Mumwe nemumwe wedu akambosangana nekamwe kamwe epiphany: zvese zvinozivikanwa chokwadi, senge zvidimbu zvepuzzle, wedzera kune mumwe mufananidzo mukuru watakanga tisina kumboona. Nyika haisiriyo zvataifunga. Uye munhu wepedyo munyengeri. Nei tisingacherechedzi zvinhu zviri pachena totenda chete zvatinoda kutenda?
Manzwisisiro anobatanidzwa nezvisingafadzi zvakawanikwa: kutengeswa kwemudiwa, kutengesa shamwari, kunyengera kwemudiwa. Isu tinopururudza mumifananidzo kubva kare uye zvakare uye zvakare uye tinovhiringidzika - chokwadi chese chaive pamberi pemeso edu, nei ndisina kumboona chero chinhu? Isu tinozvipa mhosva yekusaziva uye kusava nehanya, asi ivo havana chekuita nazvo. Chikonzero chiri mumagadzirirwo ehuropi hwedu uye psyche.
Clairvoyant brain
Chikonzero chekupofumadza kweruzivo chiri pamwero weurouroscience. Uropi hwakatarisana nehuwandu hukuru hweruzivo rwekunzwa rwunoda kugadziriswa nemazvo. Kuti agadzirise maitiro, anogara achigadzira mhando dzepasi rakamutenderedza zvichibva pane zvakaitika kare. Nokudaro, zviwanikwa zvishoma zveuropi zvinonangidzirwa pakugadzirisa ruzivo rutsva rusingapindirani mumuenzaniso waro.1.
Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzepaYunivhesiti yeCalifornia dzakaita ongororo. Vatori vechikamu vakakumbirwa kuti vayeuke kuti iyo Apple logo inotaridzika sei. Vazvipiri vakapihwa mabasa maviri: kudhirowa logo kubva mukutanga uye kusarudza mhinduro chaiyo kubva kune akati wandei sarudzo ine misiyano midiki. Mumwe chete wevatori vechikamu makumi masere nevashanu mukuyedza akapedza basa rekutanga. Basa rechipiri rakapedzwa nemazvo neisingasviki hafu yezvidzidzo2.
Logos inogara ichizivikanwa. Nekudaro, vatori vechikamu muchiyedzo havana kukwanisa kuburitsa logo nenzira kwayo, kunyangwe hazvo vazhinji vavo vachishingairira kushandisa zvigadzirwa zveApple. Asi mucherechedzo wacho unowanzobata ziso redu zvokuti uropi hunomira kuuteerera uye kuyeuka mashoko acho.
Isu "tinorangarira" izvo zvinobatsira kuti isu tiyeuke panguva ino, uye nyore nyore "kukanganwa" ruzivo rusina kufanira.
Saka tinosuwa zvinhu zvakakosha zvehupenyu hwemunhu. Kana mudiwa achiwanzononoka kubasa kana kuti achifamba nzendo dzebhizimisi, kuenda kwakawedzerwa kana kuti kunonoka hakuiti kunyumwira. Kuti uropi huteerere ruzivo urwu uye kururamisa chimiro chayo chechokwadi, chimwe chinhu chisingawanzoitiki chinofanira kuitika, nepo kune vanhu vanobva kunze, zviratidzo zvinotyisa zvave zvichionekwa kwenguva refu.
Kuchinjanisa chokwadi
Chikonzero chechipiri cheupofu hwemashoko chiri mupfungwa. Muzvinafundo Daniel Gilbert weHarvard University psychology anoyambira - vanhu vanowanzo shandura chokwadi kuti vachengetedze mufananidzo wavanoda wenyika. Aya ndiwo mashandiro anoita nzira yekudzivirira ye psyche yedu.3. Kana tasangana neruzivo rwunopokana, isu tisingazive tinoisa pekutanga zvinhu zvinoenderana nemufananidzo wedu wenyika uye tinorasa data inopokana nazvo.
Vatori vechikamu vakaudzwa kuti havana kuita zvakanaka pabvunzo dzehungwaru. Pashure pacho, vakapiwa mukana wokurava nyaya dzine chokuita nomusoro wacho. Zvidzidzo zvakapedza nguva yakawanda vachiverenga zvinyorwa zvisingabvunzi kugona kwavo, asi chokwadi chebvunzo dzakadaro. Zvinyorwa zvinosimbisa kuvimbika kwebvunzo, vatori vechikamu vakanyimwa kutarisirwa4.
Zvidzidzo zvakafunga kuti vakangwara, saka nzira yekudzivirira yakavamanikidza kuti vatarise pane data nezvekusavimbika kwemiedzo - kuti vachengetedze mufananidzo wakajairwa wenyika.
Meso edu anoona chete izvo uropi hunoda kuwana.
Kana tangoita sarudzo-kutenga imwe mhando yemotokari, kuva nemwana, kusiya basa redu-tinotanga kushingaira kudzidza ruzivo runosimbisa chivimbo chedu muchisarudzo uye kufuratira zvinyorwa zvinoratidza kusava nesimba muchisarudzo. Pamusoro pezvo, isu tinosarudza kubudisa chokwadi chakakodzera kwete kubva mumagazini chete, asiwo kubva mundangariro dzedu. Isu "tinorangarira" izvo zvinobatsira kuti isu tiyeuke panguva ino, uye nyore nyore "kukanganwa" ruzivo rusina kufanira.
Kurambwa kwezviri pachena
Zvimwe zvinhu zviri pachena kuti hazviitike. Asi nzira yekudzivirira inosangana neizvi. Chokwadi chinongova fungidziro dzinosangana nemipimo yakati yechokwadi. Kana isu tikasimudza chigadziko chekuvimbika zvakanyanya, saka hazvingatombogoneki kuratidza chokwadi chekuvapo kwedu. Uhu ndihwo hunyengeri hwatinoshandisa kana tasangana nezvinhu zvisingafadzi zvisingagoni kupotsa.
Vatori vechikamu mukuedza vakaratidzwa zvinyorwa kubva muzvidzidzo zviviri zvakaongorora kushanda kwechirango cherufu. Chidzidzo chekutanga chakaenzanisa huwandu hwemhosva pakati penyika dzine mutongo werufu nedzisina. Chidzidzo chechipiri chakafananidza huwandu hwemhosva mune imwe nyika isati yatanga uye mushure mekuiswa kwechirango cherufu. Vatori vechikamu vakafunga zvakanyanya kururamisa chidzidzo, mhedzisiro yacho yakasimbisa maonero avo ega. Dzinopokana Dzidzo Inoshoropodzwa neZvidzidzo zveNzira Yakashata5.
Kana chokwadi chichipokana nemufananidzo unodiwa wenyika, tinoadzidza zvine hungwaru uye nekuaongorora zvakanyanya. Kana tichida kutenda mune chimwe chinhu, simbiso shoma inokwana. Kana tisingadi kutenda, uchapupu hwakawanda hunodiwa kuti tive nechokwadi. Kana zvasvika pakutendeuka kwehupenyu hwemunhu - kutengeswa kwemudiwa kana kutengeswa kwemudiwa - kurambwa kwezviri pachena kunokura kusvika kuhupamhi hunoshamisa. Nyanzvi dzepfungwa Jennifer Freyd (Jennifer Freyd) naPamela Birrell (Pamela Birrell) mubhuku rinonzi "The Psychology of Betrayal and Treason" vanopa mienzaniso kubva pakuita zvepfungwa dzepfungwa apo vakadzi vakaramba kuona kusavimbika kwevarume vavo, izvo zvakaitika pedyo nemeso avo. Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzakadana chiitiko ichi - upofu kune kutengesa.6.
Nzira yekunzwisisa
Kuziva ganhuriro dzomunhu amene kunotyisa. Isu hatigone kutenda kunyangwe maziso edu - anongoona izvo uropi hunoda kuwana. Zvisinei, kana tichiziva kukanganisa kwemaonero edu enyika, tinogona kuita kuti chifananidzo chechokwadi chive chakajeka uye chakavimbika.
Rangarira - uropi hunoenzanisira chokwadi. Pfungwa yedu yepasi rakatitenderedza musanganiswa wechokwadi chakakasharara uye zvinofadza zvekunyepedzera. Hazvibviri kuparadzanisa mumwe kubva kune mumwe. Pfungwa yedu yechokwadi inogara yakakanganiswa, kunyangwe ichiita seine musoro.
Ongorora maonero anopikisa. Hatigoni kuchinja mashandiro anoita uropi, asi tinogona kuchinja maitiro edu ekuziva. Kuumba maonero ane chinangwa pane chero nyaya, usavimbe nenharo dzevatsigiri vako. Zviri nani nyatsotarisa pfungwa dzevanopikisa.
Dzivisa mipimo miviri. Isu tinoedza kupembedza munhu watinoda kana kuramba chokwadi chatisingade. Edza kushandisa maitiro akafanana paunenge uchiongorora vanhu vanofadza uye vasingafadzi, zviitiko uye zviitiko.
1 Y. Huang naR. Rao «Predictive coding», Wiley Interdisciplinary Ongororo: Cognitive Sayenzi, 2011, vol. 2, №5.
2 A. Blake, M. Nazariana naA. Castela «The Apple of the mind's eye: Everyday attention, metamemory, and reconstructive memory for the Apple logo», The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2015, vol. 68, №5.
3 D. Gilbert "Kugumburwa paMufaro" (Vintage Books, 2007).
4 D. Frey naD. Stahlberg «Kusarudzwa kweRuzivo mushure meKugamuchira zvakawanda kana Zvisina Kuvimbika Kuzvityisidzira Ruzivo», Unhu uye Zvemagariro ePsychology Bulletin, 1986, vol. 12, №4.
5 C. Lord, L. Ross naM. Lepper «Biassed Assimilation and Attitude Polarization: Migumisiro ye. Mafungiro Asati Aitika Pauchapupu Hwakazotariswa», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1979, vol. 37, №11.
6 J. Freud, P. Birrell "Psychology yekutengesa uye kutengesa" (Peter, 2013).