NaFrans BM de Waal, Emory University.
Kwakabva: Nhanganyaya ku Psychology bhuku. Vanyori - RL Atkinson, RS Atkinson, EE Smith, DJ Boehm, S. Nolen-Hoeksema. Pasi pemukuru wehupepeti weVP Zinchenko. 15th international edition, St. Petersburg, Prime Eurosign, 2007.
â € ​ â € ‹â € â € ‹â €‹ â € ‹Hazvinei hazvo nokuti munhu ane udyire angarangarirwa sei, pasina panikiro kune dzimwe nheyo muhunhu hwake dzinoita kuti afarire kubudirira kwomumwe munhu, uye mufarwa womumwe munhu unodikanwa nokuda kwake, kunyange zvazvo iye asingawani betsero ipi neipi mumugariro wacho, kunze kwokufara kwomumwe munhu. vachizviona. (Adam Smith (1759)
Lenny Skatnik paakanyura muPotomac inotonhora muna 1982 kuti anunure munhu akanga awirwa nendege, kana kuti apo maDutch akadzivirira mhuri dzechiJudha mukati meHondo Yenyika II, vakaisa upenyu hwavo mungozi nokuda kwavasingazivi chose. Saizvozvowo, Binti Jua, gorilla paBrookfield Zoo yeChicago, akanunura mukomana akanga afenda ndokuwira muchivanze chake, achiita zviito zvaakanga asina kumbodzidziswa.
Mienzaniso yakaita seiyi inoita fungidziro yekusingaperi kunyanya nekuti inotaura nezve mabhenefiti enhengo dzerudzi rwedu. Asi mukudzidza kushanduka kwekunzwira tsitsi uye tsika, ndakawana humbowo huzhinji hwekuitira hanya mhuka kune mumwe nemumwe uye kupindura kwavo kune njodzi yevamwe, izvo zvakandipwisa kuti kupona dzimwe nguva kunotsamira kwete chete mukukunda mukurwa, asiwo kushandira pamwe uye kufarirwa (de Waal, 1996). Somuenzaniso, pazvipembere, zvakajairika kuti munhu anoona aende pedyo nomunhu anenge arwiswa oisa ruoko rwake papfudzi rake zvinyoronyoro.
Pasinei nemafungiro aya okutarisira, vanhu nedzimwe mhuka vanogara vachiratidzwa nenyanzvi dzezvinhu zvipenyu sevanozvida. Chikonzero cheizvi ndechepfungwa: maitiro ese anoonekwa seakagadzirwa kuti agutse zvido zvemunhu. Zvine musoro kufunga kuti majini aisakwanisa kupa mukana kune mutakuri wavo anobviswa mukuita kwekusarudzwa kwechisikigo. Asi kwakarurama here kudana mhuka kuti ine udyire nemhaka bedzi yokuti mufambiro wayo unonangidzirwa kuwana betsero?
Maitiro ekuti humwe hunhu hwakashanduka pamusoro pemamiriyoni emakore ari padivi peiyo apo munhu anofunga kuti sei mhuka ichiita nenzira iyo pano uye ikozvino. Mhuka dzinoona chete mhedzisiro yekukurumidza yezviito zvavo, uye kunyangwe izvi mhedzisiro hazviwanzo kujeka kwavari. Tinogona kufunga kuti dandemutande rinotenderedza dandemutande kuti ribate nhunzi, asi ichi ichokwadi chete padanho rekushanda. Hapana humbowo hunoratidza kuti dandemutande rine pfungwa ipi neipi nezvechinangwa chedandemutande. Nemamwe mashoko, zvinangwa zvemufambiro hazvitauri chinhu pamusoro pezvikonzero zvinoparira.
Munguva pfupi yapfuura pfungwa ye "egoism" yakapfuura chirevo chayo chepakutanga uye yakashandiswa kunze kwepfungwa. Kunyange zvazvo izwi iri dzimwe nguva richionekwa serinofanana nekuzvida, udyire hunoreva chinangwa chekushandira zvatinoda, ndiko kuti, ruzivo rwezvatichawana semugumisiro weimwe maitiro. Muzambiringa unogona kushanda zvawo nekuisa muti, asi sezvo miti isina vavariro uye isina ruzivo, haingave ine udyire, kunze kwekunge chirevo chedimikira chezwi racho chichirehwa.
Charles Darwin haana kumbovhiringa kuchinjika nezvinangwa zvemunhu uye akaziva kuvepo kwezvinangwa zvekuzvipira. Akafemerwa mune izvi naAdam Smith, ethicist uye baba vezvehupfumi. Kwave kune kukakavara kwakawanda pamusoro pemusiyano pakati pezviito zvekuwana uye zviito zvinosundwa nevavariro dzoudyire zvokuti Smith, anozivikanwa nokuda kwokusimbisa kwake udyire senheyo inotungamirira yezvoupfumi, akanyorawo pamusoro pesimba romunhu rose rokunzwira tsitsi.
Mabviro okugona uku haasi akavanzika. Mhando dzose dzemhuka pakati padzo kudyidzana kunokudziridzwa dzinoratidza kuzvipira kuboka uye maitiro ekubatsirana. Uyu ndiwo mugumisiro wehupenyu hwemagariro evanhu, hukama hwepedyo umo mhuka dzinobatsira hama neshamwari vanogona kudzorera nyasha. Naizvozvo, chishuvo chokubatsira vamwe hachina kumbova chisina revo mumurangariro wokupukunyuka. Asi chido ichi hachichabatanidzwa nemigumisiro yekukurumidza, yekushanduka-shanduka, iyo yakaita kuti zvikwanisike kuti zvizviratidze kunyange kana mibayiro isingabviri, zvakadai apo vanhu vasingazivi vanogamuchira rubatsiro.
Kudaidza chero maitiro eudyire kwakafanana nekutsanangura hupenyu hwese pasi pano sesimba rakashandurwa rezuva. Matauriro ese ane chimwe chinhu chakafanana, asi haabatsiri kutsanangura kusiyana kwatinoona kwakatitenderedza. Kune dzimwe mhuka makwikwi ane utsinye chete anoita kuti zvikwanisike kurarama, kune vamwe kungobatsirana chete. Maonero anofuratira hukama hunopokana uhwu anogona kubatsira kune evolutionary biologist, asi haina nzvimbo mu psychology.