Kuratidza gomba rakadzika-dzika umo vanhu vari kufamba, njodzi iri kuuya yezvakatipoteredza, nhasi hazvichadiwi kuve nyanzvi yezvakatipoteredza. Hautombodi kuve nedhigirii rekukoreji. Zvakakwana kutarisa uye kuongorora kuti uye nekumhanya kwakadii zvimwe zviwanikwa kana mamwe matunhu paPasi akachinja mumakore zana apfuura kana makumi mashanu.
Paiva nehove dzakawanda munzizi nemakungwa, mabheri uye howa mumasango, maruva uye butterflies mumafuro, matatya neshiri mumachakwi, tsuro nedzimwe mhuka dzine mvere, nezvimwewo zana, makumi mashanu, makore makumi maviri apfuura? Zvishoma, zvishoma, zvishoma…Mufananidzo uyu unofananidzira mapoka mazhinji emhuka, zvirimwa uye zviwanikwa zvisina upenyu. Iro Red Book rekutsakatika uye kuita zvisingawanzo zvisikwa zvinogara zvichigadziridzwa nevatsva vakabatwa nezviitiko zveHomo sapiens…
Uye enzanisa kunaka uye kuchena kwemhepo, mvura uye ivhu zana, makumi mashanu emakore apfuura uye nhasi! Mushure mezvose, apo munhu anogara, nhasi kune marara epamba, mapurasitiki asingaori mumasikirwo, kusvibiswa kwemakemikari ane ngozi, gasi rinopisa motokari uye kumwe kusvibiswa. Masango akatenderedza maguta, akazara nemarara, utsi hwakarembera pamusoro pemaguta, pombi dzezvicherwa zvemagetsi, mafekitari nezvirimwa zvinopfungaira mudenga, nzizi, madziva nemakungwa zvakasvibiswa kana kuti zvine muchetura nekuyerera, ivhu nemvura yepasi yakazadzwa nefetireza nemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene… Uye mamwe makore zana. kare, nharaunda zhinji dzaive dzinenge dzisati dzave mhandara maererano nekuchengetedzwa kwemhuka dzesango uye kusavapo kwevanhu ikoko.
Kugadziriswa kwakakura uye kudhiraivha kwemvura, kutemwa kwemasango, kusimudzira ivhu rekurima, kuita gwenga, kuvaka uye kugariswa kwemadhorobha - kune nzvimbo dzakawanda dzekushandiswa kwakanyanya kwehupfumi, uye nzvimbo dzerenje shoma. Chiyero, chiyero pakati pemhuka dzesango nemunhu chinokanganiswa. Zvisikwa zvipenyu zvinoparadzwa, kushandurwa, kuderedzwa. Kugara kwavo uye kugona kuvandudza zviwanikwa zviri kuderera.
Uye izvi zvinoitika kwose kwose. Matunhu ese, nyika, kunyangwe makondinendi ari kutodzikisira. Tora, somuenzaniso, upfumi hwomusikirwo hweSiberia neFar East uye enzanisa zvaiva kare uye izvo zvino. Kunyangwe Antarctica, inoratidzika kunge iri kure nebudiriro yevanhu, iri kusangana nemasimba epasi rose anthropogenic. Zvichida kumwewo kune nzvimbo duku, dziri dzoga dzisina kubata nhamo iyi. Asi izvi zvakasiyana kune mutemo mukuru.
Zvakakwana kutaura mienzaniso yakadaro yenjodzi dzezvakatipoteredza munyika dzaimbova USSR sekuparadzwa kweGungwa reAral, njodzi yeChernobyl, nzvimbo yekuongorora yeSemipalatinsk, kuparara kweBelovezhskaya Pushcha, uye kusvibiswa kweRwizi rweVolga.
Kufa kweGungwa reAral
Kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika, Gungwa reAral rakanga riri dziva rechina pakukura pasirese, rine mukurumbira nekuda kwehupfumi hwaro hwezviwanikwa, uye nzvimbo yeAral Sea yaionekwa seyakabudirira uye yakapfuma nharaunda. Kubva kutanga kwema1960, mukutsvaga hupfumi hwedonje, kwave kune kuwedzera kusingatarisirwi kwekudiridza. Izvi zvakakonzera kudzikiswa kwakanyanya kwekuyerera kwerwizi rweSyrdarya neAmudarya nzizi. Aral Lake yakatanga kuoma nekukurumidza. Pakazosvika pakati pemakore ekuma90, Aral yakarasikirwa nezvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvehuwandu hwayo, uye nzvimbo yaro yakada kuita nepakati, uye pakazosvika 2009 pasi pakaomeswa nechekumaodzanyemba kweAral yakashanduka kuita renje idzva reAral-Kum. Flora nemhuka zvakaderera zvakanyanya, mamiriro ekunze edunhu akawedzera, uye chiitiko chezvirwere pakati pevagari venzvimbo yeAral Sea yakawedzera. Munguva iyi, renje remunyu rakaumbwa muma1990 rakapararira pamusoro pezviuru zvemakiromita mativi. Vanhu, vaneta nokurwisa zvirwere nourombo, vakatanga kusiya misha yavo.
Semipalatinsk Test Site
Musi waNyamavhuvhu 29, 1949, bhomba rekutanga reatomu reSoviet rakaedzwa panzvimbo yeSemipalatinsk nuclear test site. Kubva ipapo, iyo Semipalatinsk test site yave nzvimbo huru yekuyedza zvombo zvenyukireya muUSSR. Kupfuura 400 kuputika kwenyukireya pasi pevhu uye pasi kwakaitwa panzvimbo yekuyedza. Muna 1991, bvunzo dzakamira, asi nzvimbo zhinji dzakasvibiswa dzakaramba dziri munharaunda yenzvimbo yekuyedza uye matunhu ari pedyo. Munzvimbo zhinji, iyo radioactive kumashure inosvika 15000 micro-roentgens paawa, inova zviuru zvenguva kupfuura mwero unobvumidzwa. Nzvimbo yenzvimbo dzakasvibiswa inodarika zviuru mazana matatu emakiromita ma300. Imba ine vanhu vanopfuura miriyoni imwe nehafu. Zvirwere zvegomarara zvave chimwe cheakanyanya kupararira kumabvazuva kweKazakhstan.
Bialowieza Forest
Iyi ndiyo chete yakakura yakasara yesango rerelict, iro raimbofukidza mapani eEurope nekapeti inopfuurira uye rakatemwa zvishoma nezvishoma. Nhamba huru yezvisingawanzo zvisikwa zvemhuka, zvirimwa uye fungi, kusanganisira bison, zvichiri kugara mairi. Nekuda kweizvi, Belovezhskaya Pushcha inodzivirirwa nhasi (paki yenyika uye biosphere reserve), uye inosanganisirwa muWorld Heritage List yevanhu. Pushcha yakagara iri nzvimbo yekutandara nekuvhima, yekutanga yemachinda eLithuania, madzimambo ePoland, tsars dzeRussia, ipapo yeSoviet party nomenklatura. Iye zvino iri pasi pekutungamirirwa kweMutungamiri weBelarusian. MuPushcha, nguva dzekuchengetedzwa kwakasimba uye kushandiswa kwehasha kwakachinjana. Kutemwa kwemasango, kudzoreredza ivhu, manejimendi ekuvhima zvakakonzera kuparara kwakanyanya kweiyo yakasarudzika yakasarudzika yakaoma. Kusatarisira zvakanaka, kushandiswa kwechisimba kwezviwanikwa, kufuratira sainzi yakachengetwa uye mitemo yezve ecology, iyo yakaguma mumakore gumi apfuura, yakakonzera kukanganisa kukuru kuBelovezhskaya Pushcha. Pasi pekudzivirira, paki yenyika yakashandurwa kuita multifunctional agro-trade-tourist-industrial "mutant Forestry" iyo inosanganisira mapurazi akaungana. Nekuda kweizvozvo, iyo Pushcha pachayo, senge sango rekare, inonyangarika pamberi pemeso edu uye inoshanduka kuita chimwe chinhu, chakajairika uye chezvakatipoteredza chisingakoshi.
Miganhu yekukura
Kudzidza kwemunhu munzvimbo yake yechisikigo kunoratidzika kuva basa rinonakidza uye rakaoma zvikuru. Kudiwa kwekutarisa nhamba huru yenzvimbo uye zvinhu panguva imwe chete, kuwirirana kwemazinga akasiyana, simba rakaoma remunhu - zvose izvi zvinoda maonero epasi rose ezvisikwa. Hazvina tsanga kuti muzivi wezve ecology wekuAmerica anonzi Odum akadana ecology sainzi yechimiro nekushanda kwezvisikwa.
Iyi nharaunda yeruzivo inoongorora hukama pakati pemazinga akasiyana echisikigo: zvipenyu, zvinomera, mhuka uye munhu. Hapana imwe yesainzi iripo yakakwanisa kubatanidza ongororo yepasi rose yakadai. Naizvozvo, ecology pachikamu chayo chikuru chaifanira kubatanidza dzidziso dzinoita senge dzakasiyana sebiology, geography, cybernetics, mushonga, sociology uye economics. Njodzi dzezvakatipoteredza, dzinotevera imwe pashure peimwe, dzinoshandura iyi ndima yezivo kuva inokosha. Uye naizvozvo, maonero enyika yose anoshandurwa nhasi kune dambudziko repasi rose rekupona kwevanhu.
Kutsvaga kwechirongwa chekusimudzira chakatanga mukutanga kwema1970. Dzakatangwa ne “World Dynamics” naJ. Forrester uye “Miganhu Yekukura” naD. Meadows. PaMusangano Wenyika Wokutanga weMhoteredzo muStockholm muna 1972, M. Strong akakarakadza mufungo mutsva webudiriro yezvipenyu nemhoteredzo yezvoupfumi. Muchokwadi, akakurudzira kudzorwa kwehupfumi nerubatsiro rweecology. Mukupera kwema1980, pfungwa yebudiriro inoenderera yakarongwa, iyo yaida kuzadzikiswa kwekodzero dzevanhu kunzvimbo yakanaka.
Imwe yemagwaro ekutanga ezvakatipoteredza pasi rose yaive Convention on Biological Diversity (yakatorwa muRio de Janeiro muna 1992) uye Kyoto Protocol (yakasainwa muJapan muna 1997). Gungano, sezvamunoziva, rakasungirira nyika kuti dzitore matanho ekuchengetedza marudzi ezvipenyu, uye neprotocol - kudzikamisa kubuda kwemagasi egreenhouse. Zvisinei, sezvatinoona, migumisiro yezvibvumirano izvi iduku. Parizvino, hapana mubvunzo kuti dambudziko rezvakatipoteredza harina kumiswa, asi riri kuwedzera. Kudziya kwepasirese hakuchadi kuratidzwa uye "kucherwa" mumabasa emasayendisiti. Iri pamberi pemunhu wese, kunze kwehwindo redu, mukushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye kudziya, mukusanaya kwemvura nguva zhinji, mumadutu ane simba (mushure mezvose, kuwedzera kwekubuda kwemvura mumhepo kunotungamirira kukuti yakawanda uye yakawanda inofanira kudururwa kune imwe nzvimbo. )
Mumwe mubvunzo ndewekuti dambudziko rezvakatipoteredza richashanduka rikava njodzi yezvakatipoteredza nokukurumidza sei? Ndiko kuti, inguva yakadii maitiro, nzira inogona kuramba ichidzoserwa, ichienda kune hutsva hutsva, kana kudzoka kusingachagoneki?
Ikozvino ma ecologists arikukurukura kuti iyo inonzi ecological point of no return yapasa here kana kuti kwete? Ndiko kuti, takayambuka here chipingamupinyi mushure mokunge njodzi yezvakatipoteredza isingadzivisiki uye hapazove nekudzokera shure, kana tichine nguva yekumira uye kudzokera shure? Hapana mhinduro imwe chete parizvino. Chinhu chimwe chakajeka: kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kuri kuwedzera, kurasikirwa kwezvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana (marudzi uye nharaunda dzinorarama) uye kuparadzwa kwezvipenyu zviri kukurumidza uye kuenda kune imwe nyika isingatarisirwi. Uye izvi, zvisinei nekuedza kwedu kukuru kudzivirira uye kumisa chiitiko ichi… Naizvozvo, nhasi kutyisidzira kwekufa kwenzvimbo yepasi hakusiye chero munhu asina hanya.
Nzira yekuita sei kuverenga kwakarurama?
Mafungiro asina tariro evanoongorora zvakatipoteredza anotisiya kusvika kumakore makumi matatu, panguva yatinofanira kuita sarudzo uye kuita matanho anodiwa. Asi kunyange maverengero aya anoita seanotikurudzira zvakanyanya. Isu takatoparadza nyika zvakakwana uye tiri kufamba nekukurumidza kusvika pakusadzoka. Nguva yevasina kuroorwa, yemunhu mumwe nemumwe kuziva yapera. Nguva yasvika yekubatana kwekuziva kwevanhu vakasununguka vane mhosva yeramangwana rebudiriro. Chete nekuita pamwe chete, nenharaunda yese yenyika, tinogona, kana tisingamire, tozodzikisa mhedzisiro yenjodzi iri kuuya yezvakatipoteredza. Chete kana tikatanga kujoinha mauto nhasi tichava nenguva yekumisa kuparadza uye kudzoreredza ecosystem. Zvikasadaro, nguva dzakaoma dzakamirira isu tese…
Maererano naVIVernadsky, "nguva yenoosphere" inopindirana inofanira kutungamirirwa nekugadzirisa kwakadzika kwehupfumi hwemagariro evanhu, shanduko mukukosha kwayo. Hatisi kutaura kuti vanhu vanofanira kubva varamba chimwe chinhu nekukanzura hupenyu hwese hwapfuura. Ramangwana rinokura kubva kare. Isu hatisi kuomerera pakuongorora kusinganzwisisike kwenhanho dzedu dzakapfuura: zvatakaita zvakanaka uye izvo zvisina. Hazvisi nyore nhasi kuwana zvatakaita zvakanaka nezvakaipa, uye hazvigoneke zvakare kuyambuka hupenyu hwedu hwese hwekare kusvika taburitsa rimwe divi. Hatigoni kutonga rimwe divi kusvikira taona rimwe. Hukuru hwechiedza hunoratidzwa kubva murima. Hazvisi nekuda kwechikonzero ichi (unipolar approach) kuti vanhu vachiri kukundikana mukuedza kwavo kumisa dambudziko repasi rose riri kukura uye kuchinja hupenyu kuti huve nani?
Hazvigoneke kugadzirisa matambudziko ezvakatipoteredza chete nekuderedza kugadzirwa kana chete nekutsausa nzizi! Kusvika ikozvino, inongova mubvunzo wekuzarura zvose zvakasikwa mukuvimbika kwayo uye kubatana uye kunzwisisa kuti kuenzana nayo kunorevei, kuitira kuti ugozoita sarudzo yakarurama uye kuverenga kwakarurama. Asi izvi hazvireve kuti isu tofanira kuyambuka nhoroondo yedu yese todzokera kumapako, sekudanwa kwemamwe “magirini”, kuhupenyu hwakadaro kana tichichera muvhu tichitsvaga midzi inodyiwa kana kuvhima mhuka dzesango kuitira. neimwe nzira kuzvidyisa. sezvazvaive makumi ezviuru zvemakore apfuura.
Hurukuro ndeyechimwe chinhu chakasiyana zvachose. Kusvikira munhu azviwanira ega kuzara kwechadenga, Nyika yese uye asingazive kuti ndiani muNyika ino uye kuti basa rake nderei, haakwanise kuita karukuro chaiyo. Chete mushure meizvozvo tichaziva kuti ndeipi nzira uye nekuchinja hupenyu hwedu. Uye zvisati zvaitika, zvisinei kuti chii chatinoita, zvinhu zvose zvichava nehafu-mwoyo, zvisingabatsiri kana zvisizvo. Tichangoita sevaroti vanokarira kugadzirisa nyika, kuita chinjo mairi, kukundikana zvakare, uye ipapo ndokuzvidemba zvikuru. Tinofanira kutanga taziva kuti chokwadi chii uye kuti ndeipi nzira yakarurama kwachiri. Uye ipapo munhu achakwanisa kunzwisisa maitiro ekuita zvinobudirira. Uye kana tikangoenda mumatenderedzwa muzviito zvepanzvimbo ivo pachavo vasinganzwisisi mitemo yenyika yepasirese, tisina kuita kuverenga kwakaringana, ipapo tichauya kune kumwe kukundikana. Sezvazvakaitika kusvika ikozvino.
Kuwiriranisa neiyo ecosystem
Mhuka nezvinomera nyika haina rusununguko rwokusarudza. Rusununguko urwu runopiwa kumunhu, asi anorushandisa noudyire. Naizvozvo, matambudziko ari mumhoteredzo yepasi rose anokonzerwa nezviito zvedu zvekare zvine chinangwa chekuzvifunga uye kuparadza. Tinoda zviito zvitsva zvine chinangwa chekusika uye kusada. Kana munhu akatanga kuona rusununguko rwekuzvisarudzira, ipapo mamwe ese echisikigo achadzokera kumamiriro ekuwirirana. Kuwirirana kunoonekwa kana munhu achidya kubva kune zvakasikwa zvakanyanya sezvazvinobvumidzwa nemasikirwo ehupenyu hwakajairika. Mune mamwe mazwi, kana vanhu vakachinjira kune tsika yekushandisa pasina zvakasara uye parasitism, zvino ichabva yatanga kupesvedzera hunhu.
Hatiparadze kana kururamisa nyika nemasikirwo nechimwe chinhu chisiri pfungwa dzedu. Chete nemafungiro edu, chido chekubatana, rudo, tsitsi uye tsitsi, tinogadzirisa nyika. Kana isu tikaita kune Chisikwa nerudo kana ruvengo, pamwe nekuwedzera kana kubvisa, ipapo Zvisikwa zvinozvidzosera kwatiri pamatanho ese.
Kuti hukama husina hanya hutange kuitika munharaunda, kugadziridzwa kwakanyanya kwekuziva kwehuwandu hukuru hwevanhu, kunyanya vane njere, kusanganisira ecologists, inodiwa. Izvo zvinodiwa kuti uzive uye ugamuchire iri nyore uye panguva imwechete isina kujairika, kunyangwe chokwadi chinokatyamadza kune mumwe munhu: nzira yenjere chete nesainzi inzira yakafa. Hatigone uye hatigone kuendesa kuvanhu pfungwa yekuchengetedza zvisikwa kuburikidza nemutauro wenjere. Tinoda imwe nzira - nzira yemoyo, tinoda mutauro werudo. Nenzira iyi chete tichakwanisa kusvika kumweya yevanhu uye kudzosa kufamba kwavo kubva kunjodzi yezvakatipoteredza.