Psychologist, psychotherapist, psychiatrist, psychoanalyst: chii chakasiyana?

Vanhu vazhinji vanovhiringa psychologists uye psychotherapists. Ngatitarisane nazvo: vanamazvikokota pachavo havawanzogovana mabasa avo uye havagone kutsanangura zvakajeka musiyano uripo pakati pekurairana nenyanzvi yepfungwa uye nguva dzekurapa. Semuyenzaniso, vanachipangamazano Rollo May naCarl Rogers vakaona maitiro aya seanochinjana.

Muchokwadi, vese venyanzvi idzi vari kuita "kuporesa hurukuro", vanosangana zvakananga nemutengi kumubatsira kuchinja maitiro ake uye maitiro.

Carl Rogers anoti, "Yaichimbova tsika kudaidza "counselling" vanhu vasina kuroorwa uye vekunze, uye kutaura kwakasimba uye kwenguva refu kune chinangwa chekurongeka patsva kwehunhu kwaitsanangurwa neshoko rekuti "psychotherapy" ... Asi zviri pachena kuti. kuraira kwakasimba uye kwakabudirira hakuna kusiyana nekwakadzika uye kwakabudirira psychotherapy »¹.

Zvisinei, pane zvikonzero zvekusiyana kwavo. Ngatiedzei kuona musiyano pakati penyanzvi.

Musiyano pakati pe psychologist uye psychotherapist uye chiremba wepfungwa

Mumwe wenyanzvi dzepfungwa ari pasocial network akatsanangura musiyano wacho achiita zvokuseka achiti: “Kana ukatarisa munhu anokushatirisa, haugoni kutaura manzwiro ako wofunga kuti” kumurova mumusoro nepani yokukangwa! ”- unoda chiremba wepfungwa. Kana iwe watounza pani yakakangwa pamusoro wake, iwe unofanirwa kuona chiremba wepfungwa. Kana uri kutomurovera mumusoro nepani uye usingakwanise kumira, inguva yekuona chiremba wepfungwa.

Psychologist-consultant 

Uyu inyanzvi ane dzidzo yepamusoro yepfungwa, asi haana kudzidziswa mukurapa kwepfungwa uye haana chitupa chinomubvumira kuita zviitiko zve psychotherapeutic. 

Nyanzvi yezvepfungwa inoitisa kubvunzana, kwaanobatsira mutengi kuti anzwisise imwe mhando yehupenyu mamiriro, anowanzo anoenderana nehukama hwehukama. Kurayira kwepfungwa kunogona kuderedzwa kumusangano mumwe chete uye kuongororwa kweimwe nyaya chaiyo, somuenzaniso, "mwana ari kureva nhema", "ini nemurume wangu tinogara tichipika", kana misangano yakawanda inogona kuenderera mberi, kazhinji kusvika ku5-6.

Mukuita basa, nyanzvi yezvepfungwa inobatsira mushanyi wake kuti anzwisise pfungwa, manzwiro, zvido, zviitiko, kuitira kuti pave nekujekesa uye kukwanisa kuita chinangwa uye zviito zvine chinangwa. Mutoo wake mukuru wepesvedzero ikurukurirano inovakwa neimwe nzira.¹.

Psychotherapist

Iyi inyanzvi ine dzidzo yepamusoro yekurapa uye (kana) yepfungwa. Akawana kudzidziswa mukurapa kwepfungwa (anenge makore 3-4) iyo inosanganisira kurapwa kwemunhu uye kushanda pasi pekutariswa kwenyanzvi inokwanisa. The psychotherapist inoshanda mune imwe nzira ("Gestalt therapy", "cognitive-behavioral therapy", "existential psychotherapy"), achishandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana.

Psychotherapy yakagadzirirwa kunyanya kugadzirisa matambudziko akadzika emunhu, ayo ari pasi pematambudziko mazhinji ehupenyu hwake nekukakavadzana. Inosanganisira kushanda nekushungurudzika, pamwe chete nehutachiona uye mamiriro emuganhu, asi kushandisa nzira dzepfungwa. 

“Vatengi venyanzvi yendangariro yokupa zano vanowanzosimbisa basa rakashata ravamwe mukumuka kwezvinetso zvavo vamene zvoupenyu,” anonyora kudaro Yulia Aleshina. Vatengi vane basa rakadzama vanonyanya kunetseka nezvekusakwanisa kwavo kudzora nekugadzirisa mamiriro avo emukati, zvavanoda, uye zvishuwo. 

Avo vanoenda kumurapi wendangariro vanowanzotaura nezvezvinetso zvavo seizvi: “Handigoni kuzvidzora ndimene, ndinokurumidza kutsamwa, ndinogara ndichipopotera murume wangu” kana kuti “Ndine godo zvikuru nomudzimai wangu, asi ndinoitira hanya zvikuru ndangariro yangu. handina chokwadi nekunyengedzwa kwake." 

Psychotherapy, sekuraira, inoreva kusiri-mushonga, ndiko kuti, kukanganisa kwepfungwa. Asi nzira yekurapa inotora nguva yakareba isingaenzaniswi uye inotariswa pane gumi nemaviri kana kunyange mazana emisangano kwemakore akati wandei.

Pamusoro pezvo, chiremba wepfungwa uye psychotherapist anogona kutumira mutengi anofungidzirwa kuti ane chirwere chepfungwa kune chiremba wepfungwa, kana kushanda nevekupedzisira tandem.

Psychiatrist 

Iyi inyanzvi ine dzidzo yezvokurapa yepamusoro. Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati pechiremba wepfungwa uye psychotherapist? Chiremba wepfungwa ndichiremba anoona kana murwere ane chirwere chepfungwa. Anoongorora uye anobata avo vane mamiriro emanzwiro kana maonero echokwadi anovhiringidzika, vane maitiro anokuvadza munhu kana vamwe vanhu. Kusiyana nenyanzvi yepfungwa uye psychotherapist (uyo asina dzidzo yezvokurapa), ane kodzero yekunyora nekunyora mishonga.

Psychoanalyst 

Uyu murapi wepfungwa ane muridzi nzira ye psychoanalysis, nhengo yeInternational Psychoanalytic Association (IPA). Dzidzo ye Psychoanalytic inotora angangoita makore 8-10 uye inosanganisira theoretical uye kudzidziswa kwekiriniki, makore mazhinji ekuongorora wega (kanenge katatu pasvondo) uye kutariswa nguva dzose.

Kuongorora kunotora nguva yakareba, paavhareji 4 7 makore. Chinangwa chayo chikuru ndechokubatsira murwere kuti azive kukakavara kwake kusingazivi (umo zvikonzero zvekunetseka kwake kwemaitiro uye manzwiro zvakavanzwa) uye kuwana "Ini" yakakura. Shanduro yakareruka yekuongorora ndeye psychoanalytic therapy (kusvika kumakore 3-4). Muchidimbu, kurairana.

A consulting psychoanalyst anosiyana nenyanzvi yepfungwa pakuti anoshandisa psychoanalytic mazano nemaitiro, anoongorora zviroto uye masangano. Chinhu chakakosha chebasa rake ndechekutarisisa kuhukama nemutengi, kuongororwa uko maererano nekuchinjisa uye kupikisa kunoonekwa seimwe yenzira dzinonyanya kukosha yekudzika uye kuwedzera mikana yekufurira. 

Ongororo yeakadzama akaturikidzana e psyche inotungamira mukunzwisisa zvikonzero zvepathogenic zviitiko uye maitiro uye inobatsira kumhinduro yezvinetso zvemunhu.

Nyanzvi dzepfungwa, psychotherapists uye psychoanalysts vanoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana uye maitiro uye havawanzotaura mutauro wakafanana. Uye zvakadaro vanogovana chinangwa chimwe chete, chakagadzirwa nemuongorori wepfungwa anonzi Rollo May sezvinotevera: "Basa remupi wezano nderekutungamira mutengi kutora mutoro wezviito zvake uye nemhedzisiro yehupenyu hwake."

3 mabhuku pamusoro penyaya:

• Claudia Hochbrunn, Andrea Bottlinger "Magamba emabhuku pakugamuchirwa kwechiremba wepfungwa. Kufamba nachiremba kuburikidza nemapeji ezvinyorwa zvinyorwa »

• Judith Herman Trauma uye Kuporeswa. Mhedzisiro yemhirizhonga - kubva mukushungurudzwa kusvika kuhugandanga hwezvematongerwo enyika »

• Lori Gottlieb “Unoda kutaura nezvazvo here? Psychotherapist. Makasitoma ake. Uye chokwadi tinovanza kune vamwe uye isu pachedu.

^{1 Carl Rogers Counselling uye Psychotherapy}

2 Yulia Aleshina "Mazano emunhu uye emhuri mupfungwa"