Mukati
Wese munhu anoziva iyi cactus yakaoma ine michero inodyiwa. Prickly pear ine nhungirwa yakati sandara, ine muto yedenderedzwa kana kuti oval shape, rudzi rwenzeve kana makeke akati sandara. Vanokura kubva kune mumwe kune akasiyana makona, vachigadzira zvinoshamisa silhouettes. Zvinoitika kuti mufambi akawira mumatenhere akadaro hazvisi nyore zvachose kubva ipapo.
Prickly pear, senge cacti yese, ine halos - yakagadziridzwa zvakanyanya axillary buds ine mitsipa mirefu yakapinza uye masumbu ematete spines - glochidia. Aya mavilli anonyengera chaizvo. Kumicheto vane zvibodzwa, semuseve. Kana vasangana neganda, vanoputika uye vanonamatira pairi, zvichiita kuti vasveve uye vanzwe.
Prickly pear maruva ari ega, sessile, makuru uye anoshamisira, anoyeuchidza marozi. Muvara wakachena, wero, orenji, mutsvuku mumhando dzakasiyana.
Michero yacho yakakura, ine muto uye ine minzwa kunze. Vaunganidze mumagurovhosi akaomarara. Mbeu dzakasviba, dzakatenderedzwa, dzine goko rakaomarara (1).
Munzvimbo dzinopisa uye dzinopisa, prickly pear inorimwa sechikafu uye chikafu chekudya - ichi chikafu chinofarirwa nemadhongi. Miti yechidiki, yakasvibiswa neminzwa uye glochidia, inoshandiswa semiriwo - yakachena, yakakangwa, yakabikwa, yakasanganiswa. Zvibereko zvakakura zvinotapira, pasinei nekuoma kwekuzvichenesa, pamwe nenhamba huru yembeu yakaoma sechidimbu, inonaka munyika dzakawanda. Iyo inoshandiswa kugadzirira molasses, jamu, jamu mbishi, marmalade, marshmallow, michero yakaomeswa, zvinwiwa - sirasi, muto newaini. Pachitsuwa cheMalta, makambani akati wandei anogadzira siginecha ine flavoured liqueur Baitra (Bajtra) kubva kune prickly pear muchero, inoenda nevashanyi.
Kwete isina prickly pear uye mishonga yemishonga. Muto wezvimwe zvemarudzi ayo une simba rekuporesa ronda. Mishonga yenyama mumishonga yevanhu inoshandiswa kune compresses uye mukurapa kwekupisa.
Mukati memiti yekare yeprickly pear haisi huni inoora - yakasimba, asi panguva imwechete inoputika uye inoputika. Zvigadziko zvemwenje, zvinyoreso, zvishongo zvakakwenenzverwa zvinogadzirwa kubva pazviri.
Mukushongedza kwegadheni, prickly pear inoshandiswa mukuumbwa kwenzvimbo mumagadheni nemapaki, pamwe neheji.
Semuchero weimba, prickly pear yave ichizivikanwa kubva pakutanga kwezana remakore rechipiri, asi mudzimba vanotumbuka vasingadi uye chete mumamiriro ezvinhu akanaka, uye, sekutonga, havape michero. Nekudaro, mumagadheni echando uye nemadziro-akakwidziridzwa greenhouses edzimba uye dzimba dzenyika, mikana yavo yehupenyu hwakazara kutenderera kwemapfuti inowedzera zvakanyanya, kunyanya nekuwedzera kuvhenekera (2).
Miti midiki inowanzoita maruva pazera remakore gumi kana kupfuura.
Chokwadi chinonakidza
Maererano nengano yekare, vaAztec, vaneta nokudzungaira kwenguva refu mumakomo, vakamira pamhenderekedzo yeLake Texcoco yakaisvonaka ndokuona gondo richibvambura nyoka paari guru rinopinza. Icho chaiva chiratidzo chakanaka chevamwari uye rudzi rwakavamba guta reTenochtitlan pano - "Nzvimbo yezvitsvene prickly pear" - ikozvino Mexico City. Iye zvino chiitiko ichi kubva kungano chinoratidzwa pajasi rezvombo reMexico.
Mhando dzeprickly pear
Anopfuura mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu emhando dzeprickly pear anozivikanwa mune zvakasikwa. Asi vashoma chete vavo vanoshandiswa mutsika.
Prickly peya (Opuntia microdasys). Compact branching chirimwa kusvika 60 cm kureba yemukati floriculture. Dzinde rine oval rima rakasvibira segment anosvika 15 cm kureba aine akawanda halos-pads eruvara rweglochidia - yero, tsvuku uye pearly chena (fomu. Albinospina) Maruva aneyero. Zvibereko zvakakura zvitsvuku.
Opuntia Bergera (Opuntia bergeriana). Inokura kusvika 1 m. Miti yacho yakarebesa, yakasvibira, ine mizongoza mirefu yeyero. Anotumbuka achiri mudiki, uye akawanda. Maruva akatsvuka-orenji aine pistil yegirini.
Prickly pear bvudzi jena (Opuntia leucotricha). Zvimedu zve stem zvakarebeswa - kusvika 25 cm. Chimiro cherudzi urwu marefu machena mizongoza, ayo nhungirwa dzese dzine madonhwe akawanda. Maruva madiki, goridhe yero.
Prickly Pear (Opuntia cylindrica). Zvirimwa zvine cylindrical stems atypical for prickly pear, ivo vanonziwo pterocactus.
Opuntia Indian, kana fig (Opuntia ficus-indica). Hunde yacho ine huni kuzasi. Shoots olive green. Mazhinji cream spines ari padiki halos. Maruva akajeka amber, ane golden hue. Muzvisikwa, inopa kukohwa kwakanaka kwemichero inonaka uye inonhuhwirira.
Prickly pear Gosselin (Opuntia gosseliniana). Zvirimwa zvinotanga kutumbuka kubva pamakore mashanu. Mune vechidiki prickly pear shoots yakatsvuka, muvanhu vakuru ivo vane bhuruu-ruvara ne silvery sheen. Chete chikamu chepamusoro chezvikamu chinotapurwa nenyoro mirefu yakareba. Maruva ane yellow, anonhuhwirira.
Chengetedza prickly pear kumba
Prickly pear iri nyore kukura uye inogadzirisa zvakanaka kune akasiyana mamiriro. Kwezhizha, zvinodikanwa kuti uendese kune mhepo yakachena - kune balcony kana kunyange kune imwe imba yezhizha. Muchikamu chekutumbuka nekutumbuka, zvirimwa hazvigone kurongwazve kubva panzvimbo nenzvimbo, izvi zvinotyisidzira kudonha kubva pamaruva (3).
Ground
Kune prickly pear, ivhu rakakosha recacti uye succulents kana musanganiswa wevhu weiyo inotevera kuumbwa kwakakodzera: ivhu resodhi, jecha rakaomarara, matombo akanaka kana ivhu rakawedzerwa (2: 3: 1) pamwe nekuwedzera kwevhu (4).
Lighting
Makuru ane hutano prickly pear zvinomera zvinoumbwa chete nekupenya kwakanyanya. Nzvimbo yakanaka ihwindo rekumaodzanyemba kana pedyo naro, rakadzivirirwa kubva kuchiedza chezuva (4).
tembiricha
Munguva yechando, prickly pear inochengetwa patembiricha ye5 - 15 ° C uye yakaderera ivhu uye hunyoro hwemhepo. Pakupisa kwepamusoro, zvirimwa zvinotambanuka uye zvinopera simba.
Muzhizha, tembiricha yakanaka ndeye 23 - 30 ° C, asi musimboti, zvirimwa zvinoshivirira akasiyana tembiricha akanaka (4).
unyoro
Cacti inoshivirira kusanaya kwemvura uye kunyangwe kumba inogona kugara kwenguva yakareba pasina kudiridza. Naizvozvo, vanodiridzwa zvakanyanya, asi kashoma:
- panguva yekukura - 1 nguva mumazuva 10 - 15, zvichienderana nekupisa uye kuoma kwevhu;
- munguva yechando - 1 nguva mumazuva 20 - 25 (kusvikira pakudiridza kunotevera, pasi rinofanira kuoma, pakudzika kwakadzika, kudiridza kunomira).
Shandisa mvura yakapfava chete yakagadzika. Izvo zvinodikanwa kunwisa kubva pakudiridza pamucheto wehari kuitira kuti mvura irege kuwira pamiti.
Uye zvakadaro, zvisinganzwisisike, prickly pear, uye imwe cacti, zvakare, vanoda kupfapfaidza, nekuti mumasikirwo mangwanani ega ega vanofukidzwa nemadonhwe madiki edova. Nokudaro, nguva nenguva dzinoda kupfapfaidzwa. Iwe uchada yakanaka mhute sprayer. Gaba rinozadzwa nemvura inodziya (30 - 35 ° C), kana yakapfapfaidzwa, inotonhorera.
Imba inomera prickly pear inofanira kugara ichifefeterwa (4).
Fetereza nekuisa fetiraiza
Prickly pear, senge yakawanda cacti, kubva muchirimo kusvika mukupera kwezhizha, kamwe chete pamwedzi, ivo vanodyiswa neakaoma mineral fertilizer ye cacti uye succulents kana yemvura fetiraiza ye cacti. Organic fetereza haikodzeri vagari vemugwenga ava. Mhinduro dzakagadzirirwa maererano nemirairo.
Fertilization inomiswa mumatsutso (2).
Trimming
Kucheka nguva dzose hakudiwi. Inoitwa chete kana cactus ichida rubatsiro, kana kushandura chitarisiko chechirimwa, ichichipa chimiro chakanaka kana kungochidzikisa muhukuru. Kazhinji nhungirwa dzinodimburwa dzinotambanudzwa mushure mechando (2).
Kuberekwa kweprickly pear kumba
Cuttings. Iyi ndiyo nzira huru. Miti midiki inogurwa payakatangira, yakaomeswa kwemazuva 1-3 mumumvuri uye yakasimwa kuti itore midzi, ichidzika zvishoma, mumusanganiswa wakaomeswa wepeat nejecha (1: 1). Iyo substrate yakanyoroveswa zvishoma, uye chigadziko chine zvirimwa chakafukidzwa nefirimu yakaonda kana isina-yakarukwa jira pane furemu. Tembiricha inochengetwa pa20°C.
Kana mabuds matsva achionekwa pamubato, anoiswa muhari yekusingaperi.
Mbeu. Mbeu dzeprickly pear dzine goko rakaoma kwazvo, saka dzinofanirwa kukuvadzwa usati wadyara - gadzira madiki madiki nefaira rembambo. Ipapo mbeu dzakanyoroveswa kwemaminitsi makumi matatu mupiniki mhinduro ye potassium permanganate uye mushure mezvo kwemamwe maawa gumi nemaviri mumvura inodziya, ndinoishandura kakawanda. Mushure mekugadzirira kwakadaro, mbeu inodyarwa muvhu rakaoma rekugadzirwa kwakafanana uye mudziyo wakafukidzwa negirazi. Zvadaro, iyo substrate inopfapfaidzwa nguva nenguva. Tembiricha inochengetwa pa30°C.
Kumera kunogona kutora mwedzi uye zvakakosha kuti mbeu dzisaora. Mbesa dzakura dzinonyura muhari diki (2).
Opuntia transplant kumba
Vechidiki prickly pears vanosimwa gore rega rega kana gore rimwe nerimwe, vanhu vakuru - kamwe chete pamakore mana - 4, sezvavanokura kana kana substrate yapera.
Kudyarazve cacti kuri nyore kupfuura zvimwe zvirimwa zvemukati, midzi yavo inoburitswa nyore kubva muvhu uye kupona kunowanzo kukwirira.
Nguva yakanakisisa yekusimwa iri pakupera kwechando. Kudiridza kunofanira kumiswa mukati mevhiki. Poto itsva dhayamita inofanira kuva 2 - 3 cm yakakura kupfuura yapfuura. Zvirimwa zvinovigwa kusvika pamwero wemudzi wemutsipa.
Kudyara kunogona kuchinjwa nekuchinjirwa mumidziyo mihombe uchichengeta vhinga revhu.
Zvirimwa zvakasimwa zvinotanga kudiridza mushure memazuva gumi kusvika gumi nemaviri (10).
prickly pear zvirwere
Cacti inonyanya kubatwa nezvirwere zvemuviri - zvisingatapukirwe zvinokura pasi pemamiriro asina kunaka ezvirimwa. Mhepo yakadzikama mukamuri isina mhepo isina mhepo, hunyoro hwemhepo uye ivhu, kunyanya pakudziya kwakaderera, kunobatsira pakubuda nekupararira kwezvirwere.
Zviratidzo zvikuru zvechirwere:
Mavara ebrown pane nhungirwa. Chikonzero chiri pamusoro pekudiridza.
Zvikamu zvakakanganiswa zvinochekwa kune hutano hwakanaka uye zvinorapwa nemarasha akapwanyika.
Mashizha akaunyana. Izvi zvinowanzoitika nekuda kwekushayikwa kwechiedza kana kuwandisa hunyoro.
Inokurudzirwa kugadzirisa zvakare chirimwa munzvimbo inopenya uye kugadzirisa kudiridza.
Kupera kwekukura. Mhedzisiro yekunyanya kunyorova munguva yechando uye (kana) kushomeka kwekudya kunovaka muviri, kusanganisira kutsvaga zvinhu.
Kudiridza kwakakodzera uye kuisa fetereza nguva dzose kunogadzirisa mamiriro acho ezvinhu.
Zvidyarwa zvisina simba zvinogona kutapukirwa nezvirwere zvefungal: kunonoka kunaya (wet rot) uye phomosis(dry rot). Kudzivirira kubva kwavari, fungicides inoshandiswa - Bordeaux musanganiswa, Fundazol, Polyhom (3).
Prickly peya tupukanana
Zvipembenene zvikuru zveprickly pear ndeye spider mite uye mealybugs, zvipembenene zvescale zvinogara panhungirwa, uye nematodes pamidzi. Kugara uchiongorora zvirimwa zvinokutendera kuti uone nekukurumidza kutaridzika kwezvipembenene uye kutora matanho.
Spider mite. Inowanza nekukurumidza munzvimbo yakaoma, isina mhepo yakanaka. Inodya pamuto wesero wezvirimwa, kunyanya panhungirwa diki. Nekukundwa kwakasimba, prickly pear inomira kukura, uye ruvara rwemapfuti runoshanduka kuita yero kana tsvuku.
Acaricides akakodzera kurapwa: Neoron, Sunmite, nezvimwewo - maererano nemirayiridzo.
Mealybug. Nekuunganidza kwezvipembenene zviduku izvi, cacti inoratidzika kunge yakasaswa neupfu. Mapundu machena emaovipositions anoonekwawo zvakajeka.
Padanho rekutanga rekuputika, zvipembenene nemazai zvinogona kugezwa nebhurashi rakanyorova. Miti inobatwa zvakanyanya inobatwa nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene - Aktellik, Fufanon (6), nezvimwewo, uye yakavharwa nepurasitiki kwezuva.
Kupesana nematodes ivhu rinodururwa kaviri, nepakati pe7 - 10 mazuva, nematicides (Vidat, Nematofagin-Mikopro, nezvimwewo), maererano nemirayiridzo. Shchitovok kazhinji inobviswa nemichina, uye ipapo nhungirwa dzinoshambidzwa nemhinduro isina simba ye potassium permanganate (3).
Chokwadi chinonakidza
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, muMexico, minda yose yeprickly pear yakakura kuti ibereke hove ine mvere - cochineal, iyo inokosha raspberry pendi - carmine yakawanikwa. Nekuuya kwedhayi dzekugadzira, dilution yecochineal yadzikira zvakanyanya, asi carmine chaiyo ichiri kushandiswa mumaindasitiri ezvekudya nepefiyumu, pamwe nekuongorora kwebiochemical uye kusvibisa gadziriro yehistological yekuongororwa pasi pemaikorosikopu.
Mibvunzo nemhinduro dzakakurumbira
Akapindura mibvunzo yakajairika yevarimi vemaruva nezve prickly pear cand. s.-x. Sayenzi Irina Titova.
Sarudza chirimwa chine utano kunze. Paunosarudza, taurirana nemutengesi uye nyatsobvisa prickly pear kubva muhari kuti uone kuti midzi iri mumamiriro akanaka - inofanira kunge yakachena uye yakarukwa nebhora revhu.
Ceramic pots inosarudzwa.
Pamudzi panogurwa musoro; pa scion, chikamu chezasi chine midzi. Iyo graft inokurumidza kuiswa kune rootstock, ichibatanidza cambial zvindori zvadzo zvakanyanya sezvinobvira, yakasungirirwa nepurasita kumativi ose maviri. Chirimwa chakabatanidzwa chinochengetwa pane tembiricha isiri pasi pe20 ° C muchiedza chezuva chakapararira uye chakapfapfaidzwa zuva nezuva.
Prickly pear inofanira kudyarwa pachikomo, yakachengetedzwa kubva kumhepo yekuchamhembe. Bvisa masora ese, midzi uye organic tsvina kubva muvhu - zvine chepfu kune prickly pear midzi.
Kwenguva yechando, prickly pear yakafukidzwa nematavi espruce, uye pamusoro - nemucheka usina kugadzirwa pamapuranga.
Zvitubu zve
- Takhtajan AL Hupenyu hwekudyara, vhoriyamu 5 (1) // M .: Dzidzo, 1982
- Kulish SV Prickly pear. Nhungamiro inoshanda. Series: Iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa zvirimwa zvemukati munyika // M .: AST / Stalker, 2005 - 2008
- Semenov DV Cacti uye mamwe ma succulents // M.: Fiton +, 2013
- Semenov DV cacti. Yakazara bhuku rereferenzi // M.: AST-Press, 2004
- Udalova RA, Vyugina NG Munyika yecacti // M.: Nauka, 1983
- State catalog yemishonga yezvipembenene uye agrochemicals inotenderwa kushandiswa munharaunda yeFederation kubva munaChikunguru 6, 2021 // Ministry of Agriculture yeFederation.
https://mcx.gov.ru/ministry/departments/departament-rastenievodstva-mekhanizatsii-khimizatsii-i-zashchity-rasteniy/industry-information/info-gosudarstvennaya-usluga-po-gosudarstvennoy-registratsii-pestitsidov-i-agrokhimikatov/