour psychotherapy, anoisa mberi muitiro unotevera woutano hwendangariro: kuremekedza fariro dzomunhu amene; social interest; self management; kushivirira kwakanyanya kwekuvhiringidzika; flexibility; kugamuchirwa kwekusava nechokwadi; kuzvipira kumabasa ekugadzira; kufunga kwesainzi; kuzvigamuchira; riskiness; kunonoka hedonism; dystopianism; mutoro wekunetseka kwavo mupfungwa [17, p. 38-40].

Zvikamu zvakaratidzwa zvehunhu hwemunhu ane hutano hwepfungwa (sevamwe vazhinji vasina kutaurwa pano, kusanganisira avo varipo mumabasa enyanzvi dzepfungwa dzemumba) anoratidza mabasa anogadziriswa nevanyori vawo: kuziva zvikonzero zvekushushikana kwepfungwa, nheyo dzedzidziso uye kurudziro inoshanda yepfungwa. rubatsiro kuvagari venyika dzakabudirira dzokuMadokero . Zviratidzo zvinosanganisirwa mumazita akadai zvine hunhu hwemagariro netsika. Vanobvumira kuchengetedza hutano hwepfungwa kumunhu wemazuva ano tsika dzekuMadokero, zvichibva pahunhu hwePurotesitendi (chiito, kufunga, kuzvimiririra, mutoro, kushingaira, kubudirira), uye uyo akatora tsika dzeEuropean humanistic tsika (the kuzvikoshesa kwemunhu, kodzero yake yekufara, rusununguko, kukura, kugadzira). Tinogona kubvuma kuti kungoerekana, kusarudzika, kutaura, kusika, kuzvimiririra, kugona kushamwaridzana kwepamoyo uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakanakisa zvinoratidzira munhu ane hutano hwepfungwa mumamiriro ezvinhu echimanjemanje tsika. Asi zvinokwanisika here kutaura, somuenzaniso, kuti apo kuzvininipisa, kunyatsoteerera mitemo yetsika uye tsika, kuomerera kune tsika dzechinyakare uye kuteerera kusingaverengeki kune chiremera kwaionekwa seunhu hukuru, runyoro rwemaitiro emunhu ane hutano hwepfungwa huchafanana. ? Zviri pachena kuti kwete.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti tsika anthropologists vaiwanzozvibvunza kuti ndezvipi zviratidzo uye mamiriro ezvinhu pakuumbwa kwemunhu ane hutano hwepfungwa mutsika dzechinyakare. M. Mead akafarira izvi uye akapa mhinduro yake mubhuku rinonzi Growing Up in Samoa. Akaratidza kuti kusavapo kwekunetseka mupfungwa kwakanyanya pakati pevagari vechitsuwa ichi, vakachengetedza kusvika kuma1920. zviratidzo zvemararamiro echinyakare, nekuda, kunyanya, kune kukosha kwakaderera kwavari kwehunhu hwevamwe vanhu vese uye yavo. Tsika dzevaSamoa dzakanga dzisingadzidzisi kuenzanisa vanhu kune mumwe nomumwe, yakanga isiri tsika yokuongorora vavariro dzomufambiro, uye kubatanidzwa kwakasimba kwemirangariro uye zviratidzo zvakanga zvisingakurudzirwi. Mead akaona chikonzero chikuru chehuwandu hwemaneuroses mutsika dzeEurope (kusanganisira yekuAmerica) muchokwadi chekuti inosarudzika zvakanyanya, manzwiro kune vamwe vanhu anofananidzwa uye akazara mupfungwa [12, p. 142-171].

Ndinofanira kutaura kuti vamwe vezvepfungwa vakaziva kugona kwemhando dzakasiyana dzekuchengetedza hutano hwepfungwa. Saka, E. Fromm inobatanidza kuchengetedzwa kwehutano hwepfungwa hwemunhu nekukwanisa kuwana kugutsikana kwehuwandu hwezvinodiwa: muhukama hwehukama nevanhu; mukugadzira; mumidzi; in identity; mukutungamira kwehungwaru uye hurongwa hwemavara emanzwiro ehunhu. Anotaura kuti tsika dzakasiyana dzinopa nzira dzakasiyana dzekuzadzisa izvi zvinodiwa. Saka, munhu wedzinza rekare aigona kuratidza kuzivikanwa kwake nokungova wedzinza; muMiddle Ages, munhu wacho aizivikanwa nebasa rake remagariro muhutungamiri hwemafeudal [20, p. 151-164].

K. Horney akaratidza kufarira kwakakura muchinetso chekugadzirisa tsika dzezviratidzo zvehutano hwepfungwa. Zvinotora mucherechedzo unozivikanwa uye unonyatso hwaro hwechokwadi netsika anthropologists kuti kuongororwa kwemunhu seane hutano hwepfungwa kana husina hutano kunoenderana nezviyero zvinogamuchirwa mune imwe tsika kana imwe: maitiro, pfungwa uye manzwiro anoonekwa seakajairika mune imwe. tsika dzinoonekwa sechiratidzo chechirwere mune imwe. Zvakadaro, tinowana kuyedza kwakakosha kwaHorney kutsvaga zviratidzo zvehutano hwepfungwa kana hutano husina kunaka huri pasi rose mutsika nemagariro. Anoratidza zviratidzo zvitatu zvekurasikirwa kwehutano hwepfungwa: kuoma kwekupindura (kunonzwisiswa sekushayikwa kwekushanduka mukupindura kune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu); musiyano uripo pakati pezvinogona kuitwa nevanhu nekushandiswa kwavo; kuvapo kwekuzvidya mwoyo kwemukati uye maitiro ekudzivirira kwepfungwa. Uyezve, tsika pachayo inogona kutsanangura maitiro chaiwo uye maitiro anoita kuti munhu awedzere kuoma, asingabereki, azvidye mwoyo. Panguva imwecheteyo, inotsigira munhu, ichisimbisa maitiro aya ehunhu nemafungiro sezvinowanzogamuchirwa uye ichimupa nzira dzekubvisa kutya [16, p. 21].

Mumabasa aK.-G. Jung, tinowana tsananguro yenzira mbiri dzekuwana hutano hwepfungwa. Yekutanga inzira yekuzvimiririra, iyo inofungidzira kuti munhu anozvimiririra anoita basa repamusoro, anotsunga kunyura mukati memweya wake uye nekubatanidza zviitiko zvechokwadi kubva munharaunda yekusaziva kwakaungana nemafungiro ake ekuziva. Yechipiri ndiyo nzira yekuzviisa pasi pezvibvumirano: marudzi akasiyana-siyana emasangano evanhu - tsika, magariro, zvematongerwo enyika, zvechitendero. Jung akasimbisa kuti kuteerera kokorodzano kwakanga kuri kwomuzvarirwo kunzanga umo upenyu hweboka hunokurira, uye kuzvidzora kwomunhu mumwe nomumwe somunhu oga hakukudziridzirwi. Sezvo nzira yekuzvimiririra yakaoma uye inopesana, vanhu vazhinji vachiri kusarudza nzira yekuteerera kune magungano. Zvisinei, mumamiriro ezvinhu emazuva ano, kutevera stereotypes yemagariro kunotakura njodzi inogona kuitika kune imwe nyika yemukati memunhu uye nekukwanisa kwake kugadzirisa [18; gumi nepfumbamwe].

Saka, takaona kuti mumabasa iwayo apo vanyori vanofunga nezvekusiyana-siyana kwemaitiro emagariro, maitiro ehutano hwepfungwa anowanikwa zvakanyanya kupfuura apo chirevo ichi chinotorwa kubva mumabhuraketi.

Ndeipi pfungwa huru yaizoita kuti zvikwanisike kufunga nezve pesvedzero yetsika pahutano hwepfungwa hwemunhu? Tichipindura mubvunzo uyu, isu, tichitevera K. Horney, takaedza kutanga tawana nzira dzakawanda dzehutano hwepfungwa. Mushure mekuona maitiro aya, zvinokwanisika kuongorora kuti sei (nekuda kwezvipi zvepfungwa uye nekuda kwemhando dzetsika dzemaitiro) munhu anogona kuchengetedza hutano hwake hwepfungwa mumamiriro emarudzi akasiyana, kusanganisira tsika dzemazuva ano. Mimwe mibairo yebasa redu munzira iyi yakaratidzwa kare [3; 4; 5; 6; 7 nevamwe]. Pano tichavagadzira muchidimbu.

Pfungwa yehutano hwepfungwa yatinopa yakavakirwa pakunzwisisa kwemunhu seyakaomesesa yekuzvivandudza sisitimu, izvo zvinoreva chishuvo chake chezvimwe zvinangwa uye kuchinjika kumamiriro ezvakatipoteredza (kusanganisira kudyidzana nenyika yekunze uye kuita kwemukati-yega- mutemo).

Tinobvuma maitiro mana akazara, kana zviratidzo zvehutano hwepfungwa: 1) kuvapo kwezvinangwa zvehupenyu hune chinangwa; 2) kukwana kwezviitiko kune zvinodiwa zvemagariro uye nharaunda yakasikwa; 3) ruzivo rwe subjective kugara zvakanaka; 4) kufungidzira kwakanaka.

Chiyero chekutanga - kuvapo kwezvinangwa-zvinoumba hupenyu - hunoratidza kuti kuchengetedza hutano hwepfungwa hwemunhu, zvakakosha kuti zvinangwa zvinotungamira basa rake zvine zvazvinoreva kwaari, zvine zvazvinoreva. Muchiitiko kana zvasvika pakupona kwenyama, zviito zvine chirevo chebhayoloji zvinowana kukosha kwekuzvimiririra. Asi zvisinganyanyi kukosha kune munhu chiitiko chekuzvimiririra chezvinoreva zvega zvebasa rake. Kurasikirwa kwezvinoreva upenyu, sezvinoratidzwa mumabasa aV. Frankl, kunotungamirira kumamiriro ezvinhu ehupenyu hwekuvhiringidzika uye logoneurosis.

Chechipiri chiyero ndechekukwana kwechiitiko kune zvinodiwa zvemagariro nemagariro uye nharaunda yakasikwa. Kunobva pakudikanwa kwokuti munhu agadzirise kumugariro womuzvarirwo uye womunzanga woupenyu. Maitiro emunhu ane hutano hwepfungwa kumamiriro ehupenyu akakwana, ndiko kuti, vanochengeta hunhu (hwakarongedzerwa uye hunobudirira) uye hunoenderana nehupenyu uye hwemagariro [13, p. 297].

Chiyero chechitatu chiitiko chekuzvibata zvakanaka. Ichi chimiro chekubatana kwemukati, chinotsanangurwa nevazivi vekare, Democritus akadana "chimiro chakanaka chepfungwa." Mupfungwa yemazuva ano, inowanzonzi mufaro (kugara zvakanaka). Iyo inopesana inoonekwa sekusawirirana kwemukati kunokonzerwa nekusaenderana kwezvishuwo, kugona uye kubudirira kwemunhu.

Pachiyero chechina - kufungidzira kwakanaka - tichagara mune zvakadzama, sezvo ichi chiratidzo chehutano hwepfungwa hachina kuwana kuvharwa kwakakwana mumabhuku. Inoratidza kugona kwemunhu kuchengetedza kukwana kwekuita uye ruzivo rwekuzvibata zvakanaka mune yakafara nguva maonero. Ichi chiyero chinoita kuti zvikwanise kusiyanisa kubva kune zvechokwadi zvibereko zvisarudzo izvo zvinopa mamiriro anogutsa emunhu panguva ino, asi azere nemhedzisiro yakaipa mune ramangwana. Analogue ndiyo "kukurudzira" kwemuviri nerubatsiro rwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzinokurudzira. Kuwedzera kwemamiriro ezvinhu mukuita kunogona kukonzera kuwedzera kwemaitiro ekushanda uye kugara zvakanaka. Zvisinei, mune ramangwana, kupera kwehutano hwemuviri hakudzivisiki uye, semugumisiro, kuderera kwekupikisa zvinhu zvinokuvadza uye kuora kwehutano. Chiyero chekufungidzira kwakanaka kunoita kuti zvikwanise kunzwisisa kuongororwa kwakashata kwebasa rezvidziviriro maitiro mukuenzanisa nemaitiro ekugadzirisa maitiro. Nzira dzekudzivirira dzine njodzi nekuti dzinogadzira kugara zvakanaka kuburikidza nekuzvinyengedza. Inogona kuva yakakosha kana ichidzivirira psyche kubva kune zvakanyanya kurwadza zvakaitika, asi inogonawo kukuvadza kana ikavhara tarisiro yekuwedzera kuzere kuzere kumunhu.

Utano hwepfungwa mukududzira kwedu chimiro chedimensional. Ndiko kuti, isu tinogona kutaura nezve imwe kana imwe nhanho yehutano hwepfungwa pane inoenderera kubva kuhutano hwakakwana kusvika pakurasikirwa kwayo kwakakwana. Chiyero chese chehutano hwepfungwa chinotarirwa nehuwandu hwechimwe nechimwe chezviratidzo zviri pamusoro. Dzinogona kunge dzakawanda kana kushoma kuenderana. Muenzaniso wekusawirirana ndeyezviitiko apo munhu anoratidza kukwana mukuzvibata, asi panguva imwechete anosangana nekukakavadzana kwakadzika kwemukati.

Iwo akarongwa maitiro ehutano hwepfungwa, semaonero edu, epasi rose. Vanhu vanogara mutsika dzakasiyana-siyana, kuti vachengetedze hutano hwavo hwepfungwa, vanofanirwa kuve nezvinangwa zvehupenyu hune chinangwa, kuita zvakaringana kune zvinodiwa nemamiriro ekunze uye emagariro netsika, kuchengetedza mamiriro emukati memukati, uye nekufunga kwenguva refu- temu maonero. Asi panguva imwecheteyo, iyo chaiyo yetsika dzakasiyana inosanganisira, kunyanya, mukusikwa kwemamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo kuitira kuti vanhu vanogara mairi vagone kuita izvi. Tinogona kusiyanisa marudzi maviri etsika nemamiriro ezvinhu: idzo umo pfungwa, manzwiro uye zviito zvevanhu zvinodzorwa netsika, uye izvo izvo zvakanyanya mhedzisiro yehungwaru hwemunhu, manzwiro uye muviri.

Mune tsika dzerudzi rwekutanga (pamwe chete "tsika"), munhu kubva pakuzvarwa akagamuchira chirongwa chehupenyu hwake hwese. Zvaisanganisira zvinangwa zvinoenderana nemagariro ake, murume kana mukadzi, zera; mitemo inodzora ukama hwake nevanhu; nzira dzekugadzirisa kumamiriro echisikigo; pfungwa pamusoro pekuti kugara zvakanaka kwepfungwa kunofanira kunge kuri sei uye kuti kungaitwa sei. Mitemo yetsika yakarongeka pakati pavo, yakabvumirwa nechitendero uye masangano emagariro evanhu, akaruramiswa mupfungwa. Kuvateerera kwakavimbisa kukwanisa kwomunhu kuchengeta utano hwake hwendangariro.

Mamiriro akasiyana zvakanyanya anokura munharaunda umo pesvedzero yezvimiro zvinotonga zvemukati menyika uye maitiro emunhu akadzikisirwa zvakanyanya. E. Durkheim akatsanangura mamiriro akaita nzanga seanomie uye akaratidza ngozi yawo kune kugara zvakanaka uye maitiro evanhu. Mumabasa enyanzvi dzemagariro ehafu yechipiri yechiXNUMX uye gumi yekutanga yechiXNUMX! in. (O. Toffler, Z. Beck, E. Bauman, P. Sztompka, etc.) inoratidzwa kuti kuchinja kwekukurumidza kunoitika muupenyu hwemazuva ano munhu wekuMadokero, kuwedzera kwekusava nechokwadi uye njodzi dzinoita kuti matambudziko awedzere. kuzvizivisa uye kugadzirisa kwemunhu, izvo zvinoratidzwa mune zvakaitika "kuvhunduka kubva mune ramangwana", "kushungurudzika kwetsika" uye zvakafanana zvisina kunaka nyika.

Zviripachena kuti kuchengetedzwa kwehutano hwepfungwa mumamiriro enzanga yemazuva ano kunoreva nzira yakasiyana pane yemagariro evanhu: kwete kuteerera kune "magungano" (K.-G. Jung), asi inoshanda, yakazvimiririra yekugadzira mhinduro yehuwandu hwehuwandu. matambudziko. Isu takasarudza mabasa aya se psychohygienic.

Pakati pemabasa akawanda e-psychohygienic, tinosiyanisa marudzi matatu: kushandiswa kwechinangwa-kugadzirisa uye zviito zvinotarisirwa kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvakakosha; kuenderana netsika, magariro uye zvisikwa; kuzvidzora.

Muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, matambudziko aya anogadziriswa, sekutonga, kwete-reflexively. Kunyanya kutarisisa kwavari kunodiwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma akadai se "zviitiko zvehupenyu zvakakosha" zvinoda kugadziriswa kwehukama hwemunhu nenyika yekunze. Muzviitiko izvi, basa remukati rinodiwa kugadzirisa zvinangwa zvehupenyu; optimization yekudyidzana nemagariro, magariro uye zvakasikwa nharaunda; kuwedzera mwero wekuzvidzora.

Iko kugona kwemunhu kugadzirisa matambudziko aya uye nekudaro kukurira zviitiko zvakakosha zvehupenyu izvo, kune rumwe rutivi, chiratidzo, uye, kune rumwe rutivi, mamiriro ekuchengetedza nekusimbisa hutano hwepfungwa.

Mhinduro yeimwe neimwe yematambudziko aya inosanganisira kugadzira uye kugadzirisa mamwe matambudziko akanyanya. Saka, kururamisa kwechinangwa-kumisikidza kwakabatana nekuzivikanwa kwechokwadi madhiraivha, zvido uye kugona kwemunhu; nekuziva kweiyo subjective hierarchy yezvinangwa; nekugadzwa kwezvinhu zvinokosha muupenyu; nekuona kuri kure kana kushoma. Munzanga yemazuva ano, mamiriro ezvinhu akawanda anoomesa maitiro aya. Saka, zvinotarisirwa nevamwe uye kufunga nezvemukurumbira zvinowanzotadzisa munhu kuona zvishuwo zvake zvechokwadi uye zvaanogona. Shanduko mumamiriro emagariro netsika inoda kuti ave anochinjika, avhurike kuzvinhu zvitsva pakusarudza zvinangwa zvehupenyu hwake. Pakupedzisira, mamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo ehupenyu haawanzopa munhu mukana wekuziva zvishuvo zvake zvemukati. Iyo yekupedzisira inonyanya kuratidza nzanga dzine urombo, umo munhu anomanikidzwa kurwisa kuti ararame.

Optimization yekudyidzana nemhoteredzo (yakasikwa, yemagariro, yemweya) inogona kuitika sese shanduko inoshanda yekunze kwenyika, uye sekufamba kwekuziva kune imwe nharaunda (kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, magariro, ethno-tsika nharaunda, nezvimwewo). Chiito chinobudirira chekushandura chokwadi chekunze chinoda maitiro akagadziridzwa epfungwa, kunyanya enjere, pamwe neruzivo rwakakodzera, hunyanzvi uye kugona. Ivo vanosikwa mukuita kwekuunganidza ruzivo rwekudyidzana nenzvimbo yechisikigo uye yemagariro-tsika, uye izvi zvinoitika munhoroondo yevanhu uye muhupenyu hwemunhu wega wega.

Kuti uwedzere chiyero chekuzvitonga, kuwedzera kune unyanzvi hwepfungwa, kukura kwehutano hwepfungwa, intuition, ruzivo uye kunzwisisa kwemaitiro ekugadzirisa kwepfungwa, unyanzvi uye unyanzvi hwekushanda navo hunodiwa.

Ndeapi mamiriro ezvinhu anogona kugadzirisa matambudziko akanyorwa epsychohygienic angabudirira? Takazvigadzira muchimiro chemisimboti yekuchengetedza hutano hwepfungwa. Aya ndiwo misimboti yechinangwa; kuda kune hutano; kuvaka panhaka yetsika.

Yokutanga ndiyo musimboti wechinangwa. Chinokosha ndechekuti sarudzo dzinoitwa dzichabudirira kana dzichienderana nemamiriro chaiwo ezvinhu, kusanganisira zvinhu chaizvo zvemunhu pachake, vanhu vaanosangana navo, mamiriro ezvinhu evanhu uye, pakupedzisira, maitiro akadzama ehupo. yenzanga yevanhu uye nemunhu mumwe nemumwe.

Chechipiri musimboti, kucherechedzwa kwechinodiwa chekugadzirisa kwakabudirira kwezvinetso zvepfungwa, ndiko kuda kune hutano. Iyi nheyo inoreva kuziva hutano soukoshi hunofanira kuitwa.

Chechitatu chinonyanya kukosha chekusimbisa hutano hwepfungwa ndiyo nheyo yekuvimba netsika dzetsika. Mukuita kwekuvandudzwa kwetsika uye nhoroondo, vanhu vakaunganidza ruzivo rwakakura mukugadzirisa matambudziko ekugadzirisa chinangwa, kugadzirisa uye kuzvidzora. Mubvunzo wekuti yakachengetwa mumhando dzipi uye ndedzipi nzira dzepfungwa dzinoita kuti zvikwanise kushandisa hupfumi uhwu hwakaonekwa mumabasa edu [4; 6; 7 nevamwe].

Ndiani mutakuri wehutano hwepfungwa? Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro apa, vatsvakurudzi vechiitiko ichi chepfungwa vanosarudza kunyora nezvehutano hwehutano. Zvichakadaro, semaonero edu, zvinonyanya kubatsira kufunga munhu semunhu semutakuri wehutano hwepfungwa.

Pfungwa yeunhu ine dudziro dzakawanda, asi kutanga kune zvese zvinosanganiswa nekutsunga kwevanhu uye kuratidzwa kwemunhu. Pfungwa yekuzvimiririra inewo kududzira kwakasiyana. Kuzvimiririra kunoonekwa sekusiyana kwemaitiro echisikigo, kusanganiswa kwakasiyana kwezvinhu zvepfungwa uye hukama hwemagariro, chiitiko pakuona nzvimbo yehupenyu hwemunhu, etc. Kunyanya kukosha pakudzidza kwehutano hwepfungwa ndiko, semaonero edu, dudziro yemunhu mumwechete pfungwa BG Ananiev. Kuzvimiririra kunoonekwa pano semunhu akakosha ane nyika yake yemukati, iyo inodzora kudyidzana kwese zvigadziriso zvemunhu uye hukama hwake neakasikwa uye nharaunda nharaunda. Kududzirwa kwakadaro kwemunhu oga kunoswededza pedyo nemafungiro echidzidzo uye hunhu, sezvavanodudzirwa nenyanzvi dzepfungwa dzechikoro cheMoscow - AV Brushlinsky, KA Abulkhanova, LI Antsyferova nevamwe. chidzidzo achishingairira kuita uye kushandura hupenyu hwake, asi mukuzara kwehunhu hwake hwehupenyu, ruzivo rwakakwana, hunyanzvi hwakaumbwa, mabasa emagariro. “... Munhu mumwechete somunhu anogona kungonzwisiswa sekubatana uye kubatana kwehunhu hwake sehunhu uye chidzidzo chebasa, muchimiro icho hunhu hwemunhu senge hunoshanda. Mune mamwe mazwi, hunhu hwemunhu hunogona kunzwisiswa chete pasi pemamiriro akakwana ehunhu hwemunhu" [1, p. 334]. Kunzwisisa uku kwemunhu ega kunoratidzika kunge kunonyanya kubatsira kwete kungotsvagisa zvedzidzo chete, asiwo kune zviitiko zvinoshanda, chinangwa chiri kubatsira vanhu chaivo kuwana zvavanogona, kutanga hukama hwakanaka nenyika, uye kuwana kuwirirana kwemukati.

Zviripachena kuti zvivakwa zvakasarudzika kumunhu wega wega, hunhu uye musoro wechiitiko zvinogadzira chaiwo mamiriro uye zvinodikanwa zvekugadzirisa iyo psychohygienic mabasa akanyorwa pamusoro.

Saka, somuenzaniso, zvinhu zvebiochemistry yeuropi, iyo inoratidza munhu semunhu, inokanganisa maitiro ake emanzwiro. Basa rekugadzirisa mamiriro emanzwiro emunhu richave rakasiyana kune munhu ane mahormone anopa mamiriro epamusoro, kubva kune anofarirwa nemahomoni kusvika mukushungurudzika. Uye zvakare, biochemical agents mumuviri vanokwanisa kukwidziridza madhiraivha, kukurudzira kana kumisa maitiro epfungwa anosanganisirwa mukugadzirisa uye kuzvidzora.

Hunhu mukududzirwa kwaAnaniev, kutanga kune zvese, mubatanidzwa muhupenyu hweveruzhinji; inotarwa nemabasa emagariro uye kukosha kwemaitiro zvinoenderana neaya mabasa. Hunhu uhwu hunogadzira zvinodikanwa kuti zviwedzere kana kushoma kujairana nemagariro emagariro.

Kuziva (sekuratidzwa kwechinangwa chaicho) uye basa (sekuchinja kwechokwadi), pamwe chete nezivo inowirirana uye unyanzvi hunoratidza, maererano naAnaniev, munhu sechidzidzo chebasa [2, c.147]. Zviripachena kuti zvinhu izvi zvakakosha pakuchengetedza nekusimbisa hutano hwepfungwa. Havangotibvumira kuti tinzwisise zvikonzero zvezvinetso zvakamuka, asiwo kutsvaga nzira dzekuzvikunda.

Cherechedza, zvisinei, kuti Ananiev akanyora nezvemunhu oga kwete chete sehutano hwehutano, asi akaitumidza kuti inokosha, yechina, chikamu chemunhu - nyika yake yemukati, kusanganisira mifananidzo yakarongeka uye pfungwa, kuzvidzora kwemunhu, hurongwa hwemunhu. value orientations. Kusiyana nezvikamu zvemunhu, hunhu uye chidzidzo chebasa "rakavhurika" kune nyika yechisikigo uye nzanga, munhu wega inzira yakavharwa, "yakaiswa" muhurongwa hwakavhurika hwekudyidzana nenyika. Kuzvimiririra seyakavharika sisitimu inovandudza "humwe hukama pakati pemaitiro evanhu uye zvavanogona, kuzvidzora uye "Ini" - musimboti wehunhu hwemunhu» [1, p. 328].

Chimwe nechimwe chezvikamu uye munhu sehutano hwehutano hunoonekwa nekusagadzikana kwemukati. "... Kuumbwa kwemunhu oga uye kutungamira kwakabatana kwekusimudzira kwemunhu, hunhu uye chidzidzo muchimiro chemunhu chakatemerwa nacho chinodzikamisa chimiro ichi uye ndechimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvehukuru hwepamusoro uye hupenyu hurefu" [2, p. . 189]. Saka, ihwo humunhu (sechinhu chakasiyana, nyika yemukati memunhu) inoita mabasa ane chinangwa chekuchengetedza nekusimbisa hutano hwepfungwa hwemunhu.

Cherechedza, zvisinei, kuti izvi hazvisi nguva dzose. Kana hutano hwepfungwa husiri hunokosha hwepamusoro kune munhu, anogona kuita zvisarudzo zvisingabereki kubva pakuona kwehutsanana hwepfungwa. Kukumbira ruregerero nokuda kwokutambura sechimiro chebasa romudetembi kunowanikwa musumo yomunyori yebhuku renhetembo raM. Houellebecq, rine musoro unoti “Kutambura Kutanga”: “Upenyu nhevedzano yemiedzo yesimba. Pona wekutanga, ugurwe pane wekupedzisira. Kurasikirwa nehupenyu hwako, asi kwete zvachose. Uye tambura, gara uchitambura. Dzidza kunzwa kurwadziwa musero rega rega remuviri wako. Chidimbu chega chega chenyika chinofanira kukuvadza iwe pachako. Asi iwe unofanirwa kugara uri mupenyu - kwechinguvana" [15, p. gumi netatu].

Pakupedzisira, ngatidzokere kuzita rechiitiko chatinofarira: «hutano hwepfungwa». Inoratidzika kunge yakanyanya kukwana pano, sezvo iri pfungwa yemweya inoshanduka kuve inoenderana nekuzvibata kwemunhu wemukati menyika yake semusimboti wekuzvimiririra. Izwi rokuti "mweya", maererano neAF Losev, rinoshandiswa mufilosofi kuratidza nyika yemukati yemunhu, kuzvidzora kwake [10, p. 167]. Isu tinowana kushandiswa kwakafanana kweiyi pfungwa mune psychology. Nokudaro, W. Jakobho anonyora pamusoro pemweya sechinhu chinokosha, chinozviratidzira umene mukunzwa kwomubato womukati womunhu. Uku kunzwa kwekuita, maererano naJames, ndiyo "pakati chaipo, musimboti we "Ini" yedu [8, p. 86].

Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, zvese zviri zviviri pfungwa ye "mweya" nehunhu hwayo hwakakosha, nzvimbo, uye mabasa zvave nyaya yekutsvagisa kwedzidzo. Pfungwa iri pamusoro yehutano hwepfungwa inopindirana nenzira yekunzwisisa mweya, yakagadzirwa naVP Zinchenko. Anonyora nezvemweya semhando yemhando yesimba, kuronga kwekusikwa kwenhengo itsva dzinoshanda (maererano neAA Ukhtomsky), kubvumidza, kurongedza nekubatanidza basa ravo, kuzviratidza zvakanyanya uye zvakanyanya panguva imwe chete. Iri mubasa iri remweya, sezvakataurwa naVP Zinchenko, kuti "kutendeseka kwemunhu anotsvakwa nemasayendisiti uye maartist kwakavanzwa" [9, p. 153]. Zvinoita semuzvarirwo kuti pfungwa yemweya iri pakati pezvakakosha mumabasa enyanzvi dzinonzwisisa nzira yekubatsira kwepfungwa kune vanhu vari kusangana nekukakavadzana kwemukati.

Nzira yakarongwa yezvidzidzo zvehutano hwepfungwa inotibvumira kuti tifunge nezvayo mumagariro evanhu vakawanda nekuda kwekuti inotora maitiro epasi rose anopa mazano ekugadzirisa zviri mukati memunhu uyu. Rondedzero yemabasa e psychohygienic inoita kuti zvibvire, kune rumwe rutivi, kuongorora mamiriro ekuchengetedza nekusimbisa hutano hwepfungwa mune mamwe mamiriro ehupfumi uye emagariro, uye kune rumwe rutivi, kuongorora kuti mumwe munhu anozviisa sei uye kugadzirisa aya mabasa. Tichitaura nezvekuzvimiririra semutakuri wehutano hwepfungwa, tinokwevera pfungwa kune kukosha kwekufunga, kana tichidzidza mamiriro azvino uye simba rehutano hwepfungwa, zvimiro zvemunhu semunhu, hunhu uye chidzidzo chebasa, izvo zvinodzorwa. nenyika yake yomukati. Kuitwa kweiyi nzira kunosanganisira kubatanidzwa kwedata kubva kune akawanda masayenzi echisikigo uye vanhu. Zvisinei, kubatanidzwa kwakadaro hakudzivisiki kana tichizonzwisisa chimiro chakaoma kunzwisisa chakadaro chomunhu seutano hwake hwendangariro.

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