Mukati
- Chinzvimbo chepamusoro gumi neshanu epamusoro mota dzeChinese maererano neKP
- Mitengo yemitengo yemotokari dzeChinese
- Nzira yekusarudza motokari yeChinese
- Mibvunzo nemhinduro dzakakurumbira
Mota dzeChinese dzawira munjodzi yekusanyanya-mukurumbira mukuru wezvigadzirwa zveChinese zvakagadzirwa. Asi mumakore achangopfuura, hunhu hwavo hwakakura nekukurumidza, uye izvi zvinonyanya kunzwika mumuenzaniso weChinese mota indasitiri. Mota dzave dzakavimbika, dzave nyore, dzakanyanya tekinoroji.
Rukova rwemhando kubva kuMiddle Kingdom yakadururirwa mumusika, isiri yakaderera kune yakakurumbira nyika hofori, uye neimwe nzira kunyange kupfuura ivo. Isu takanyora chiyero cheakanakisa mota dzeChinese maererano nenyanzvi dzinomiririrwa pamusika muna 2022 uye tinokukoka iwe kuti ujairane navo mune yedu zvinyorwa.
Chinzvimbo chepamusoro gumi neshanu epamusoro mota dzeChinese maererano neKP
1. Changan CS75FL
Iyo crossover inogadzirwa pachikuva chemberi-vhiri drive ine transverse injini uye inotakura-inotakura muviri. Pane sarudzo dzeiyo modhi ine kumberi-vhiri dhiraivha kana ese-vhiri dhiraivha. Injini ndeye peturu "turbo" ine matanhatu-speed automatic transmission. Iyo axle yekumashure yeese-wheel drive modhi inobatanidzwa otomatiki zvinoenderana neyakagadzikwa algorithm kana nemaoko nekudzvanya bhatani. Maaxle ese ari maviri ane hydraulic shock absorbers, zvitubu zvesimbi uye anti-roll bars. Mukugadzirisa kwekutanga kunewo mabhureki edhisiki, anofefeterwa pane axle yekumberi. Inounzwa kuNyika Yedu mumatanho maviri etatu: Comfort uye Luxe.
Zvigadzirwa zvezvesiti:
| Zviyero L/W/H: | 4 650×1 850×1 705 mm |
| Clearance | 200 mamirimita |
| Cargo nzvimbo | 520 l |
| Fuel tank huwandu | 58 l |
| Injini yekugona | 1,8 l |
| Simba reinjini | 150hp (110kW) |
| uremu | 1 740 - 1 846 kg |
| kumhanya kuzere | 180 km/h |
2. Akadzingwa VX
Hwaro hweiyi modhi yaive M3X modular papuratifomu ine monocoque muviri uye inotenderera injini. Exid VX inopihwa kuNyika Yedu ine mana-cylinder TGDI injini uye preselective manomwe-inomhanya Getrag robhoti ine maclutch maviri. Kumhanyisa kusvika ku100 km / h kunotora 8,5 masekondi. Chassis inosanganisira kumiswa yakazvimirira, ine hydraulic shock absorbers, zvitubu uye anti-roll mabara. MacPherson struts ari pamberi peaxle, akawanda-link system - kumashure. Iyo yekunze uye yemukati inogadzirwa nenzira iri nyore. Radiator yakafukidzwa negrille yakakura ine chrome brand logo. Mamonitor akajeka ane diagonal ye12,3 inches anotsiva dashboard uye anoshanda sechidzitiro chemedia system.
Zvigadzirwa zvezvesiti:
| Zviyero L/W/H: | 4 970×1 940×1 795 mm |
| Clearance | 200 mamirimita |
| Cargo nzvimbo | 520 l |
| Fuel tank huwandu | 50 l |
| Injini yekugona | 1,8 l |
| Simba reinjini | 249hp (183kW) |
| uremu | 1 771 makirogiramu |
| kumhanya kuzere | 195 km/h |
3. DFM Dongfeng 580
Iyo mota yekushandisa yemitambo (SUV) yakanangana nemhuri dzemudhorobha dzine vana vakawanda. Kunyanya kana varidzi vachida zvisikwa zvekubuda, asi pasina kukunda chaiyo off-road. Nhasi, yakagadziridzwa 2016 modhi iri kutengeswa nekunze yakagadziridzwa, yakafumiswa nemidziyo yemukati. Iyo mikova mishanu crossover ine mana-cylinder peturu injini yedhizaini yakamira, jekiseni remafuta rakagoverwa, nguva yevharuvhu yakasiyana uye 16-vharuvhu DOHC dhizaini. Iyo yekumberi-vhiri dhiraivha yekufambisa ine 5- kana 6-kumhanya kwemanyorero transmission kana CVT variator. Chidhiraivho chine simba remagetsi. Iyo yemukati ine zvigaro zvishanu inowedzerwa nekuwedzera nzvimbo pamusoro pehunde yakagadzirirwa vana. Mutsara wechitatu wezvigaro unopeta pasi munzvimbo yakati sandara uyezve hunde inosvika 1120 litres.
Zvigadzirwa zvezvesiti:
| Zviyero L/W/H: | 4680 × 1845 × 1715 mm |
| Clearance | 200 mamirimita |
| Fuel tank huwandu | 58 l |
| Injini yekugona | 1,8 l |
| Simba reinjini | 132hp (98kW) |
| uremu | 1 535 makirogiramu |
| kumhanya kuzere | 195 km/h |
4. Chery Tiggo 7 Pro
Munyika Yedu, iyo yekumberi-vhiri drive crossover inoratidzwa mumhando nhatu: Luxury, Elite uye Prestige. Vese vakashongedzerwa ne peturu turbo injini yakasanganiswa nevariator. Iyo shoma Luxury package inosanganisira maairbag, general air conditioning, LED headlights, imwe 8-inch display, keyless entry, yekumashure kamera. Musiyano weElite wakawedzerwa nembiri-zone mamiriro ekunze, eco-dehwe upholstery, simba tailgate, chigaro chemutyairi wemagetsi. Iyo Prestige package inosiyaniswa neaviri-toni muviri, isina waya yekuchaja yemagetsi, panoramic denga, sensor yekunaya kwemvura, uye magetsi anogadzirika zvigaro zvemberi.
Zvigadzirwa zvezvesiti:
| Zviyero L/W/H: | 4500 × 1842 × 1705 mm |
| Clearance | 180 mamirimita |
| Cargo nzvimbo | 475 l |
| Fuel tank huwandu | 51 l |
| Injini yekugona | 1,5 l |
| Simba reinjini | 147 HP |
| uremu | 1 540 makirogiramu |
| kumhanya kuzere | 186 km/h |
5. FAW Bestune T77
Iyo compact kumberi-gumbo drive crossover inosanganisa tekinoroji yemazuva ano ine dhizaini yemitambo. Mamodheru ane 1,5-lita peturu turbo injini anopihwa kuNyika Yedu, akazara neatanhatu-anomhanya manyorero ekufambisa kana 7-bhendi robhoti kufambisa.
Iyo yekutanga vhezheni yeLuxury ine 18-inch alloy mavhiri, ESP, ABS, tire pressure sensor, rear parking sensors, injini yekutanga bhatani, kumashure kwekuona kamera, kudzora kwemamiriro ekunze, mukati meganda. Iyo multimedia system ine Android Auto interface uye Apple CarPlay. Uyezve denga regirazi uye fog lights. Musiyano wePrestige unowedzerwa nemavhiri 18-inch, adaptive cruise control, adaptive headlights, weather sensors.
Zvigadzirwa zvezvesiti:
| Zviyero L/W/H: | 4525 × 1845 × 1615 mm |
| Clearance | 170 mamirimita |
| Cargo nzvimbo | 375 l |
| Fuel tank huwandu | 45 l |
| Injini yekugona | 1,5 l |
| Simba reinjini | 160 HP |
| uremu | 1 468 makirogiramu |
| kumhanya kuzere | 186 km/h |
6. GAC GS5
Iyo yakagadziridzwa crossover ine muviri wakavakirwa paAlfa Romeo 166 papuratifomu. Iyo yekumberi-vhiri dhiraivha mota yakashongedzerwa nekumisa yakazvimirira. Pamberi neMacPherson struts, kumashure ine akawanda-link system. Zvese zvingasarudzwa zvemidziyo zvinosanganisira 1,5-litre peturu turbo injini ine automatic transmission kana manual transmission.
Iyo yekutanga vhezheni yeComfort inosanganisira ESP, ABS, pa-bhodhi komputa, matayi pressure sensors, maairbag maviri, sunroof, air conditioning uye 8-inch touch-screen multimedia system. Iyo Elite package inosanganisira yekumashure ma sensors ekupaka, yekumashure-yekuona kamera, mamiriro ekunze, 4 airbags. Iyo Luxe package zvakare ine pamberi pekupaka sensors, LED mwenje, magetsi epamberi zvigaro. Iyo yepamusoro yePrimum package inosanganisira mamwe magetsi anochinja, ma sensors emamiriro ekunze, bofu nzvimbo yekutarisa, tsigiro ye Android Auto / Apple CarPlay interfaces, matanhatu airbags, panoramic denga, uye yemagetsi tailgate lift.
Zvigadzirwa zvezvesiti:
| Zviyero L/W/H: | 4695 × 1885 × 1726 mm |
| Clearance | 180 mamirimita |
| Cargo nzvimbo | 375 l |
| Fuel tank huwandu | 45 l |
| Injini yekugona | 1,5 l |
| Simba reinjini | 137hp (101kW) |
| uremu | 1 592 makirogiramu |
| kumhanya kuzere | 186 km/h |
7. Geely Tugella
Iyo yose-vhiri dhiraivha crossover coupe yakavakirwa paCMA modular chikuva, chakabatanidzwa chakagadziridzwa neVolvo neGeely corporations. Iyo dhizaini inoshandisa yakanyanya hunyanzvi matekinoroji uye emazuva ano emukati emoto injini. Injini inowanikwa transversely uye inomhanya paAI-95 peturu, ichigadzira torque ye350 Nm. Inogoverwa zvakaenzana pamavhiri ose. Kushandiswa kwemafuta pamakiromita zana kana uchityaira muguta iri 100 malita, mumugwagwa mukuru - 11,4 malita. Motokari inobatanidzwa nesere-speed automatic transmission. Iyo yose-simbi muviri wakaoma uye yakakwirira-simba. Kumiswa kwakazvimirira kunowedzerwa ne passive dampers uye anti-roll mabara. Mabhureki pamavhiri ose idhisiki, anofefeterwa pamavhiri epamberi.
Zvigadzirwa zvezvesiti:
| Zviyero L/W/H: | 4605 × 1878 × 1643 mm |
| Clearance | 204 mamirimita |
| Cargo nzvimbo | 446 l |
| Fuel tank huwandu | 54 l |
| Injini yekugona | 2 l |
| Simba reinjini | 238hp (176kW) |
| uremu | 1 740 makirogiramu |
| kumhanya kuzere | 240 km/h |
8. Muumbi Mukuru Wemadziro
Dhizaini yerori yepikicha yakavakirwa papuratifomu yeP51 nekushandiswa kwakanyanya kwesimbi dzakasimba. Mota dzinounzwa kuNyika Yedu iine maviri-litre 4D20M turbodiesel yakagadziriswa neGreat Wall. Injini inobatanidzwa kune masere-speed ZF automatic transmission. Ese-gumbo dhiraivha kumavhiri epamberi anotendeuka otomatiki kana zvichidikanwa, nguva yasara chete mavhiri ekumashure anofambiswa. Mukugadzirisa kwepamusoro kune zvivharo zvakasiyana.
Munyika Yedu, modhi iyi inovimbisa zvikuru. MuMoscow, semuenzaniso, zvinorambidzwa kutyaira mumigwagwa yemotokari dzine uremu hwakakura hwematani anopfuura 2,5. Mutero we5000 rubles unotemerwa kutyora. Great Wall Power inokodzera mune ichi chidziviriro uye saka inokodzera kugara uchipihwa kwemabhizinesi madiki ane zvigadzirwa uye zvekuvaka. Iyo XNUMX-seater cabin inokutendera iwe panguva imwe chete kutakura vashandi vekugadzirisa uye vashandi vekugadzirisa.
Zvigadzirwa zvezvesiti:
| Zviyero L/W/H: | 5404 × 1934 × 1886 mm |
| Clearance | 232 mamirimita |
| Cargo nzvimbo | 375 l |
| Fuel tank huwandu | 78 l |
| Injini yekugona | 2 l |
| Simba reinjini | 150hp (110kW) |
| uremu | 2130 makirogiramu |
| kumhanya kuzere | 155 km/h |
9. Haval Jolion
Iyo itsva crossover yakavakirwa pane itsva LEMON yakangwara chikuva. Iyo yakagadzirwa inoreruka kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwesimbi dzakasimba. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kushandiswa kwemafuta kweinjini yepeturu kunoderedzwa kusvika 6,8 l/100 km. Iyo mota inobatanidzwa kune manomwe-speed DCT dual-clutch transmission. Iyo yekutanga Comfort vhezheni ine keyless yekupinda, mamiriro ekunze ma sensors, maviri airbags, cruise control, uye inodzikamisa system. Zvakare nekudzora kwemamiriro ekunze, multimedia system ine 10-inch diagonal skrini. Zvigaro zvepamberi zvinopisa, chidhiraivho chiri kureba chinogadziriswa. Iyo yePrimum vhezheni inokwenenzverwa neyemukati yeganda, ma sensors ekupaka ane yekumashure-yekuona kamera, uye LED mwenje.
Zvigadzirwa zvezvesiti:
| Zviyero L/W/H: | 4472 × 1841 × 2700 mm |
| Clearance | 190 mamirimita |
| Cargo nzvimbo | 446 l |
| Fuel tank huwandu | 54 l |
| Injini yekugona | 1,5 l |
| Simba reinjini | 143hp (105kW) |
10.JAC J7
Liftback Jack Gee 7 yakaunganidzwa papuratifomu yekumberi-vhiri ine kumiswa yakazvimirira. MacPherson struts inoshanda kumberi, yakawanda-link system kumashure. Madhisiki mabhureki ese, pamberi anofefeterwa. Mastabilizer akaiswa paaxles. Injini ndeye peturu turbo injini inogona kushanda neCVT kana matanhatu-speed manual gearbox. Iyo yakakura yakagadziridzwa kumhanya ndeye 170 km / h. Iyo Basic package inosanganisira mabhegi epamberi, ABS, ESP, mwenje we LED, air conditioning, rear parking sensors, uye 10-inch multimedia skrini. Musiyano weComfort unewo shongedzero yezuva, rear view camera, cruise control, leatherette seats. Iyo Luxury package ine kudzora kwemamiriro ekunze, mvura uye chiedza sensors, injini yakapetwa neine variator.
Zvigadzirwa zvezvesiti:
| Zviyero L/W/H: | 4775 × 1820 × 1492 mm |
| Clearance | 125 mamirimita |
| Cargo nzvimbo | 540 l |
| Fuel tank huwandu | 55 l |
| Injini yekugona | 1,5 l |
| Simba reinjini | 136hp (100kW) |
11.Chery Tiggo 8 Pro
Iyo crossover yezvigaro zvinomwe yakaunganidzwa papuratifomu yeT1X, yakajairika kune ese mamodheru emhando iyi. Iyo mota inounzwa kuNyika Yedu mune mbiri shanduro dzeturbocharged injini mayunitsi: 1,6-litre yakabatana ne7-speed DCT7 robhoti giya bhokisi kana 2.0-litre musanganiswa neCVT9 variator. Front wheel drive chete. Injini ye1,6-litre ine mari yakawanda, AI-92 peturu inoshandiswa haisi kupfuura 7 l / 100 km. Kumhanyisa kusvika ku100 km kunotora 8,9 masekondi. Iyo galvanized body inowedzerwa neyakasimbiswa furemu yakagadzirwa ne thermoformed yakakwirira-simba simbi, pasi inodzivirirwa nekatatu spars iyo inowedzera kuchengetedzeka kana tsaona. Kunyaradza kwevatasvi uye kubata mune ese mamiriro emugwagwa anopihwa neMacPherson mhando yekumberi kumiswa uye yakazvimirira yakawanda-link kumashure. Iwo akabatanidzwa neaviri-sided shock absorbers uye anti-roll bar.
Zvigadzirwa zvezvesiti:
| Zviyero L/W/H: | 4722 × 1860 × 1746 mm |
| Clearance | 190 mamirimita |
| Cargo nzvimbo | 540 l |
| Fuel tank huwandu | 55 l |
| Injini yekugona | 1,5 l |
| Simba reinjini | 136hp (100kW) |
12 FAW Bestturn X80
Iyo crossover yakavakirwa papuratifomu yakakwidziridzwa yeMazda 6 sedan, yakashongedzerwa neMacPherson struts kumberi uye akawanda-link system kumashure. Petrol injini, mana-cylinder. Articulation ine otomatiki kutapurirana kana bhuku rekufambisa zvinogoneka, zvese zviri zviviri sarudzo nhanhatu-kumhanya. The Basic version ine 4 airbags, air conditioning, stabilization system, machira eupholstery, zvigaro zvepamberi zvinopisa. Iyo Luxury package inosanganisira ma sensors emamiriro ekunze, mamiriro ekunze, control cruise, kamera yekumashure, ma sensor ekupaka, sunroof, uye multimedia system ine 10-inch color display. Iyo vhezheni ine otomatiki hutachiwana zvakare ine injini yekutanga bhatani.
Zvigadzirwa zvezvesiti:
| Zviyero L/W/H: | 4586 × 1820 × 1695 mm |
| Clearance | 190 mamirimita |
| Cargo nzvimbo | 398 l |
| Fuel tank huwandu | 62 l |
| Injini yekugona | 2 l |
| Simba reinjini | 142hp (105kW) |
13 Geely atlas
Iyo yekumberi-vhiri dhiraivha mota ine monocoque muviri inoshongedzerwa yakazvimirira suspensions pamaaxles ese. MacPherson struts anoshandiswa kumberi, uye akawanda-link dhizaini kumashure. Pane zvitatu zvingasarudzwa zvepropulsion system. Maviri-lita base injini ine 139 hp. inongobatanidzwa chete neyekufambiswa kwebhuku uye crossover ine iyi gadziriso inomhanyisa kusvika 185 km / h. 2,4-litre injini ine 149 hp ine otomatiki kutapurirana uye inovandudza kumhanya kwakafanana. Musiyano wepamusoro: 1,8-litre turbo injini ine 184 hp, inokwanisa kumhanyisa mota kusvika 195 km. awa. Dynamic yekunze uye inoyevedza yemukati ndizvo zvikonzero zvekuzivikanwa kunoshamisa kweiyi modhi mumusika.
Zvigadzirwa zvezvesiti:
| Zviyero L/W/H: | 4519 × 1831 × 1694 mm |
| Clearance | 190 mamirimita |
| Cargo nzvimbo | 397 l |
| Fuel tank huwandu | 60 l |
| Simba reinjini | 142hp (105kW) |
14 Kubvisa TXL
Yese-vhiri SUV ine muviri unotakura mutoro wakagadzirwa nesimbi yakasimba-yakasimba. Iyo kumiswa yakazvimirira, iine MacPherson struts kumberi uye yekubatanidza sisitimu kumashure, inotsigirwa neasina kuvhunduka anotora uye anti-roll mabara pamaaxles ese. Mabhureki edhisiki pamavhiri epamberi anopinzwa mhepo. Iyo Lexury sarudzo inosanganisira 6 airbags, LED optics, mamiriro ekunze, kutonga kwemamiriro ekunze, makamera ese-kutenderera, masensa ekupaka, vabatsiri vemagetsi, uye bhatani rekutanga injini. Mureza wemureza wakashongedzerwa nekufemesa kwezvigaro zvese, denga repanoramic, adaptive cruise control ine traffic sign recognition uye nzira yekuchengetedza.
Zvigadzirwa zvezvesiti:
| Zviyero L/W/H: | 4775 × 1885 × 1706 mm |
| Clearance | 210 mamirimita |
| Cargo nzvimbo | 461 l |
| Fuel tank huwandu | 55 l |
| Simba reinjini | 186hp (137kW) |
15 Shamwari H9
Yese-mavhiri SUV inogona kunge ine peturu kana dhiziri turbo injini ine masere-kumhanya otomatiki transmission. Iyo yekutanga vhezheni yeElite ine ABS, ESP, adaptive bi-xenon mwenje, mamiriro ekunze, push bhatani kutanga, kumashure kwekuona kamera, kumashure uye kumberi kwekupaka sensors, 8-inch color multimedia system uye matanhatu airbags. Kune nzvimbo yekukiyira uye yekumashure misiyano uye hurongwa hwekubatsira paunotanga kukwira nekudzika. Muiyo Premium vhezheni, panoramic yakajeka denga uye bofu nzvimbo yekutarisa system yakawedzerwa. Iyo yakangwara ese-mavhiri dhiraivha system TOD inokwanisa kugovera traction pakati pemaekisi zvakaenzana kana kutungamira kusvika 95% yesimba kune yekumashure axle.
Zvigadzirwa zvezvesiti:
| Zviyero L/W/H: | 4775 × 1885 × 1706 mm |
| Clearance | 210 mamirimita |
| Cargo nzvimbo | 461 l |
| Fuel tank huwandu | 55 l |
| Simba reinjini | 186hp (137kW) |
Mitengo yemitengo yemotokari dzeChinese
| mhando | Mutengo, rubles, zvichienderana nekugadziriswa |
|---|---|
| Changan CS75FL | 1 659 900 - 1 939 900 |
| Zvakaitwa XV | 3 299 900 - 3 599 900 |
| DFM Dongfeng 580 | 1 629 000 - 1 899 000 |
| chery tiggo 7 pro | 1 689 900 - 1 839 900 |
| FAW Bestune T77 | 1 kuna 579 |
| GAC GS5 | 1 579 900 - 1 929 900 |
| Geely tugella | 2 769 990 - 2 869 990 |
| Mudembi Mukuru Wemadziro | 2 599 000 - 2 749 000 |
| Haval Jolion | 1 499 000 - 1 989 000 |
| Jac j7 | 1 029 000 - 1 209 000 |
| chery tiggo 8 pro | 1 999 900 - 2 349 900 |
| FAW Bestturn X80 | 1 308 000 - 1 529 000 |
| Geely atlas | 1 401 990 - 1 931 990 |
| Kubvisa TXL | 2 699 900 - 2 899 900 |
| Shamwari H9 | 2 779 000 - 3 179 000 |
* Mitengo inoshanda panguva yekuburitswa
Nzira yekusarudza motokari yeChinese
Motokari dzeChinese dzave dzichitora nzvimbo mu crossover sales rankings kwemakore akati wandei akatevedzana, zvichibudirira kutsiva kutya kubva kare nemakwikwi mabhenefiti, iyo huru iyo, hongu, mutengo uye yakanaka michina. Yakanga iri muChinese crossovers iyo sarudzo dzaimbove dzisina kuwanikwa dzekirasi dzakaonekwa muhuwandu. Semuenzaniso, panoramic denga, hombe multimedia skrini, akawanda akasununguka sarudzo mune kabhini, kusanganisira zvigaro zvemagetsi, LED optics.
Avo vari kufunga nezvemotokari yeChinese yekutenga vanofanirwa kupinda mumaforamu nevaridzi ongororo, vanyorere matambudziko akajairika uye kuongorora kutsoropodza kwavo. Zvakakoshawo kuenzanisa sarudzo yako nevakwikwidzi: chii chavanogona kupa pamutengo wakafanana, chii injini, mukati uye seti yezvisarudzo? Kubva pane zvakanakira nezvayakaipira, iwe unofanirwa kuita sarudzo yekutenga.
Mibvunzo nemhinduro dzakakurumbira
Vanamazvikokota vanopindura mibvunzo inowanzo bvunzwa: Sergey Vlasov, nyanzvi yemusika weBankauto и Alexander Duzhnikov, mubatsiri-muvambi we federal portal Move.ru.
Ndedzipi mota dzeChinese dzakavimbika?
Ichaita marii kuunza mota kubva kuChina?
Nzira isina njodzi ndeyekubata murevereri muChina. Muchiitiko ichi, iwe unopa zvizere nzira yekufambisa yeturnkey, iwe unongofanira kugamuchira mota, kujekesa tsika uye kuronga zvakananga. Mari yebasa rakadaro inogona kubva pamadhora mazana mashanu zvichikwira, zvichienderana nekambani nemotokari yauri kutenga.
Ndeipi yeChinese crossover iri nani kutenga?
Nekumiswa kweVAG, BMW, Nissan, Renault, Mercedes-Benz uye akati wandei mamwe ma automaker, niche hombe iri kubviswa mumusika weChinese auto indasitiri. Zvigadzirwa zvayo zvinofanirwa kutariswa zvakanyanya uye tsvagiridzo yedu ichakubatsira iwe kuita sarudzo yakanaka.