Nhau dzorudzidziso nhasi dzinoparira kurwisana kukuru munzanga yenyika. Nei kupokana kwakavakirwa pakutenda kwakapararira kudaro? Chii, kunze kwokusiyana kwedzidziso, chinova manyuko egakava? Anotsanangura munyori wenhau dzechitendero Boris Falikov.
Psychology: Sei nzanga iri kukakavara panyaya dzechitendero iye zvino? Neiko rudzidziso ruchiva chisakiso chegakava kunyange mukati mokureurura kumwe cheteko netsika, tisingadudzi budiriro dzakasiana-siana?
Boris Falikov: Munoziva, kuti tipindure uyu mubvunzo wakaoma, tinoda kuregeredza kwenhoroondo. Nokuti, sekutonga, marudzi ose epamusoro ane midzi. Tinofanira kuona kuti zvakatanga sei.
Izvo zvese zvakatanga, sezviri pachena, mukupera kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu, kunyanya Max Weber, vakasvika pamhedziso yokuti kusatendeka kwenyika, kusundidzira chitendero kunharaunda yenharaunda, kutsiva masangano ezvitendero nemasangano ekufunga, sainzi, pfungwa, positivism, zvichingodaro, inzira isingadzokerike. Yakatanga uye icharamba ichienderera mberi kune ramangwana rakajeka. Asi zvakazoitika kuti zvese hazvina kudaro.
Muchikamu chokupedzisira chechina chezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, nyanzvi dzezvemagariro avanhu dzakavamba kucherekedza nokushamisika kuti rudzidziso harudi kusundirwa parutivi, harudi kutsiviwa nokufunga. Iyi nzira, kazhinji, haina mutsara. Zvese zvakanyanya kuoma. Zvinyorwa zvemusoro uyu zvakatanga kuoneka, zvekuda kuziva uye kuongorora. Maonero akafanana abuda: chokwadi, imwe mhando yekusimuka kwechitendero inotarisirwa, kunyanya mune inodaidzwa kuti pasi rose Maodzanyemba. Aya ndiwo Latin America, Africa, Middle East uye Southeast Asia. Uye zvinopesana neizvi, zvichiteerana, iyo yepasirese Maodzanyemba (kana West, sezvavanotaura kunze kweinertia). Pano, muSouth yepasi rose iyi, kumukira kwechitendero kuri kuitika chaizvoizvo, uye kunotora zvimiro zvezvamatongerwe enyika, fundamentalism iri kusimuka sechimiro chinoshingaira zvikuru chorudzidziso, apo rudzidziso runoda kuzvisimbisa munzanga, kuva norudzi rwakati rwesimba.
Fundamentalism kutaura kwehasha kwetsika dzechitendero. Uye izvi zvinoitika muzvitendero zvose. Isu tinoziva, hongu, Islam uye Islamism kutanga kune zvese. Asi kunewo fundamentalism muchiHindu, uye vanoita zviitiko zvisingafadzi zvikuru. Kunyange maBhudha (tine mufananidzo wevaBhudha sevanhu vasina kuvhiringidzika zvachose) kune imwe nzvimbo muMyanmar vanomhanya nemakirabhu mushure mevaMuslim vemo uye vanopwanya misoro yavo. Uye nyika inonyepedzera kuti hapana chiri kuitika. Saka kumuka kwevafundamentalism vane hasha vane zvematongerwo enyika kunoonekwa muzvitendero zvose.
Nyika yedu haisi mutongi ane kwaakarerekera. Naizvozvo, hondo dzetsika dzedu hadzina kusimukira sedzekuMadokero.
Uye chii chiri kuitika kuMadokero? Chokwadi ndechekuti Madokero haana dziviriro pachiitiko ichi. Fundamentalist, conservative currents vari kusimudza misoro yavo muEurope, uye muAmerica, uye muno muRussia. Zvakadaro, isu tiri pamwero wakati chikamu cheMadokero epasi rose, kunyangwe zvisiri zvachose. Asi chokwadi ndechekuti hurongwa uhu huri kudzoserwa kumashure nekuenderera mberi kwekuita zvechitendero. Ndiko kuti, isu (uye kuMadokero) tine maitiro maviri panguva imwe chete. Kune rumwe rutivi, fundamentalism iri kuwedzera, kune rumwe rutivi, kusava nenyika kunopfuurira. Uye somugumisiro, pane chinhu chakadaro icho nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu dzinodana hondo dzetsika ("cultural war").
Chii? Apa ndipo apo vamiriri vezvakakosha zvechitendero uye vamiriri vehunhu hwenyika munharaunda yedemocracy vanoedza kugadzirisa matambudziko avo. Uyezve, ivo vanogadzirisa nyaya dzakakomba: nezvekubvisa nhumbu, genetic engineering, michato yengochani. Misiyano yepfungwa panhau idzi pakati pevasiri vechitendero nevanoomerera pazviri yakakomba zvikuru. Asi hurumende inobata sei mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro?
Kumadokero, nyika, sekutonga, ine kwayakarerekera arbiter. Zvose zvinosarudzwa munharaunda yepamutemo, kune matare akazvimirira. Uye muAmerica, semuenzaniso, vangave vanoomerera pane zvekunamata kana vezvenyika vanosimudzira chimwe chinhu. Ivo vari kumativi akapesana ezvivharidzo. MuRussia, chinhu chimwe chete chinofanira kunge chakaitika. Dambudziko nderekuti nyika yedu haina kwayakarerekera. Dambudziko rechipiri nderekuti hatina matare akazvimirira. Naizvozvo, hondo dzedu dzechivanhu hadzina hunhu hwakabudirira sedzekuMadokero.
Kunyangwe zvichifanira kutaurwa kuti kune kukanganisa kwakanyanya kuMadokero zvakare. Somuenzaniso, muAmerica imwe cheteyo, mumwe chiremba akabvisa pamuviri akapfurwa akafa nguva pfupi yapfuura. Muzhinji, ndezvechokwadi, zvinokatyamadza kana mudziviriri wehutsvene hwehupenyu nekuda kwehupenyu hwemwana ari embryo anotora hupenyu hwemunhu mukuru. Gakava retsika rinobuda.
Asi iwe hauna kunzwa kwokuti fundamentalism, kune rumwe rutivi, inoratidzika kuva ine nheyo dzechitendero, uye kune rumwe rutivi, haina kusungirirwa hako kutsika chaidzo dzechitendero, kuti ingori nzwisiso kune yakapfuura, kuti vanhu ava sei. fungidzira tsika dzetsika ? Ukama hwapedyo zvakadini nechitendero?
BF: Apa ndipo patinosiyana neMadokero. Nemhaka yokuti muMadokero, chitsiga chichiri chakabatanidzwa zvakananga nemipimo yorudzidziso. Munyika yedu, handifungi kuti zvine chokuita nechitendero. Nekuti, maererano neruzivo rwezvemagariro evanhu, kunyangwe makumi masere kubva muzana vachiti maOrthodox, izvi zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa nenyika yetsika: havaendi kuchechi nguva dzese uye havatore chirairo zvakanyanya. Isu tine fundamentalism, ndinofungidzira, inonyanya kubatanidzwa ne-anti-Westernism.
Vedu vechokwadi ndeavo vanotenda kuti ikoko, kuMadokero, kune huipi hwakakwana
Vedu vechokwadi ndeavo vanotenda kuti ikoko, kuMadokero, kune huipi hwakakwana. Kunyangwe izvi zvisingaite zvachose. Zvisinei, maonero ndeaya. Uye isu, senhare yekupedzisira yechokwadi chekunamata kweRussia uye nhoroondo, yehutsika hwemadzitateguru, tinopikisa izvi kusvika pakupedzisira. Chitsuwa chevakarurama mukurwisana neWest inoora. Ndinotya kuti conservatism yedu uye fundamentalism yakavharwa pane iyi pfungwa.
Mune chinyorwa pamusoro pefirimu yaKirill Serebrennikov Mudzidzi, iwe unonyora pamusoro pechiitiko chitsva chekusatenda kwechitendero. Kune vanhu avo kuMadokero vanonzi "hapana", "hapana". Munyika yedu, rudzi urwu runosanganisira avo vanosundwa neshungu dzokutsiva vatadzi, kudzikisa kutsamwa kwavo kune avo vasingawirirani. Sei kuratidzira kwedu kuri kutora fomu iri?
BF: Ndakasangana nedambudziko iri pandakaona firimu "Mudzidzisi" muGogol Center uye ndakashamiswa. Mupenyi anoita sechiPurotesitendi anoratidzwa. Pakutanga ndakafunga kuti mutambo uyu wakaitwa naMarius von Mayenburg, wekuGerman, Serebrennikov akaushandura kuti uenderane nezviri kuitika muRussia - uye akazvishandura zvishoma. Nokuti izvi tinozviwanepi? Uye ipapo ndakafunga nezvazvo ndokuona kuti nzwisiso yomunyori wacho yakazova yakapinza zvikuru kupfuura mirangariro yenyanzvi dzamagariro avanhu dzechitendero. Uye chokwadi, tarisai, “hapana” kuMadokero mhedzisiro yekusatenda, kana zvimiro zvemakereke zvaparadzwa, uye vanhu vanoramba vachivimba nenheyo yepamusoro, asi panguva imwecheteyo havana basa nekureurura kwavanoita. Pavanobvunzwa kuti, “Uri muPurotesitendi, muKaturike, kana kuti muJudha here?” vanoti, “Kwete, ini… hongu, hazvina basa, pane chimwe chinhu ipapo. Uye ndinoramba ndiine simba iri rakakwirira, uye chitendero chakarongwa hachindifadzi.”
Kutsvaga varoyi kunoita kuti vanhu varege kuvimbana
Kumadokero, nzvimbo iyi inosanganiswa nemaonero akasununguka. Ndiko kuti, muhondo dzetsika, ivo vari kudivi revenyika, vachipesana neakanyanya kunyanyisa. Zvinoitika kuti, sezvandakanzwisisa mushure mekuona firimu yaSerebrennikov, uyu mukomana wedu anonyatsoratidza kuti haasi kureurura. Ndicho chikonzero gamba rinotumira muprista weOrthodox kure: haanzwi senhengo yeChechi yeOrthodox, haasi muPurotesitendi, haasi munhu. Asi anogara achiverenga Bhaibheri uye anomwaya mashoko akatorwa, zvekuti kana muprista murombo uyu haana chekutaura, haazivi Bhaibheri zvakanyanya. Nokudaro, zvinoitika kuti munyika yedu munhu asingareurura, sekutaura, mutendi ari mugumisiro wekukwira kwechitendero.
Izvi kune rimwe divi. Uye nerumwe rutivi, sezvatakambotaura, hapana zvikonzero zvechitendero chete pano, asi tsika dzakashama, sezviri pachena: tiri vatsvene vakapfeka nguo chena, uye kumativi ose vatadzi. Hazvina kuitika kuti mufirimu iyi anorwisana nemudzidzisi we biology, iyo inofananidzira yemazuva ano, yemazuva ano. Anopesana naDarwin, anorwisana neWest West ine utsinye, iyo inotenda kuti munhu anobva kumatsoko, uye isu hatifungi kudaro. Kazhinji, yakazova rudzi rwekuda kuziva rwevasiri confessional fundamentalist. Uye ndinofungidzira kuti izvi zvakangofanana nesu.
Ndiko kuti, kureurura kwese hakuna kunyanyisa zvakakwana kune gamba?
BF: Hongu, unogona kutaura izvozvo. Kufanana, imi mose makawana imwe mhando yemodus vivendi pano, asi iwe unoda nguva dzose kutendeukira kuna Mwari webhaibheri, Mwari wakaparadza Sodhoma neGomora, akaburusira moto unotyisa nesarufa pamusoro pavo. Uye aya ndiwo maitiro aunofanirwa kuita kana watarisana nenzanga iyi ine hutsinye, unzenza.
Sei uchifunga kuti kuisa pfungwa pane zvakapfuura, chido chekumutsiridza zvekare chinotiparadzanisa pane kutibatanidza uye kutikurudzira?
BF: Munoona, ndinofunga kuti ndipo pane dambudziko. Kana pane mafungiro kune madzibaba, kune zvisungo izvi zvose, kune tsika, kune yekare, kutsvaga varoyi kunotanga pakarepo. Ndiko kuti, vamiririri vemazuva ano, vamiririri vemazuva ano, vanodzivisa kudzokera kune zvekare, vanova vavengi. Pane maonero ekuti izvi zvinofanirwa kubatana: takawana vavengi vakafanana uye tichapikisana navo takarongeka ... Asi, mukuona kwangu, iyi ipfungwa yepamusoro yekuti kuunganidza kunogona kubatana. Mukupesana, iye anoparadzanisa.
Sei? Nekuti kutsvaga varoyi kunoita kuti pave nekufungirana. Vanhu vanorega kuvimbana. Kune zvidzidzo zvemagariro evanhu, maererano neRussia, zvinosuruvarisa, yakaderera zvikuru maererano nekoefficient of trust munzanga. Hatina zvisungo zvakanaka zvekuvimbana: munhu wese anofungira zvese zvese, kusabatana kuri kukura, kuparadzaniswa kwevanhu kubva kune mumwe nemumwe, magariro evanhu anobvaruka. Nokudaro, kutsvaga kwekutsigirwa munguva yakapfuura uye kurambwa kwemazuva ano, kwemazuva ano uye kuMadokero, sechiratidzo chemazuva ano, kunotungamirira, mumaonero angu, kusabatana.
Unoona nzira yokubuda nayo mumamiriro ezvinhu aya here? Zviri pachena kuti isu hatigone kuita padanho rehurumende, asi pamwero wekubatana kwevanhu, hukama hwakatarisana kana hukama hwemunhu? Ndeipi nzira yekushivirira, kwete chete-kureurura, asiwo muhondo dzetsika? Pane nzira ipi neipi yokuvapfavisa nayo here?
BF: Isu hatigone kushandura mutemo wehurumende nezvimwe. Kana iri rutivi rwepfungwa, iro rinonyanya kufadza kwauri, sei kugadzirisa izvi zvose? Apa pakaoma. Nekuti izvi zvishuwo kana zvinhu zvinoita sezvinamato zvinobata manzwiro kupfuura pfungwa. Tinofanira kuedza kushandura pfungwa neimwe nzira, handiti? Izvo zvakare hazvishande zvakanyanya. Zvinoratidzika kwandiri kuti nzira ye psychoanalytic ndiyo yakanyanya kunaka. Kubatanidzwa kwekusaziva, paunotanga kuona neuroses. Dai kwaiva kuda kwangu, ndaizowedzera basa renyanzvi dzepfungwa munyika.
Zvakanaka, vangangoita vepfungwa vanogadzira nzvimbo yaunogona kutaura nezvazvo.
BF: Hongu, kwaunogona kutaura nezvazvo uye kusvika pakubvumirana. Nenzira, chiyero chepfungwa cheWestern society chakanyanya kukwirira. Ndiko kuti, nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzinoita basa rakakomba munharaunda ipapo, uye zvechokwadi vanhu vazhinji vanoshandisa masevhisi avo, uye kwete vapfumi chete, masevhisi aya anowanikwa kune vakawanda.
Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzinogona kuita chimwe chinhu kuderedza kusawirirana munharaunda, kuziva kuti chii chinotiparadzanisa uye chii chichiri kutibatanidza. Tichaona iyi semagumo ane tariro ehurukuro.
Kubvunzurudza kwakanyorerwa chirongwa chePsychologies "Status: in a relationship" paredhiyo "Culture" muna Gumiguru 2016.